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PubMed1986

Words created by children versus aphasic adults: an analysis of their form and communicative effectiveness.

The creation of words through the novel combination of English morphemes (e.g., "map ball" to refer to a globe) was studied in 40 preschool children, 40 grade school children, and 40 adults. These lexical innovations were collected while subjects named pictured objects, and were evaluated in terms of incidence, communicative effectiveness, novelty, semantic accuracy, and certain linguistic characteristics. Preschool children's innovations were as communicatively effective as those of grade school children and adults and contained the highest proportion of innovations with redundant elements. Grade school children produced the highest proportion with semantic inaccuracies. This suggests that preschoolers invent words from a limited set of highly familiar terms, whereas grade schoolers rely more on partially known terms. In addition, the children's innovations differed significantly from those previously collected from aphasic adults. This demonstrates that aphasia does not cause a regression to an early level of linguistic sophistication.

Anomia↗
PubMed1991

Enzymatic cleavage of a bacterial chromosome at a transposon-inserted rare site.

The sequential use of the methylase M.Xbal (5'.TCTAGm6A) and the methylation-dependent endonuclease Dpnl (5'-Gm6A decreases TC) results in cleavage at 5'.TCTAGA decreases TCTAGA. This recognition sequence was introduced into a transposon derived from the Mu bacteriophage and transposed into the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. M.Xbal methylation was provided in vivo by a plasmid containing the M.Xbal gene and the S. typhimurium genome was cleaved to completion by Dpnl at one or more sites, depending on the number of transposon insertions. The resulting genomic fragments were resolved by pulsed-field electrophoresis. The potential use of single M.Xbal/Dpnl cleavage sites as reference positions to map rare restriction sites is discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1978

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). IV. The projection to the spinal cord.

Horseradish peroxidase was injected at various levels of the spinal cord of the hen and the cells in the brain stem, labeled due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme, were mapped with particular reference to the vestibular nuclear complex. The Deiters' nuclei project ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. The projection from the nucleus Deiters ventralis reaches down to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The spinal projection from the nucleus Deiters dorsalis is somatotopically organized. Cells localized rostrally within the nucleus project to upper parts of the spinal cord cells localized caudally project to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The medial and the descending nucleus contain labeled cells in two compartments of the nuclei. In each of them a rostral one projects to the upper cervical cord, a caudal one projects to the thoracical spinal cord. In addition, labeled cells are observed in the reticular formation, mainly in the pons and the medulla oblongata, in the red nucleus, in the raphe nuclei and in the periaqueductal grey. Very few labeled cells are observed in the locus ceruleus, the nucleus intercalatus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In some cases, the number of labeled cells in the various nuclei in the brain stem projecting to the spinal cord was counted to get an impression of the quantitative importance of the vestibulospinal projection relative to afferents to the spinal cord from the other nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the vestibulospinal projection in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Logical types and ostensive insight.

Discrimination of analogic and digital modes in communication allows clearer distinction of transference (mutative) and extra-transference interpretation. Relying on explicit formulation, Strachey introduces 'implicit' mutative interpretation, which is explicitly extra-transferential but transferential as to process. Each interpretive verbalization has an analogic impact pertaining to the analogic unconscious level of archaic objects, and its emitter--the analyst--is its propositional subject. Interpretation can afford to be as explicit as possible inasmuch as it retains the metalevel in which the analyst can remain as third-party to what he formulates, but it must be gradual in making explicit the archaic object he actualizes. It is by 'withholding'--as Strachey says--the validation of the archaic relational analogic 'psychic reality' that is the referent of interpretive 'mapping', and not be verbal 'mapping' in itself, that the 'judgement of reality' underlying ostensive insight comes into play.

Awareness↗
PubMed1990

A Macintosh program for the management of biological samples generated by recombinant DNA techniques.

A series of Macintosh HyperCard Stacks have been developed to organize DNA clones. Four different levels of organization have been designed: the individual data cards including links to restriction maps and literature reference cards, the boxes in which the individual test tubes are organized, the freezers in which the boxes are kept and the laboratories where the freezers are found. A data base of all the commercially available DNA cloning vectors has been developed to illustrate how these stacks can be used to organize clones according to a functional hierarchy.

