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PubMed2000

Do-it-yourself statistics: A computer-assisted likelihood approach to analysis of data from genetic crosses.

Graduate school programs in genetics have become so full that courses in statistics have often been eliminated. In addition, typical introductory statistics courses for the "statistics user" rather than the nascent statistician are laden with methods for analysis of measured variables while genetic data are most often discrete numbers. These courses are often seen by students and genetics professors alike as largely irrelevant cookbook courses. The powerful methods of likelihood analysis, although commonly employed in human genetics, are much less often used in other areas of genetics, even though current computational tools make this approach readily accessible. This article introduces the MLIKELY.PAS computer program and the logic of do-it-yourself maximum-likelihood statistics. The program itself, course materials, and expanded discussions of some examples that are only summarized here are available at http://www.unisi. it/ricerca/dip/bio_evol/sitomlikely/mlikely.h tml.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Epidemiology and biostatistics content in baccalaureate education for community health nursing.

Community health nursing leaders recommend including epidemiology and biostatistics in baccalaureate curricula but do not define essential content. Topic coverage and emphasis vary across schools; students differ in academic achievement and in readiness for an epidemiologic approach to nursing. A review of textbooks showed wide variance in topic presentation. A survey of baccalaureate community health nursing faculty in a southeastern state uncovered a core of epidemiology course work comparable to that in graduate programs. Biostatistical content was sparse, and participatory learning strategies were seldom noted. Definition of essential introductory epidemiology and biostatistics content and greater linkage between knowledge and application is necessary to show their congruence with community health nursing practice, and enable differentiation between the level and scope of learning appropriate for undergraduate and graduate education.

Biometry↗

PubMed1999

Java experiments for introductory cognitive psychology courses.

Interactive on-line experiments provide a unique and useful method for communicating material to students that is otherwise cumbersome and often confusing. The Java programming language is particularly suited for Internet-based programming applications of this sort because it bypasses many technical issues, including resource availability, security, and cross-platform compatibility. In most cases, topics appropriate to this medium of presentation should (1) not be easily demonstrated by other means, (2) represent an important finding in the field, and (3) be robust with respect to variations in both participants and equipment. The present paper outlines the integration of interactive experiments into an introductory cognitive psychology classroom, describing several experiments currently available on the World-Wide Web (WWW). Evaluation of the technical aspects of the technology as well as expansion of the format to other courses is discussed.

Cognitive Science↗

PubMed2002

The impacts of the model SCI system: historical perspective.

BACKGROUND: The Model Spinal Cord Injury System (MSCIS) program, which began in 1 970, has had a positive impact on the health and well being of thousands of individuals with disabilities. Not only has the program been instrumental in improving the delivery of services for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), but also MSCIS is acknowledged as a leader in the advancement of science and practice in SCI rehabilitation. MSCIS is funded by grants awarded in 5-year cycles by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. In the current cycle (2000-2005), 1 6 SCI programs received funding as "model systems." SUMMARY: This series (1) describes the impact of the MSCIS since its inception; (2) reviews the national, multicenter data collection effort and its effects on the field; (3) reviews the initial goals and objectives of current research projects, and (4) forecasts the impact of current work on the field of SCI medicine. This introductory article provides an overview for this special section, as well as a brief synopsis of the history of the MSCIS program.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1990

Effects of rational emotive education on the rationality, neuroticism and defense mechanisms of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of rational emotive education (REE) as a mental health prevention program for adolescents. The subjects included 109 eleventh- and twelfth-grade students enrolled in four introductory psychology courses, and who were divided into experimental and control classes. Experimental subjects received 12 biweekly sessions of REE. Subjects were pre- and posttested on three measures of psychosocial adaptation: the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), the Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The effects of REE upon behavior were also examined by comparing academic effort grades, number of detentions, and grade point averages. Overall results showed significant positive changes in use of more adaptive defense mechanisms and in academic effort grades in the predicted direction. No significant changes occurred on the other measures. However, as a distinctive group, 17-year-olds demonstrated a significant reduction in neuroticism scores and a significant increase in academic effort grades.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Bereavement support for couples following death of a baby: program development and 14-year exit analysis.

