SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Word Processing”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Memory mechanisms in the processing of words and word-like symbols.

Modern functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) provide the opportunity to examine in some detail the implementation of mental activities in the human brain. Using measurements of changes in local brain blood flow obtained with PET as a marker of changes in local neuronal activity we have examined the processing of single words and word-like symbols. These studies reveal the very distributed, modular nature of this implementation and provide some preliminary insights into the role of memory mechanisms in the process.

Brain Mapping↗

PubMed1986

Computers in biology: the future is today.

Which are the applications of microcomputers in biology today? Some areas where the work with microcomputers is becoming increasingly important are considered: laboratory applications, event simulation and word processing. Almost all laboratory computer applications can be described as one of the following functions: 1. control of experiments, including timing and synchronizing external voltages; 2. data acquisition, usually through digital conversion of analog electrical signals; 3. data storage and, 4. data analysis. Event simulation is considered both as a research tool and as an important element in the educational area. Word processing and the automatic creation of literature references lists is considered as an ignored role of the microcomputers in the laboratory field. What about the influence of biology in computer technology? As specialized magazines say, many laboratories of biotechnologist are working hard to build a molecular computer. That is, an artificially designed ultramicroscopic machine built of proteins, nucleic acids, metals and non-metals in a planned arrangement. And this is not the end. The latest application able to expand our horizon in the biological field may be starting to be used at this moment.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗

PubMed1983

Spatial extent of attention to letters and words.

The spatial extent of attention to visually presented letters and words was investigated using a probe technique. The primary task required subjects to categorize (a) five-letter words, or to categorize the middle letter of (b) five-letter words or (c) five-letter nonwords. The probe task required the subjects to respond when the digit 7 appeared in one of the five letter positions. Probe trials were inserted at the onset of letter and word processing in Experiment 1 and 500 msec after letter and word processing in Experiment 2. In both experiments, probe trials produced a V-shaped function of reaction times across probe positions for the letter-categorization task for word and nonword stimulus conditions. In contrast, a relatively flat reaction time function was found for the word-categorization tasks. An analysis of the data based on a quantitative model of attentional spotlight distributions suggests that the spotlight width in the letter tasks is one letter space, and the spotlight width in the word task is typically five spaces.

Attention↗

PubMed1989

Specific word transfer as a measure of processing in the word-superiority paradigm.

Explanations of context effects in the Reicher-Wheeler task and the letter-identification task appeal to word-based processing, yet these tasks provide no explicit measure of word processing. An experiment is reported which was designed to investigate the use of transfer in the word-identification task as a measure of word-based processing in letter-identification tasks. It was found that encoding manipulations that determined whether a word-superiority effect was or was not found in a letter-identification task (e.g., Thompson & Massaro, 1973) also determined whether transfer was or was not found in a subsequent word-identification task. The results of the experiment are discussed in terms of the utility of using transfer experiments as converging evidence about the presence and/or absence of processes that cannot be directly measured in other experimental paradigms.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

"On-screen" writing and composing: two years experience with Manuscript Manager, Apple II and IBM-PC versions.

The problems of the direct composition of a biomedical manuscript on a personal computer are discussed. Most word processing software is unsuitable because literature references, once stored, cannot be rearranged if major changes are necessary. These obstacles have been overcome in Manuscript Manager, a combination of word processing and database software. As it follows Council of Biology Editors and Vancouver rules, the printouts should be technically acceptable to most leading biomedical journals.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Orthographic depth and the interaction of visual and auditory processing in word recognition.

We studied the influence of word frequency and orthographic depth on the interaction of orthographic and phonetic information in word perception. Native speakers of English and Serbo-Croatian were presented with simultaneous printed and spoken verbal stimuli and had to decide whether they were equivalent. Decision reaction time was measured in three experimental conditions: Clear print and clear speech, degraded print and clear speech, and clear print and degraded speech. Within each language, the effects of visual and auditory degradation were measured, relative to the undegraded presentation. Both effects of degradation were much stronger in English than in Serbo-Croatian. Moreover, they were the same for high- and low-frequency words in both languages. These results can be accounted for by a parallel interactive processing model that assumes lateral connections between the orthographic and phonological systems at all of their levels. The structure of these lateral connections is independent of word frequency and is determined by the relationship between spelling and phonology in the language: simple isomorphic connections between graphemes and phonemes in Serbo-Croatian, but more complex, many-to-one, connections in English.

Form Perception↗

PubMed1988

The effects of methylphenidate on levels of processing and laterality in children with attention deficit disorder.

