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PubMed1981

Alcohol availability and cirrhosis mortality rates by gender and race.

This study test whether the availability of alcoholic beverages is a simple integrated dimension as implied by certain policy models and in its treatment by researchers. Factor analysis reveals two independent availability factors: on-premise and retail availability. A correlation analysis found that on-premise availability was related to cirrhosis mortality rates for the total population, White males, non-White males, and White females. It was not related to non-White female cirrhosis mortality. In contrast, retail availability was not related to any of cirrhosis mortality rates. Examination of the states with extremes of high and low on-premise availability indicates that this type of availability is not a manipulable control variable but an index of extant norms toward drinking. It is recommended that differential prevention strategies be adopted rather than a uniform policy prevention model.

Alcoholic Beverages↗

PubMed2002

Influence of availability of clinical history on detection of early stroke using unenhanced CT and diffusion-weighted MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The radiologic diagnosis of stroke requires accurate detection and appropriate interpretation of relevant imaging findings; both detection and interpretation may be influenced by knowledge of the patient's presentation. In our study, we evaluated the effect of the availability of clinical history on the sensitivity for stroke detection using unenhanced CT and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 733 consecutive patients with a clinically based admission diagnosis of early stroke were reviewed. Among the criteria for inclusion in our study were the availability of an unenhanced CT scan (561 cases) or diffusion-weighted MR imaging examination (409 cases) obtained at admission and a discharge diagnosis indicating whether a patient had actually had a stroke. The radiology requisition forms, available at the time of image interpretation, were classified as either indicating or not indicating a clinical suspicion of early stroke. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of stroke detection were computed, stratified by the presence or absence of an available history indicating suspicion of stroke. Results were compared using the Fisher's exact two-tailed test. RESULTS: Unenhanced CT sensitivity was 52% (specificity, 95%) for the suspicion-of-stroke group and 38% (specificity, 89%) for the no-suspicion-of-stroke group (p = 0.008). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging sensitivity was 95% (specificity, 94%) for the suspicion-of-stroke group and 94% (specificity, 98%) for the no-suspicion-of-stroke group (p = 0.822). CONCLUSION: Availability of a clinical history indicating that early stroke is suspected significantly improves the sensitivity for detecting strokes on unenhanced CT without reducing specificity. In contradistinction, the availability of such a history did not significantly improve the sensitivity for detecting stroke using diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Whenever possible, relevant clinical history should be made available to physicians interpreting emergency CT scans of the head.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Context availability and the recall of abstract and concrete words.

Predictions of an automatic-imagery, strategic-imagery, and context-availability hypothesis of concreteness effects in free recall were examined. In each experiment, recall of abstract and concrete words controlled for rated context availability was compared with the typical situation in which context availability is confounded with imageability. In Experiment 1, a directed intentional-recall task produced concreteness effects in recall. Experiment 2 compared concreteness effects in recall following three orienting tasks: imagery rating, context-availability rating, and a directed intentional-memory task. Concreteness effects in the context-availability-controlled condition were found following the imagery-rating and the directed intentional-memory tasks, but not after the context-availability-rating task. In Experiment 3, subjects reported the strategies that they used to encode the list. Subjects reporting an imagery strategy showed concreteness effects for words controlled for rated context availability, but those not reporting it did not. These results support a strategic-imagery view of concreteness effects in free recall.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Availability of school physical activity facilities to the public in four U.S. communities.

PURPOSE: This study documents the public availability of school physical activity facilities, reasons facilities were not made available to the public, and the barriers and benefits associated with having facilities available. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: All schools located in four geographic locations (Washington County, Maryland; northwest suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota; Jackson, Mississippi; and Forsyth County, North Carolina). SUBJECTS: The survey was completed by 289 school representatives for a response rate of 82.3% (289/351 schools). For the nonrespondents, 61 of 62 schools were visited to obtain information on outdoor facilities. MEASURES: Information on indoor and outdoor physical activity facilities available to the public was collected for all schools (public, private, and colleges) using a telephone survey. Site visits were made to schools that did not participate in the survey to collect information on outdoor facilities only. RESULTS: The schools in the four geographic areas owned a wide range and number of physical activity facilities for their students. For the schools, 27% had no indoor facilities and 11% had no outdoor facilities. Private schools and colleges were less likely to have indoor or outdoor facilities compared to public schools. Outdoor facilities were available more often to the public than indoor facilities overall, across sites, and by school type (public, private, college). Among the 313 schools with outdoor facilities, 240 (77%) allowed at least some public use, and among the 210 schools with indoor facilities, 134 (64%) allowed at least some public use. Some reasons that facilities were not made available included: for student use only, supervision and personnel requirements, safety concerns, insurance, liability, and a private or church-owned status. The most common benefits of allowing the public to use the facilities included providing a space to keep youth active and good publicity for the school. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that safety, insurance, and liability concerns are barriers that need to be addressed with schools before indoor and outdoor facilities can be made available to the public. Furthermore, emphasizing the benefits that we found, such as providing a space to keep youth active and good publicity for the school, would also be important.