Program development, implementation, and a 14-year exit analysis of a bereavement support program for couples whose baby died in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is presented. A closed, hospital-based, time-limited (12 weeks) format was used. Team leadership was used and 54% of bereaved NICU parents participated. Each group was structured with a 2-week introductory period, open format grief-focused weekly discussions,evaluation in Week 11, and summary session with termination in Week 12. The exit analysis details program strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Bereavement support groups are one part of what we contend should be a comprehensive bereavement program,organized to care for families prior to, during, and after a baby's death. A sensitive, spiritually aware, supportive environment should be maintained throughout with relationship building as a cornerstone of the program.

Bereavement↗

PubMed2006

How clinical instructors can enhance the learning experience of physical therapy students in an introductory clinical placement.

PURPOSE: There is little understanding of how physical therapy students are influenced by clinical instructors (CIs) particularly at the outset of their clinical learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical therapy students' perceptions of their learning experiences during an introductory clinical placement. METHODS: Subjects were 51 physical therapy students participating in an introductory clinical placement following the first unit (semester) of a 2-year, entry-level Master's program. Each day of their placement, students completed a questionnaire based on Brookfield's Critical Incident Questionnaire. Students were asked when they felt most engaged or distanced, what actions of others were most affirming or puzzling, and what surprised them about the placement that day. Two evaluators independently read and coded the entries in all questionnaires, and then collaborated to establish themes related to the behaviors of the CI. RESULTS: The CI could enrich the students' experiences in the following ways: (1) prepare them by introducing, explaining, demonstrating, or allowing them time to obtain information. (2) Confirm learning by providing feedback and recapping. (3) Provide "hands on" experiences appropriate to students' knowledge, skills and comfort. (4) Challenge students by questioning, discussing possibilities, or providing time for reflection. (5) Respect students, value their input and allow them an appropriate level of independence. (6) Demonstrate professional behavior related to communication, evidence-based practice and continuing education. CONCLUSIONS: Physical therapy students value CIs who involve them in patient care; confirm, challenge and prepare them for learning; respect their input and model professional behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Medicine on a need-to-know basis.

Disease-oriented, introductory medical curricula can help overcome educational and institutional barriers that separate aspiring translational scientists in PhD programs from the world of medicine.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMed1991

The importance of an introduction to scientific methodology and research evaluation in the nursing curriculum: an Icelandic experience.

This article briefly presents a total academic program for preparing professional nurses at the University of Iceland and discusses the reasons for teaching an introductory course in scientific methodology and research evaluation in its curriculum. It is argued that scientific methodology and research evaluation adds a necessary component to the qualification of the nursing graduate and an ability to participate in clinical research and advancement of research-based practice.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1980

Long-term hazards of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans.

During January 10-11, 1978 in Lyon, France, a joint National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/International Agency for Research on Cancer ad hoc Working Group considered and discussed the feasibility of coordinating epidemiological studies on the long-term hazards associated with the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs and and PCDFs). Nineteen invited scientists from eight countries presented introductory working papers summarizing the most up-to-date and relevant information available from their individual programs. This report represents the collective views and scientific opinions of the Working Group. The greater part of this document comprises epidemiological studies related to episodes of human exposures. The review begins with a brief section concerning possible routes of human exposure, an overview of the pertinent chemical characteristics, and the salient toxicological properties of the structurally similar PCDDs/PCDFs. The Working Group report ends with recommendations for future activities.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2003

Addressing disparities through dental-medical collaborations, part 1. The role of cultural competency in health disparities: training of primary care medical practitioners in children's oral health.

