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PubMed2000

Dispelling the "mystery" of computational cognitive science.

H. Crowther-Heyck (1999) argued that early advocates of computational cognitive science, especially George Miller, aimed to bring about a revival of traditional mentalism, including the issues of consciousness and free will. He therefore found it inexplicable, and even "ironic," that they selected the computer as their main research tool because computers seem no more conscious and no more free than, for instance, the telephone switchboard that was one of the behaviorists' key metaphors. I argue, by contrast, that this misunderstands the main thrust of cognitive science, which was not to bring back all of traditional mentalism, but was rather only to give a rigorous account of intentionality. Once this is recognized, Crowther-Heyck's "mystery" of cognitive science is dispelled because, as is well known, computers use symbolic representations, and thus were seen by the early cognitive scientists as being prime mechanical models of intentional processes.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishing a nursing informatics program.

Nursing informatics is the synthesis of nursing science, information management science, and computer science to enhance the input, retrieval, manipulation, and/or distribution of nursing data. The literature abounds with articles stressing the unmet computer needs of nurses. Nurses must go beyond knowing computer terms and following basic program commands; they must be informatics competent. This article proposes five courses in nursing informatics to enhance all areas of nursing: practice, administration, education, and research.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informatics at the National Institutes of Health: a call to action.

Biomedical informatics, imaging, and engineering are major forces driving the knowledge revolutions that are shaping the agendas for biomedical research and clinical medicine in the 21st century. These disciplines produce the tools and techniques to advance biomedical research, and continually feed new technologies and procedures into clinical medicine. To sustain this force, an increased investment is needed in the physics, biomedical science, engineering, mathematics, information science, and computer science undergirding biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging. This investment should be made primarily through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). However, the NIH is not structured to support such disciplines as biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging that cross boundaries between disease- and organ-oriented institutes. The solution to this dilemma is the creation of a new institute or center at the NIH devoted to biomedical imaging, engineering, and informatics. Bills are being introduced into the 106th Congress to authorize such an entity. The pathway is long and arduous, from the introduction of bills in the House and Senate to the realization of new opportunities for biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging at the NIH. There are many opportunities for medical informaticians to contribute to this realization.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1997

Greedy Algorithms for Finding a Small Set of Primers Satisfying Cover and Length Resolution Conditions in PCR Experiments.

Selecting a good collection of primers is very important for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments. Most existing algorithms for primer selection are concerned with computing a primer pair for each DNA sequence. In generalizing the arbitrarily primed PCR, etc., to the case that all DNA sequences of target objects are already known, like about 6000 ORFs of yeast, we may design a small set of primers so that all the targets are PCR amplified and resolved electrophoretically in a series of experiments. This is quite useful because deceasing the number of primers greatly reduces the cost of experiments. Pearson et al. (ISMB 1995: 285-291, 1995; Discrete Appl. Math. 71: 231-246, 1996) consider finding a minimum set of primers covering all given DNA sequences, but their method does not meet necessary biological conditions such as primer amplification and electrophoresis resolution. In this paper, based on the modeling and computational complexity analysis by Doi, we propose algorithms for this primer selection problem. These algorithms do not necessarily minimize the number of primers, but, since basic versions of these problems are shown to be computationally intractable, especially even for approximability with the length resolution condition, this is inevitable. In the algorithms, the amplification condition by a primer pair and the length resolution condition by electrophoresis are incorporated. These algorithms are based on the theoretically well-founded greedy algorithm for the set cover in computer science. Preliminary computational results are presented to show the validity of this approach. The number of computed primers is much less than a half of the number of targets, and hence is less than one forth of the number needed in the multiplex PCR.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

[Problems of the training of medical personnel in computer technology].

The author discusses the article by Gavrilenko A. F. et al (Soviet Public Health, 1987, N 10, p. 9-12) and tackles the problems of training medical staff in computer science and computing machinery. In is proposed to direct the curriculum at job control, fundamentals of economics, mathematics, algorithmics, programming. The proposal to pay special attention to medical automated management systems, primarily used in medico-sanitary units of industrial enterprises, is argued.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

A naturalistic study of the word frequency effect in episodic recognition.

In order to separate the effects of experience from other characteristics of word frequency (e.g., orthographic distinctiveness), computer science and psychology students rated their experience with computer science technical items and nontechnical items from a wide range of word frequencies prior to being tested for recognition memory of the rated items. For nontechnical items, there was a curvilinear relationship between recognition accuracy and word frequency for both groups of students. The usual superiority of low-frequency words was demonstrated and high-frequency words were recognized least well. For technical items, a similar curvilinear relationship was evident for the psychology students, but for the computer science students, recognition accuracy was inversely related to word frequency. The ratings data showed that subjective experience rather than background word frequency was the better predictor of recognition accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Understanding computers or some of the things you always wanted to know about computers ... but were afraid to ask.