Community Participation↗

PubMed2000

[In vitro analysis of the iron availability in fortified rice].

Cereals are rich in fiber but also in phytate which is considered the principal inhibitor of mineral availability. On this basis, iron availability of fortified rice, and the inhibitory effect of bran phytate was studied in: white rice fortified with electrolytic iron (ABF) from commercial origin; and mixtures of ABF plus 4.76% and 9.09% of rice bran (ABF2 and ABF3 respectively) to simulate brown rice. Samples were analysed before and after phytic acid hydrolysis with phytase: Dietary fiber and phytic acid were assessed according AOAC; iron availability, expressed as dialisable iron by the in vitro method of Kapsokefalou and Miller modified by Valencia et al.; iron content was assessed by AAS. Results showed that added bran depressed iron availability, 9.65%; 4.04% and 1.82% as expected (ABF, ABF2 and ABF3 respectively). After phytic acid hydrolysis iron availability reached 28.20%; 27.95% and 25.30% for the same samples. These values were not different. After phytic acid hydrolysis, fiber content of ABF2 and ABF3 were lower than before. However multiple regression analysis of the data showed that fiber had not influence on iron availability and that phytic acid would be the principal responsible of it. These results indicate that brown rice should have a higher level of iron fortification than in white rice or be combined with other foods that improve iron availability as meats, vegetables or fruits.

Dietary Fiber↗

PubMed2001

[State of soil available sulphur and its requirement along Huaihe River region].

This paper investigated the available S contents of yellow cinnamon soil, fluvisol, shajiang black soil and paddy soil, which were developed from loessial ancient-river alluyium, recent loess-flooding deposit, and Xiashu loess. The input and output, and the abundance and deficiency of soil available S were studied in combination with the mode of land utilization and fertization, and the soil demands of S was predicted. The results showed that the content of soil available S was decreased in the order of paddy soil > shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil > fluvisol, and there was more S in irrigated land than in dry field in case of different land utilization. From the viewpoint of parent material, the deficiency frequency of soil available S was in the order of loessial ancient-river alluvium > Xiashu loess > recent loess-flooding deposit, and the potential deficiency frequency of S was loessial ancient-river alluvium > recent loess-flooding > Xiashu loess. As for soil type, the deficiency frequency of soil available S was in the order of deposit shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil > fluvisol > paddy soil, and the potential deficiency frequency of S was paddy soil > fluvisol > shajiang black soil > yellow cinnamon soil. Shajiang black soil had the largest area of lacking available S, which amounted to 7.0 x 10(4) hm2, yellow cinnamon soil had an area of 2.0 x 10(4) hm2, and fluvisol was 6000 hm2. The total area of lacking S was 9.6 x 10(4) hm2, accounted for 25.06% of total cultivated area. The total area of potentially lacking S was 1.6 x 10(5) hm2, accounted for 42.04% of the total. According to the current available S content in soils and the S demands for high yielding crops, the S demands of 3.8 x 10(5) hm2 farmland in three counties and one district of Bengbu was about 3.0 x 10(6) kg and 1.2 x 10(6) kg in the recent and far future, respectively.

Fertilizers↗

PubMed1984

Estimates of available iron in diets of individuals 1 year old and older in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.