Effects of stimulant medication (methylphenidate) on levels (feature, name, semantic) of word processing by the left and right hemisphere were assessed in 31 attention-deficit-disordered children. In a double-blind procedure, same-different decisions were made to tachistoscopically presented word pairs under medication and placebo. Analysis of manual response times failed to show any negative effects of medication. Feature decisions were faster than name decisions, which were faster than semantic decisions. Methylphenidate induced a right visual field advantage (left hemisphere) for the name decision, which was interpreted as a normalization effect. The results suggest that (1) methylphenidate may selectively improve the phonological level of word processing and (2) methylphenidate's favorable therapeutic effect is produced through inhibition of excessive right hemisphere activity in response to task demands that engage the left hemisphere.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Desktop publishing and medical imaging: paper as hardcopy medium for digital images.

Desktop-publishing software and hardware has progressed to the point that many widely used word-processing programs are capable of printing high-quality digital images with many shades of gray from black to white. Accordingly, it should be relatively easy to print digital medical images on paper for reports, instructional materials, and in research notes. Components were assembled that were necessary for extracting image data from medical imaging devices and converting the data to a form usable by word-processing software. A system incorporating these components was implemented in a medical setting and has been operating for 18 months. The use of this system by medical staff has been monitored.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1988

A surgical pathology reporting and encoding system using industry-standard hardware and software.

I describe an efficient, inexpensive, industry-standard computer system that is designed for word processing of surgical pathology reports as well as encoding in Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) and data storage. This system is capable of maintaining a large database of patient information with coded diagnoses. It is designed to be utilized with readily available stock computer hardware and software without significant customization or any additional programming. The hardware is easily purchased from and can be maintained by a retail, business-oriented computer store. The system described incorporates WordPerfect for word processing and the CAP/SNOMED system for diagnosis encoding and data storage and retrieval.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

Word segmentation processing: a way to exponentially extend medical dictionaries.

One of the most critical problems of automatic natural language processing (NLP) is the size of the medical lexicons. The set of compound medical words and the continual creation of new terms renders medical lexicons exhaustive beyond question. The structure of such dictionaries usually consists of two parts: 1) the morphological and sometimes syntactical information necessary to identify, on a grapheme level, a given word in a sentence, and 2) the part often devoted to conceptual knowledge associated with the recognized word. It is only when these two prerequisites are fulfilled that an attempt to understand the meaning of a whole expression is possible. The approach developed in this paper is a pragmatic way to rapidly increase the lexico-semantic part of medical dictionaries. We developed a semi-automatic tool, as a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. This tool is able to translate almost any diagnosis expressed in French into its equivalent in the ICD-9CM coding scheme.

Dictionaries, Medical as Topic↗

PubMed1991

Effect of imagery ability on letter-level and word-level processing.

In a letter-identification task, subjects matched a probe letter to the initial letter of a subsequently presented probe word. We varied word frequency and predicted that the performance of vivid imagers would resemble that of typical young adults, whereas the performance of poor imagers would fall in between that of typical young adults and of older adults, or would simply resemble the performance of typical older adults (a linear decrease in reaction time [RT] with word frequency; see Allen & Madden, 1989). The in-between function for young and older adults combined predicts a dip in RT for very-high-frequency words compared to medium-high-, low-, and very-low-frequency words. As predicted, vivid imagers exhibited increased latencies for medium-high-frequency words relative to the other three word-frequency categories, whereas poor imagers exhibited a dip.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Human hippocampal long-term sustained response during word memory processing.

Temporal behavior of activation associated with the neural substrate of human memory function was investigated during and after an auditorily instructed word memory task using multislice functional magnetic resonance imaging. The hippocampal formation, which is involved in human memory function, displayed a long-term sustained response that persisted significantly (approximately 90 s) beyond the duration of the memory task. This sustained period was approximately two-fold longer than the duration of the post-task activation observed in auditory areas and Broca's area, which are involved in the phonological loop of the verbal working memory. These observations suggest that the hippocampal memory processing involves sustained activation in the transitional function for the long-term memory over the working memory period.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Kanji word reading process analysed by positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography, involving the H2(15)O injection technique, was used to study changes in regional cerebral blood flow during Japanese kanji word reading. Three-times intrasubject averaging analysis revealed that the main cortical responses occurred in the bilateral (left-side dominant) posterior inferior temporal area for visual input. We believe the left posterior inferior temporal area processes highly complex morphological features of kanji. For language output, left-side dominant activation of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and the basal ganglia was found.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Cerebral blood flow correlates of word monitoring in sentences: influence of semantic incoherence. A spect study in normals.

