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Results for “sensorimotor function”

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PubMed2006

Palatal coverage disturbance in masticatory function.

Oral sensorimotor function is essential for mastication. We hypothesized that palatal coverage would disturb mastication and sensorimotor function. Masticatory efficiency, which was expressed by the declination rate of particle size, and oral stereognosis ability (OSA) were measured for 20 dentate subjects. Both measurements were first performed without an experimental palatal plate. These measurements were then repeated with the plate on the day of the plate insertion, then again on the 3rd and 7th day. After 2 months, another series of measurements for the OSA test were performed without the plate with the same time-course. Masticatory efficiency significantly decreased with the plate. OSA score, which continuously increased during the experimental period, showed no difference between with and without the plate. Positive correlation between masticatory efficiency and the OSA score was found only without the plate. It was suggested that coordination between mastication and the sensorimotor function was disturbed by palatal coverage.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study of reaction time performance in Long-Evans rats.

This study was undertaken to examine individual differences in the progression of age-related decline on a measure of sensorimotor function. Twenty-one adult rats were trained on a simple reaction time (RT) task and assessed every 6 weeks from 14.5 to 25 months of age. An overall slowing of RT latencies associated with chronological age was observed. However, some rats maintained a stable performance with age while others slowed considerably. Another measure within the RT task, accuracy of performance, appeared to represent a stable individual characteristic that was insensitive to the effects of age. However, no measure of performance on the RT task at 14.5 months of age predicted later impairment in RT latency. At the completion of longitudinal testing, spatial learning in the Morris water maze was assessed in these aged rats along with a young comparison group. The aged rats were impaired relative to young controls in locating the escape platform. Measures of cognitive function and sensorimotor function within the spatial task were, however, unrelated to slowing of RT latency.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Location of hand function in the sensorimotor cortex: MR and functional correlation.

PURPOSE: To determine the location of hand function in the sensorimotor cortex using MR and positron emission tomography imaging studies. METHODS: Anatomic and physiological methods were used for this study. Anatomic study was based on the MR analysis of 22 subjects. The length of the sensorimotor cortex was measured in the axial and sagittal planes. Physiologic study was based on the positron emission tomography studies of 4 subjects. Each of the studies was correlated with MR. RESULTS: We found that the superior genu of the central sulcus corresponds to hand function in the sensorimotor cortex. This level may prove useful for any clinical correlations or for surgery. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, the hand function area in the sensorimotor cortex is easily understood with its characteristic shape in axial MR scan. The comparison of MR and positron emission tomography data clearly show anatomic correlations. This may be applied to the functional mapping of the pathologic studies in the sensorimotor cortex regions.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effect of lateralized cerebral damage upon contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor performances.

Three groups of 50 adult patients with either lateralized vascular, neoplastic, or traumatic cerebral lesions were compared with respect to their contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor functioning. The present study investigated the extent of sensorimotor deficits associated with different types of naturally-occurring damage to the right and left hemispheres. Sensorimotor abilities were assessed using tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Intergroup comparisons showed a differential pattern of sensorimotor impairment in which the cerebrovascular group was most impaired, followed by the neoplastic group, with the trauma group demonstrating the least impairment. Interhemispheric comparisons among the lesion groups consistently demonstrated right cerebral hemisphere predominance for contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor functions. The findings indicate clearly that the sensorimotor functions of the two cerebral hemispheres are not merely mirror images of each other. Apparently, the functional organization of the human brain is such that the right hemisphere is predominant for both contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor functioning. Results are discussed in terms of these theoretical questions and in terms of several methodological considerations necessary for the appropriate study of the functional organization of sensorimotor processes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Location of the sensorimotor cortex: functional and conventional MR compared.

PURPOSE: To determine the value of functional MR imaging to supplement conventional MR imaging for locating the rolandic cortex. METHODS: Parasagittal MR images acquired in conjunction with functional MR images were reviewed. The central sulcus was identified on the MR images by conventional parcellation methods. In the functional MR images, the sensorimotor cortex (rolandic cortex) was identified by the activation secondary to finger and thumb movement or tactile stimulation of the palm. The location of the central sulcus and rolandic cortex was compared. RESULTS: In 18 of 23 studies, the central sulcus selected by anatomic criteria coincided exactly or approximately with the cortex activated by the motor or sensory tasks. In two cases of tumor, the rolandic cortex could be located by means of the activation, but the central sulcus was not identified because of severe distortion of anatomic landmarks. In two volunteers, the central sulcus identified by anatomic landmarks did not coincide with the activated cortex. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that functional imaging supplements anatomic imaging in locating the sensorimotor cortex. Functional MR imaging may be a useful adjunct to conventional MR imaging to determine noninvasively the proximity of eloquent brain to focal brain lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of alcohol on sensory and sensorimotor visual functions.

The literature on the effect of alcohol on sensory and sensorimotor visual functions is extensive. The findings are often contradictory and early studies did not correlate the effects with blood alcohol levels. This study was designed to test the effects of alcohol on various visual functions using equipment that is freely available to the clinician. A significant loss of visual field, accommodation and convergence that correlated with increasing blood alcohol levels was found. Visual acuity, color vision and stereoacuity were not significantly altered by alcohol.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed2003

Neurocognitive functioning in children with type-1 diabetes with and without episodes of severe hypoglycaemia.