Levels of total iron and available iron were estimated in the diets of individuals 1 year and older. The source of data was 1-day dietary recall records from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Total iron intakes of 1- to 2- and 3- to 5-year-old children were 51% and 77% of their respective RDAs. Total iron intakes of 12- to 50-year-old girls and women averaged only 55% to 61% of their RDA. Total iron intakes of other groups came close to or exceeded their respective RDAs. The proportion of total iron calculated to be available ranged from 6.5% to 8.7%, which is less than the 10% assumption of availability used as a basis for setting the iron RDA. When compared with the RDAs, total iron presented a more favorable picture of dietary iron intake than available iron. In relation to the RDAs, proportions of available iron were consistently lower than proportions of total iron. Available iron was lower than total iron in relation to recommended allowances because less than 10% of total dietary iron was available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Data availability in reproductive and developmental toxicology.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the availability of reproductive and developmental toxicology information in the literature and the extent to which such information could produce alarm. METHODS: REPROTOX, a computerized data base, was evaluated as a surrogate for the available literature on reproductive and developmental toxicology. A review of 2528 summaries was performed and information in the summaries evaluated as nonreassuring or reassuring. RESULTS: Information on reproductive or developmental effects was available for about half of the summaries. Availability of information was greatest for pharmaceuticals (75% of summaries contained information) and was lowest for nonpesticide chemicals (36% of summaries contained information). Summaries contained nonreassuring information about two-thirds of the time. Information based on human data was variably available according to type of agent, ranging from a low of 5% of pesticide summaries to 88% of vitamin summaries. CONCLUSIONS: Counseling efforts depend on a literature base in which information is missing half the time and in which animal data may be the only available source of information. Information is available more often for pharmaceuticals than for other classes of agents.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1996

The reported availability of general practitioners and the influence of practice list size.

BACKGROUND: Combined practice list sizes have increased, but larger practice size may be associated with disadvantage to patients. AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the availability of general practitioners as reported by their patients and the relationship between reported availability and practice list size. METHOD: A one-week questionnaire survey of 8315 patients attending participating practices in West Lothian, Scotland, was conducted. Patients were asked about the arrangements for being seen at that attendance, their perception of doctor availability following an urgent or non-urgent consultation request, and their social and demographic characteristics. The proportion of respondents reporting they could see a doctor the same day following an urgent consultation request or within 2 days following a non-urgent consultation request was determined for each practice. RESULTS: Eighteen out of 26 practices agreed to participate in the study, and an overall response rate of 61% was obtained in the patient survey. Participating practices were representative of all practices in the area with regard to list size; questionnaire respondents were representative of the age profile of participating practices and were representative of the local general population with regard to car and home ownership. There was a wide variation among practices in the proportion of questionnaire respondents who reported that a doctor was available within 2 days following a non-urgent consultation request [mean 60.7 (SE 7.1%)], but less variation for the reported availability on the same day after an urgent consultation request [mean 81.1 (SE 2.3 %)]. A significant negative association was demonstrated between combined practice list size and reported non-urgent or urgent availability. CONCLUSION: Wide variation exists between practices with regard to patients' perceptions of doctor availability, and smaller practices may have advantages in this regard. The feelings and perceptions of patients should be taken into account when planning or reviewing the delivery of primary health care.

Appointments and Schedules↗

PubMed1990

Red cell phenylalanine is not available for transport through the blood-brain barrier.

The possibility that red cell-sequestered amino acids such as phenylalanine are available for transport through the brain capillary wall, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB), in vivo was investigated in the present studies with the carotid artery injection technique. Control studies included the examination of the availability of red cell-sequestered solutes such as phenylalanine or D-glucose to liver cells in vivo using a portal vein injection technique. The results show that red cell-sequestered phenylalanine is not available for transport through the BBB or into rat liver in vivo, but human red cell-sequestered D-glucose is available for uptake by liver following portal injection. Therefore, given favorable kinetics it is possible for red cell-sequestered solute to be available for uptake by tissues. However, in the case of neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, red cell-sequestered amino acid is not available for transport through the BBB in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

In vitro availability of iron from cereal meal with the addition of protein isolates and fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum).

In vitro iron availability was determined from a standard cereal meal (C) with and without the addition of protein isolates from bovine milk (BP), groundnut milk (GP) and soybean milk (SP). A second set of studies were done to investigate the potentially available iron from fenugreek leaves per se and the effect of their addition on the available iron from the cereal meal. The potentially available iron from the meal increased from 4.91% to 6.73% on the addition of BP. The next best enhancer was GP (4.91% to 6.17%). Although the addition of SP increased the total iron content of the cereal meal significantly, the percent available iron decreased compared to the other milk proteins. The addition of fenugreek leaves (100 g/meal) to the meal increased the total iron content of the meal significantly (3.24 mg to 9.12 mg) (p < .001), however, the available iron was observed to decrease (4.91% vs 4.34%).

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation of an in vitro method for the estimation of the selenium availability from cow's milk.