This paper introduces a series of articles examining specific dental-medical educational collaborations intended to decrease oral health disparities. The first article discusses cultural competency and its relationship to oral health disparities. The next two articles present pediatric oral health educational programs for medical practitioners, one targeting primary care practitioners and the other training family practice residents. This introductory article reviews the national public health agenda for oral health, explains the rationale for targeting dental-medical educational collaborations to address health disparities, and identifies important gaps in dental as well as medical education, especially in the area of infant oral health. Key findings of the two projects are reviewed as well as lessons learned. We call for leadership in dental education in three critical areas: cultural competency, infant oral health, and ethical and professional values. Given the historical isolation of dentistry, strong leadership at the level of the dean's office is needed to advance the agenda of eliminating oral health disparities through collaborations among dentistry, medicine, and the other health professions. Finally, an appreciation of the professional obligations of dental educators, practitioners, and the profession of dentistry can add resolve to this new prioritization.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Integrating recent advances in neuroscience into undergraduate neuroscience and physiology courses.

Neuroscience has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past 20 years, including a substantial increase in the number of neuroscience departments, programs, and courses at the undergraduate level. To meet the need of new neuroscience courses, there has also been growth in the number of introductory neuroscience textbooks designed for undergraduates. However, textbooks typically trail current knowledge by five to ten years, especially in neuroscience where our understanding is increasing rapidly. Consequently, it is often important to supplement neuroscience and physiology textbooks with information about recent findings in neuroscience. To design supplementary educational material, it is essential first to identify the educational objectives of the program and the characteristics of the learners, which can differ dramatically between undergraduate and graduate or professional students. Four principles that may serve the selection and design of supplementary material for undergraduate neuroscience and physiology courses are that (1) material must be interesting to the undergraduates, (2) material should reinforce previously learned concepts, (3) students must be adequately prepared, and (4) the teacher and student must have sufficient appropriate resources.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Cancer Information Service utilization by selected U.S. ethnic groups.

The Cancer Information Service (CIS) has responded to information requests of more than 5 million people since 1976. Of interest to staff has been program coverage--in particular, patterns of use by audiences identified as being at high risk for cancer. This paper presents an introductory analysis of the use of the CIS between 1983 and 1990 by ethnic and racial groups. Data analysis, although affected by demographic data-collection restrictions, confirms suspected underutilization by racial and ethnic minorities. Although members of minority audiences call the CIS less frequently, they use the CIS for information about cancer-prevention topics more often than they do for treatment information, and their calls tend to be longer than calls from Whites. Television is demonstrated to be the most effective medium to stimulate use of the CIS among all audience groups. The authors conclude that expanding program coverage is important to reach target audiences, as is a more rigorous data-collection plan to assess utilization patterns. They also suggest the use of program funds to buy air time on a regular basis to stimulate use of the CIS by high-risk audiences and the general public.

Ethnicity↗

PubMed1982

Self-study program on drug information for staff pharmacists.

A self-study inservice educational program on drug information resources was designed to improve staff pharmacist competence in responding to drug information requests. Pharmacists attended two introductory sessions in the drug information center (DIC) that focused on available resources and the systematic search process. Each pharmacist also spent an eight-hour work period in the DIC. Twenty-four hours of regular staff time was allowed for each pharmacist to complete a self-study manual. The manual consisted of three section: (1) discussion of selected references; (2) assignments based on common types of drug information questions; and (3) assignments that required the use of indexing and abstracting sources. Each pharmacist had to complete 50 questions during a 12-week period. The pharmacists were evaluated through pre- and post-tests and by the accuracy of answers to assignments in the manual. Six pharmacists initially participated in the program; five of them attained an average grade of more than 70 on the post-test and assignments. Three new staff pharmacists now have also completed the program. The success of the program depended on the support of pharmacy administration, as well as the motivation of the participating pharmacists. This staff development program using a self-study manual has been an effective means for improving pharmacists' use of drug information resources. The manual is flexible to accommodate differences in the rate of staff development and it is a useful training tool for new pharmacists.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2006

A simple and effective protein folding activity suitable for large lectures.