DNA Restriction Enzymes↗
PubMed1988

Contamination of a monoclonal antibody with LDH-virus causes interferon induction.

Interferon induction occurred unexpectedly during an in vivo study using a mouse monoclonal antibody. The interferon was typed alpha/beta and the titer reached a maximum at 24 hours in contrast with other inducers. Similar results were obtained with a virus pool derived from the antibody and with a LDV reference strain. MAP-testing of the monoclonal antibody revealed contamination with lactate dehydrogenase virus (LDV). The production of IFN seems to be controlled genetically. This experimental error demonstrates the importance of an appropriate quality control of biological materials.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

EEG mapping: current status and future prospects.

EEG mapping is the topographical display of parameters evaluated from multichannel EEG recordings. Different problems connected with EEG mapping are: number of electrodes, interpolation between electrodes, types of reference and statistical treatment of maps. These problems are discussed briefly and examples are given. To complete this report, a short historical background along with some comments about the clinical settings have been provided and attention given to future prospects.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Localization of infarction of the anterior and inferior myocardial wall by body surface mapping].

11 patients after anterior myocardial infarction and 7 patients inferior myocardial infarction were subjected to potentials mapping from 87 body surface electrode system. The reference group was made up by 15 healthy individuals. The analysis referred to isopotential and isointegral maps during the 20 ms and 40 ms of the QRS onset and for the entire QRS. It was stated that the occurrence of abnormal potential minimum might be the essential diagnostic criterion. In the case of anterior infarction, the abnormal negative potentials is located in the vicinity of the sternum, whereas in inferior infarction in right and lower part of the chest. The diagnostics of inferior infarction requires additional criteria, ventricular activation time maps especially.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

[Vegetation analysis used for the detection of exophile tick populations in the south-east of France: the example Ixodes ricinus (Linne 1758) (acarina, ixodoidea)].

The cross-linking relation between the evidence of outside living tick populations and specific vegetation units allows for efficiently using the vegetation maps, and more especially the medium scale maps. Ixodes ricinus is referred to here as an example. The limitations of this data derived from such maps are evaluated by the authors. They suggest some means aiding in improving their efficiency through the knowledge of the ecological variables playing a role in the species settlement.

Methods↗
PubMed2025

Genetic Differentiation is Constrained to Chromosomal Inversions and Putative Centromeres in Locally Adapted Populations With Higher Gene Flow.

The impact of genome structure on adaptation is a growing focus in evolutionary biology, revealing an important role for structural variation and recombination landscapes in shaping genetic diversity across genomes and among populations. This is particularly relevant when local adaptation occurs despite gene flow, where clustering of differentiated loci can maintain locally adapted variants by reducing recombination between them. However, the limited genomic resources for nonmodel species, including reference genomes and recombination maps, have constrained our understanding of these patterns. In this study, we leverage the Atlantic silverside-a nonmodel fish with extensive local adaptation across a steep latitudinal gradient-as an ideal system to explore how genome structure influences adaptation under varying levels of gene flow, using a newly available reference genome and multiple recombination maps. Analyzing 168 genomes from four populations, we found a continuum of genome-wide differentiation increasing from south to north, reflecting higher connectivity among southern populations and reduced gene flow at northern latitudes. With increasing gene flow, the number and clustering of FST outlier loci also increased, with differentiated loci found exclusively within large haploblocks harboring inversions and smaller peaks overlapping putative centromeric regions. Notably, sequence divergence was only evident in inversions, supporting their role in adaptive divergence with gene flow, whereas centromeric regions appeared differentiated because of low recombination and diversity, with no indication of elevated divergence. Our results support the hypothesis that clustered genomic architectures evolve with high gene flow and enhance our understanding of how inversions and centromeres are linked to different evolutionary processes.

Gene Flow↗
PubMed1990

Brain maps and parallel computers.