Criteria for computer systems evaluation are changing. No longer can we rely on an evaluation based solely on what the combination of hardware and software does for the user (functional criteria). Significant improvements in software productivity have occurred in recent years as a result of the availability of tools such as relational database management systems and fourth-generation languages. Meanwhile new technologies such as image processing and graphical user interfaces, e.g. MS-Windows and X Window, are coming onstream. Most of these technologies and capabilities require substantially more computing resources than traditional character-based systems. Fortunately, the open systems revolution is creating a more competitive marketplace and computer price/performance ratios are soaring, making the additional computing resources readily available at reasonable prices. But the opportunities of the future will not be for everyone. They will exist only for those medical record practitioners who recognize that a shift away from purely functional evaluation is necessary. Those that make the shift successfully will not become computer technicians, but they will understand the few technical criteria that are truly essential in systems evaluation. They will, in short, apply the 80/20 principle successfully to make future system selections. Medical record professionals must take steps to upgrade their computer system knowledge in order to accommodate the needs of technical criteria evaluation. For the active practitioner this means taking the time to learn from the many sources available in print, educational programs, and knowledgeable persons. Students should seek out courses that will give them a balanced view of the computer sciences, without being overloaded with specifics. AMRA should look for ways to augment the computer sciences requirements in the student's curriculum. Development of study tracks that concentrate on combining standard curricula with computer science would both create a new breed of practitioner and expand the horizons of the profession. The medical record profession must actively work to keep pace with the ever-changing information management environment in order to maintain its position of healthcare information management leadership.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2006

Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey.

PURPOSE: To provide the first national data on the nature, extent, and consequences of withholding among life science trainees. METHOD: In 2003, the authors surveyed 1,077 second-year doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows in life sciences at 50 U.S. universities, with a comparison group of trainees in computer science and chemical engineering. The study variables examined trainees' exposure to and the consequences of data withholding. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six trainees (23.0%) reported that they had asked for and been denied access to information, data, materials, or programming associated with published research and 221 (20.6%) to unpublished research. Eighty-five trainees (7.9%) reported that they had denied another academic scientist's request(s) related to their own published research. Five hundred thirty-three trainees (50.8%) reported that withholding had had a negative effect on the progress of their research, 508 (48.5%) on the rate of discovery in their lab/research group, 472 (45.0%) on the quality of their relationships with academic scientists, 346 (33.0%) on the quality of their education, and 299 (28.5%) on the level of communication in their lab/research group. Trainees denied access to research were significantly more likely to report that data withholding had had a negative effect on several aspects of the educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Data withholding had demonstrated negative effects on trainees. The life sciences, more so than chemical engineering or computer science, will have to address this issue among its trainees. Failure to do so could result in delayed research, inefficient training, and a culture of withholding among future life scientists.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2000

Ethics in the classroom: a reflection on integrating ethical discussions in an introductory course in computer programming.

In this paper, we describe our recent approaches to introducing students in a beginning computer science class to the study of ethical issues related to computer science and technology. This consists of three components: lectures on ethics and technology, in-class discussion of ethical scenarios, and a reflective paper on a topic related to ethics or the impact of technology on society. We give both student reactions to these aspects, and instructor perspective on the difficulties and benefits in exposing students to these ideas.

California↗
PubMed2002

Computational organization science: a new frontier.

Synthetic adaptation is the process whereby any entity composed of intelligent, adaptive, and computational agents is also an intelligent, adaptive, and computational agent. Because of synthetic adaptation, organizations, like the agents of which they are composed, are inherently computational. We can gain insight into the behavior of groups, organizations, and societies by using multiagent computational models composed of collections of intelligent adaptive artificial agents. CONSTRUCT-O and ORGAHEAD are examples of such models whose value for social, organizational, and policy analysis lies in the fact that they combine a network (social and knowledge approach) with a multiagent approach to effect more realistic behavior. The results from a series of virtual experiments using these models are examined to illustrate the power of this approach for social, organizational, and policy analysis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Application of formal methods to biological regulatory networks: extending Thomas' asynchronous logical approach with temporal logic.

Based on the discrete definition of biological regulatory networks developed by René Thomas, we provide a computer science formal approach to treat temporal properties of biological regulatory networks, expressed in computational tree logic. It is then possible to build all the models satisfying a set of given temporal properties. Our approach is illustrated with the mucus production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This application of formal methods from computer science to biological regulatory networks should open the way to many other fruitful applications.

Computational Biology↗