The aim of this study was to assess the cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes induced by the semantic incoherence of sentences whose words were to be monitored by the subjects. According to Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, word processing would be parallel (global) in semantically coherent sentences, and serial (local) in semantically incoherent ones. We hypothesized that, in comparison with the parallel mode, the serial mode of word processing would result in a preponderant activation of the frontal lobes and/or of the left hemisphere, hence in a flow increase in these regions. In addition, one could assume that the increase in task complexity resulting from the breaking of semantic coherence would reinforce the functional links between hemispheres. Furthermore, as interactions between the processing of semantically coherent vs incoherent of verbal materials and the processing of imageable vs non-imageable stimuli was recently suspected, we designed a study combining coherent vs incoherent sentences and imageable vs non-imageable words. The results we obtained in 12 normal volunteers by measuring regional cerebral blood flow by SPECT and IV injection of Xenon 133 during the four experimental conditions, did not allow us to firmly establish our hypotheses. Indeed, we failed to demonstrate any significant CBF changes across conditions and there was no interaction between coherent vs incoherent and imageable vs non-imageable conditions. However, the analysis of the inter-regional correlations pointed to an increase in the functional links between the hemispheres in the incoherent conditions, whatever the imageability.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Comparison between anomia with word comprehension difficulty and Gogi aphasia due to lobar atrophy].

We used naming and pointing tests and a proverb completion task to compare two cases of aphasia that exhibited a selective disturbance of word processing. One patient had anomia with word comprehension difficulty due to partial ablation of the left temporal lobe and the other patient had Gogi aphasia due to lobar atrophy with left temporal predominance. We presented 90 pictures of common objects divided into 9 categories in the naming and pointing tests, and used 10 well-known Japanese proverbs as stimuli in the proverb completion task. Performance of the naming and pointing tests was severely impaired in both patients. In the patient with anomia, words the patient could not name or point to varied from session to session and phonemic cue effects were frequently observed. The proverb completion phenomenon was positive. These findings indicate that the patient had an obstruction of the access route to the intact word store or a partial rarefaction of the word store itself. In the patient with Gogi aphasia, the words the patient could not name or point to were consistent from one occasion to another, and no phonemic cue effects or signs of familiarity were observed at all. The proverb completion phenomenon was totally negative. These findings indicate that the patient has lost the word store itself. MR images in the case of anomia revealed a lesion extending from the anterior to the central portion of the inferior part of the left temporal lobe. In the case of Gogi aphasia, the MR images displayed knife-edged focal atrophy in the anterior aspect of both temporal lobes, more prominently on the left.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Vascular surgical data registries for small computers.

Recent designs for computer-based vascular surgical registries and clinical data bases have employed large centralized systems with formal programming and mass storage. Small computers, of the types created for office use or for word processing, now contain sufficient speed and memory storage capacity to allow construction of decentralized office-based registries. Using a standardized dictionary of terms and a method of data organization adapted to word processing, we have created a new vascular surgery data registry, "VASREG." Data files are organized without programming, and a limited number of powerful logical statements in English are used for sorting. The capacity is 25,000 records with current inexpensive memory technology. VASREG is adaptable to computers made by a variety of manufacturers, and interface programs are available for conversion of the word processor formated registry data into forms suitable for analysis by programs written in a standard programming language. This is a low-cost clinical data registry available to any physician. With a standardized dictionary, preparation of regional and national statistical summaries may be facilitated.

Computers↗

PubMed1981

A word processor-based pathology reporting system.

This report describes a pathology report generating system based on a programmable word processing system (Wang OIS-140). The system supports printing of preliminary and final draft reports as well as automatically producing index cards for insertion into a file of previous procedures. Completed pathology reports can be archived on floppy disks if desired. The pathology system is part of a multistation "shared logic" word processing system that serves the needs of several hospital departments. The programming capabilities included in the word processor permit it to handle anatomic pathology reporting functions without the need for an associated general-purpose computer system. Experience with the system indicates that it has produced a 60% increase in the number of reports a secretory can produce compared with the previous system based on magnetic card typewriters.

Computers↗

PubMed1984

Event-related potentials and the phonological processing of words and non-words.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a task which required subjects to discriminate between rhyming and non-rhyming visually presented pairs of letter strings, consisting of equal proportions of word-word and word-non-word combinations. Pair members were presented sequentially with an interstimulus interval of 1.56 sec. As in a previous study [Rugg, M. D., Brain Lang. In press], ERPs elicited by rhyming and non-rhyming words were differentiated by a late negative component (N450) in waveforms following the non-rhyming words. This effect was greatest over the midline and the right hemisphere. The same rhyme/non-rhyme difference was also observed, to an equal extent, in ERPs elicited by non-words. It is concluded that N450, presumed to be related to the "N400" component observed under conditions of semantic incongruity [Kutas, M. and Hillyard, S.A., Science 207, 203-205, 1980] does not seem to depend on linguistic processing at the semantic level for its modulation.

Adult↗