The present study evaluates the application of an in vitro digestion procedure for estimating the selenium (Se) availability from cow's milk. The results obtained by this in vitro method indicate that only a small portion (< 10%) of milk Se can be estimated as available. The available fraction of whole milk (4.7%) was significantly lower compared to the Se availability of skim milk (7.3%). Investigations on the methodology of the in vitro method indicate that the portion of total potentially available Se, determined as total dialysable Se, increases simultaneously with protein digestibility along with the digestion process. Therefore it is concluded that protein digestibility might largely influence the Se availability from milk.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Relevance of tryptophan and tyrosine availability in endogenous and 'non-endogenous' depressives treated with imipramine or clomipramine.

This study was performed on 65 depressed in-patients who were included in previously reported trials of imipramine and clomipramine. Before and during treatment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the availability of tryptophan and tyrosine by measurement of their plasma ratios to competing amino acids, and for determination of plasma steady-state concentrations of imipramine, clomipramine and their demethylated metabolites. The patients were classified as endogenous or 'non-endogenous' depressives by means of diagnostic rating scales, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by means of the Hamilton rating scales. Neither imipramine nor clomipramine increased the availability of tryptophan or tyrosine. Three biochemical regions were defined: a low region including mostly patients with subnormal availability of both tryptophan and tyrosine, a medium region, and a high region including mostly patients with supernormal precursor availabilities. Endogenous depressives showed about the same biochemical distribution as controls whereas there tended to be a proportionately higher number of 'non-endogenous' depressives within the low region. Patients in the low region, irrespective of diagnostic classification, improved faster and more on imipramine than patients in the medium and high regions with comparable plasma drug levels. Patients on clomipramine tended to show a relationship between precursor availabilities and clinical response but no definite conclusion could be drawn from these data. The results suggest that determination of the pre-treatment tryptophan and tyrosine availability may be superior to diagnostic classification in predicting response to imipramine. The possible mode of action of tricyclic antidepressants is briefly discussed.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2025

Synergic impact mechanisms of cover crop residue on Cd and As availability and native organic carbon mineralization in Cd and As co-contaminated paddy soil.

The synergic impacts of cover crop residue on heavy metal and metalloid availability and soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in contaminated paddy soil and the underlying microbial mechanism remain unclear. This study investigated the availability of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) and mineralization of native SOC in paddy soil treated with 0, 0.4 %, 0.8 % and 1.2 % of δ13C-labeled cover crop residue (Astragalus sinicus L.) via 90-day incubation experiments, the related functional genes and functional microbial communities were analyzed using metagenomic binning assembly. Cover crop residue with addition rate from 0.4 % to 1.2 % significantly decreased available Cd by 56 %-85 % but increased available As by 39 %-66 % compared to the control treatment. Cover crop residue resulted in a positive priming effect on native SOC mineralization but benefited SOC sequestration. Cover crop residue increased the abundance of genes encoding iron reductase (mtrABC, pilA, omcB), sulfate reductase (sir, fpr), As(V) reductase (ArsC), organic carbon hydrolases, methanogenesis, and methylotrophy. Genomes associated with Chloroflexota and Bacteroidota encoded all these key pathways, and their abundance increased with cover crop residue application. Cover crop residue decreased soil Eh, dissolved crystalline iron oxides, enriched specific microorganisms, including Chloroflexota and Bacteroidota, and then synergistically promoted the decrease in Cd availability and the increase in As availability and native SOC mineralization in the examined paddy soil. These findings provided practical and feasible guidance for achieving both safe production and carbon sequestration in contaminated paddy fields, highlighting the requirement to cautious utilization of cover crop residue in As-contaminated paddy fileds.

Soil Pollutants↗

PubMed2003

Systemic availability and lung deposition of budesonide via three different nebulizers in adults.