This article describes a simple and inexpensive hands-on simulation of protein folding suitable for use in large lecture classes. This activity uses a minimum of parts, tools, and skill to simulate some of the fundamental principles of protein folding. The major concepts targeted are that proteins begin as linear polypeptides and fold to three-dimensional structures, noncovalent interactions drive this folding process, and the final folded shape of a protein depends on its amino acid sequence. At the start of the activity, students are given pieces of insulated wire from which they each construct and fold their own polypeptide. This activity was evaluated in three ways. A random sample of student-generated polypeptides collected after the activity shows that most students were able to create an appropriate structure. After this activity, students (n = 154) completed an open-ended survey. Their responses showed that more than three-quarters of the students learned one or more of the core concepts being demonstrated. Finally, a follow-up survey was conducted seven weeks after the activity; responses to this survey (n = 63) showed that a similar fraction of students still retained these key concepts. This activity should be useful in large introductory-level college biology or biochemistry lectures.

Biology↗

PubMed1995

Development of a guidebook for senior students applying for residency training in obstetrics and gynecology.

This article describes a detailed residency guidebook that I developed over the course of 4 years based on interaction with 42 student advisees. Questions most frequently asked by the students were recorded, and comprehensive written responses were prepared that addressed their specific concerns. The completed guidebook contains several major sections. The introductory portion provides a general description of the discipline of obstetrics and gynecology, outlines the format of residency training programs, and assesses the competitiveness of residencies in obstetrics and gynecology compared with other disciplines. The second section lists deadlines for completing various tasks, such as selecting an adviser, planning the senior curriculum, requesting and submitting applications, preparing the curriculum vitae and personal statement, and soliciting letters of recommendation. The next section of the guidebook provides suggestions for the senior curriculum and specifically addresses the issue of "audition electives" in obstetrics and gynecology. The next two sections present formats for the student's personal statement and curriculum vitae. Next, guidelines for requesting letters of recommendation are presented. Thereafter, information is provided to help students determine the number of applications they should submit, and training programs targeted by the student are classified by size, type, and competitiveness. Finally, the guidebook addresses questions related to scheduling and preparing for interviews.

Gynecology↗

PubMed2026

Multicenter randomized effectiveness/implementation trial of a digital self-management support tool to improve the quality of life during adjuvant hormonal therapy for patients with early breast cancer: The HOPE trial.

BACKGROUND: For patients with hormone receptor (HR) positive early breast cancer (BC), adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) represents the cornerstone of treatment. However, 75% of patients experience ET-related symptoms that negatively affect their quality of life (QOL). Despite their high prevalence, these symptoms are often underestimated and under-addressed during consultations. As a result, non-adherence to ET is common and remains a major barrier for optimal disease and survival outcomes. METHODS: National, prospective, randomized, open-label hybrid type 1 effectiveness/implementation trial conducted in France comparing a personalized digital health pathway plus standard of care (SoC) vs. SoC alone in patients with HR+ early BC reporting ET-related symptoms. 180 patients will be randomized 1:1 to receive either 12 weeks of the digital health pathway or 12 weeks of SoC. The intervention is anchored by the Resilience© digital companion including remote symptom and needs assessment, an introductory nurse-navigator phone call, and access to personalized, symptom-specific online educational and self-management programs (physical activity, yoga, meditation or cognitive behavioral therapy). In both arms, patients will be invited to wear a wearable device to objectively monitor behavioral parameters. The primary endpoint is the ET symptoms scale of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-BR45 over 12-weeks. Secondary endpoints include other QOL domains, self-reported ET adherence, eHealth literacy, self-efficacy, and evaluation of the implementation process. DISCUSSION: This study should provide evidence on the effectiveness and real-world implementation of a personalized digital health pathway to improve QOL in patients experiencing ET-related symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06781996; Protocol version 3.0.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

A graphical user interface to the CCP4 program suite.

CCP4i is a graphical user interface that makes running programs from the CCP4 suite simpler and quicker. It is particularly directed at inexperienced users and tightly linked to introductory and scientific documentation. It also provides a simple project-management system and visualization tools. The system is readily extensible and not specific to CCP4 software.

Biopolymers↗