It is well known that neural responses in many brain regions are organized in characteristic spatial patterns referred to as brain maps. It is likely that these patterns in some way reflect aspects of the neural computations being performed, but to date there are no general guiding principles for relating the structure of a brain map to the properties of the associated computation. In the field of parallel computing, maps similar to brain maps arise when computations are distributed across the multiple processors of a parallel computer. In this case, the relationship between maps and computations is well understood and general principles for optimally mapping computations onto parallel computers have been developed. In this paper we discuss how these principles may help illuminate the relationship between maps and computations in the nervous system.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

A genetic map of human chromosome 17p.

A genetic linkage map was constructed with 18 loci from the short arm and pericentric region of chromosome 17 typed on the CEPH reference families. The genetic map includes three markers extracted from the CEPH public database. Nine loci could be ordered using a threshold of odds of at least 1000:1 against alternative orders during the map construction process. With a reduced tolerance of 100:1, a total of 13 loci could be placed on the map spanning a distance of approximately 60 cM in females and 46 cM in males. There were statistically significant differences between the male and the female genetic maps. The order inferred from the genetic data was consistent with the physical localizations of these probes obtained from somatic cell hybrids and tumor deletion studies. This map should be useful for genetic fine mapping of 17p loci.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

Toward a unified approach to genetic mapping of eukaryotes based on sequence tagged microsatellite sites.

The genomes of all eukaryotes appear to contain a special class of loci, termed microsatellites, which can serve, if sequenced and taken as the substrate for the polymerase chain reaction, as highly informative, locus-specific markers. By analogy to the "sequence tagged sites" recently proposed by Olsen et al. for standardizing the human physical gene map, these microsatellite markers are termed "sequence tagged microsatellite sites" (STMS). Genetic maps based on STMS will share with the Olsen physical maps the advantage that mapping vocabularies will be standardized to the DNA sequence base and that access to any particular locus will not require shipping or storing cloned probes. The species map will consist simply of a listing of nucleotide sequences. Reference populations for developing STMS maps can be chosen on the basis of biological or economic interest. It will not be necessary to maximize for genetic divergence.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Topographic mapping of brain electromagnetic signals: a review of current technology.

Topographic mapping of brain electromagnetic signals has become increasingly popular in recent years both as a clinical tool and as an area of research in its own right. The capabilities of existing computerized systems for displaying such maps and for performing localization of current sources in the brain have continued to expand. In this paper we review some of the methodological and technological issues concerning topographic mapping. These include issues of choice of interpolation algorithm, what to map, head geometry, EEG reference location, and scaling. We also discuss characteristics of clinical databases for patient comparison and the usefulness of quantitative EEG (which includes mapping) for the diagnosis of nervous system disorders. Finally, we compare five representative systems in terms of their topographic mapping capabilities. The overall conclusion is that future developments must make use of integrated data from other neuroimaging technologies such as MRI, PET, and SPECT, and determination of the normal limits of topographic parameters must be more carefully examined.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1988

Clinical utility of topographic EEG brain mapping.

Topographic EEG brain mapping was performed on 100 patients referred for both EEG and neuroimaging procedures. Topographic maps were abnormal in 78% of patients with stroke, 50% with head trauma and 100% of those with space occupying lesions (tumor, abscess or intracerebral hematoma). Of the patients with abnormal EEG maps 30% had either sole or better localization with mapping than routine EEG or neuroimaging procedures. In no cases were there false localizing abnormalities by EEG mapping. Topographic mapping appears to provide better detection of low amplitude slow activity not easily discernible by routine EEG. It also provides faithful correspondence with localization of many lesions on neuroimaging procedures, and at times distinguishes abnormalities not immediately definable by CT/MRI. Topographic EEG mapping is a valuable adjunct to routine EEG.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The mouse genome: an overview.

A genetic map with one molecularly marked locus per cM will be available for the mouse in the near future. A map of this density should provide molecular reference points that connect genetic and physical maps, identify sites to initiate positional cloning studies for the molecular characterization of mutant loci, and define homologous regions of mouse and human genomes.

Animals↗