BACKGROUND: Budesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid widely used in the treatment of asthma. The local and systemic availability of budesonide has been determined in adults via pressurized metered-dose inhaler and dry-powder inhaler. OBJECTIVE: To estimate lung deposition and systemic availability of budesonide inhalation suspension in healthy adults. METHODS: Twelve adult volunteers entered an open, randomized, five-way crossover study and received the following treatments, with 1-week washout between treatments: separate 2-mg (nominal dose) budesonide doses via the Pari Inhalierboy (Inhalierboy; Pari GmbH, Starnberg, Germany), Pari LC Jet Plus (Jet Plus, Pari GmbH), and Maxin MA-2 (MA-2; Clinova Medical AB, Malmö, Sweden) jet nebulizers, 4 mg budesonide orally, and 0.5 mg budesonide intravenously. The plasma concentration of budesonide was measured up to 8 hours postadministration. Lung deposition and systemic availability of nebulized budesonide were estimated using pharmacokinetic evaluation. RESULTS: In this first study of the bioavailability of budesonide inhalation suspension in adults, there were no differences between nebulizers in lung deposition (14 to 16%) or systemic availability (15 to 17%) relative to the nominal budesonide dose. Relative to the actual dose inhaled (dose-to-subject), lung deposition and systemic availability were statistically significantly higher for the Jet Plus (58 and 63%, respectively) and MA-2 (59 and 64%, respectively) nebulizers than the Inhalierboy (36 and 44%, respectively). The Inhalierboy produced larger aerosol droplets than Jet Plus or MA-2 nebulizers (7-, 5-, and 3-microm mass median diameters, respectively) and delivered a higher dose-to-subject than the other two nebulizers. CONCLUSION: Relative to the nominal dose, lung deposition and systemic availability of budesonide were similar via the three nebulizers tested.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1979

Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques.

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed with growing pigs to determine the availability of lysine in five protein concentrates. The basal diet contained 5.2 g lysine/kg and six levels of lysine, in 500 mg/kg increments, were used to determine the pig's response to standard lysine. The protein concentrates were incorporated into the basal diet to provide five levels of total lysine, again in 500 mg/kg increments, at the expense of wheat starch. A daily feeding scale based on live weight was used to ensure similar nutrient intakes. Pigs were fed at three-hourly intervals to ensure the utilization of free amino acids in the diets. Four pigs were allotted to each dose level and response was assessed over the 20--45 kg growth phase. 2. Potency estimates for available lysine in the five protein concentrates varied, depending on whether live-weight gain or carcass gain was used as the criterion of response. Carcass gain was considered more appropriate as it was not influenced by variation in gut fill. Availability of lysine in the five proteins, using carcass gain/d were (proportion of total) cottonseed meal 0.39,fish meal 0.89, meat-and-bone meal 0.50, skim-milk powder 0.88 and soya-bean meal 0.87. 3. Rat slope-ratio assay results for available lysine in the five protein concentrates were in general agreement with those from the pigs. In contrast, the differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) nor by the direct fluorodinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques.

The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 1 0.37, no. 2 0.65, no. 3 0.54, no. 4 0.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 1 0.98, no. 2 0.89. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1 (0.91) and no. 2 (0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70-0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76). The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs: availability of lysine, effect of autoclaving and net energy content.

1. Two experiments were conducted to assess the nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs. In the first, the availability of lysine was assessed using slope-ratio analysis. In the second, the effects of autoclaving lupin seeds and formulating the diets on the basis of estimated digestible or net energy were assessed. 2. In the first experiment, the availability of lysine in three samples of lupin-seed meal was compared with that in meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal. Availability of lysine in the five protein concentrates, using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis as the criterion of response, was (proportion of total): lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.44, no. 2 0.57, no. 3 0.53, meat-and-bone meal 0.42, soya-bean meal 0.80. 3. Availability estimates, based on protein deposited:food intake, were: lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.82, no. 2 0.73, no. 3 0.70, meat-and-bone meal 0.27, soya-bean meal 0.77. These estimates had higher standard deviations than those based on carcass response. 4. Regressing the measures of response v. lysine intake resulted in estimates of availability similar to, or higher than, the slope-ratio analysis but was associated with greater statistical invalidity and higher standard deviations. 5. The proportion of energy retained in the carcasses was unaffected by the inclusion levels of lysine or soya-bean meal. Energy retention was depressed (P less than 0.05) with the three lupin-seed meals and the meat-and-bone meal. 6. In the second experiment, the response of pigs given a diet containing lupin-seed meal was inferior, on a carcass basis (P less than 0.05), to that of pigs given a diet containing soya-bean meal formulated to similar total lysine and digestible energy contents. 7. The addition of soya-bean oil to the diet containing lupin-seed meal, to equalize the estimated net energy of the diet to that of the diet containing soya-bean meal, depressed protein deposition (P less than 0.05) and increased fat deposition (P less than 0.05), indicating that energy was not limiting the growth of pigs given the lupin-seed-meal diet. 8. Autoclaving the lupin-seed at 121 degrees for 5 min had no effect on the growth of pigs, indicating that the low availability of lysine was not due to the presence of heat-labile anti-nutritional factors.

Animal Feed↗