Previous studies have shown that recurrent severe hypoglycaemia can cause long-term cognitive impairment in children with type-1 diabetes, but the results are controversial, possibly due to the heterogeneity of samples and lack of comprehensive neuropsychological assessments of children. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of diabetes and severe hypoglycaemia on the neurocognitive functioning of children with a standardized, wide age-range neuropsychological test battery designed for the assessment of children. Eleven children with diabetes and a history of severe hypoglycaemia, 10 children with diabetes without a history of severe hypoglycaemia, and 10 healthy control children (a total of 31 children: 14 males and 17 females, age range 5 years 6 months to 11 years 11 months, mean 9 years 4 months, SD 1 year 11 months) were studied using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the NEPSY, a Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. The NEPSY assessed development in attention and executive functions, language, sensorimotor functions, visuospatial processing, and learning and memory. Children with a history of severe hypoglycaemia had more neuropsychological impairments, more learning difficulties (as reported by parents), and needed more part-time special education than those in the other groups. Significant differences were found in verbal short-term memory and phonological processing. Results suggest that severe hypoglycaemia is a risk factor for learning due to deficits in auditory-verbal functioning.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Brain responses to ambient temperature fluctuations in fish: reduction of blood volume and initiation of a whole-body stress response.

Spatial and temporal ambient temperature variations directly influence cellular biochemistry and thus the physiology of ectotherms. However, many aquatic ectothermic species maintain coordinated sensorimotor function during large acute body-temperature changes, which points to a compensatory mechanism within the neural system. Here we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain responses to a drop of 10 degrees C of ambient water temperature in common carp. We observed a strong drainage of blood out of the brain as of 90 s after the onset of the temperature drop, which would be expected to reduce entry of cold blood arriving from the gills so that the change in brain temperature would be slower. Although oxygen content in the brain thus decreased, we still found specific activation in the preoptic area (involved in temperature detection and stress responses), the pituitary pars distalis (stress response), and inactivation of the anterior part of the midbrain tegmentum and the pituitary pars intermedia. We propose that the blood drainage from the brain slows down the cooling of the brain during an acute temperature drop. This could help to maintain proper brain functioning including sensorimotor activity, initiation of the stress response, and the subsequent behavioral responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of age on neurocognitive measures of children ages 5 to 12: a cross-sectional study on 800 children from the United States.

The standardization of the NEPSY-A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998) provided an opportunity to study the effects of age across the age range 5 to 12 years. Test scores of 800 children on 20 subtests of NEPSY were analyzed. These measures are based on traditions of neuropsychological assessment and are thought to reflect attention and executive functions, language, sensorimotor functions, visuospatial functions, and memory and learning. The effects of age were very significant on all measures, confirming the developmental sensitivity of the NEPSY. The effects of age were more significant in the 5- to 8-year age range than in the 9- to 12-year range. Only performance on tasks of fluency and memory span for sentences showed significant age effects in the 10- to 12-year age range. This suggests that neurocognitive development is rapid in the 5- to 8-year age range and more moderate in the 9- to 12-year age range.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Sensorimotor changes and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Muscles are essential components of our sensorimotor system that help maintain balance and perform a smooth gait, but it is unclear whether arthritic damage adversely affects muscle sensorimotor function. Quadriceps sensorimotor function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) was investigated, and whether these changes were associated with impairment of functional performance. METHODS: Quadriceps strength, voluntary activation, and proprioceptive acuity (joint position sense acuity) were assessed in 103 patients with knee OA and compared with 25 healthy control subjects. In addition, their postural stability, objective functional performance (the aggregate time for four activities of daily living), and disabilities (lequesne index) were also investigated. RESULTS: Compared with the control subjects, the patients with knee OA had weaker quadriceps (differences between group mean 100N, CI 136, 63N), poorer voluntary activation (20% CI 13, 25%) that was associated with quadriceps weakness, and impaired acuity of knee joint position sense (1.28 degrees, CI 0.84, 1.73 degrees). As a group the patients were more unstable (p = 0.0017), disabled (10, CI 7, 11), and had poorer functional performance (19.6 seconds, CI 14.3, 24.9 seconds). The most important predictors of disability were objective functional performance and quadriceps strength. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with knee OA, articular damage may reduce quadriceps motoneurone excitability, which decreases voluntary quadriceps activation thus contributing to quadriceps weakness, and diminishes proprioceptive acuity. The arthrogenic impairment in quadriceps sensorimotor function and decreased postural stability was associated with reduced functional performance of the patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Age-dependent plasticity in the dopaminergic control of sensorimotor development.

The role of brain dopamine (DA) in the control of sensorimotor function was studied in normal rat pups and in animals depleted of DA at various stages of development. Acute administration of the DA antagonist haloperidol produced akinesia and catalepsy in normal pups as early as 3 days of age and resulted in impaired orientation to somatosensory stimulation by 15 days of age. In contrast, near-total depletions of striatal DA incurred on day 3, 15, or 20 produced no obvious deficits in sensorimotor function either soon after the depletion or after the animals reached adulthood. Rats depleted of DA on day 27 exhibited akinesia, catalepsy, and sensory neglect. These deficits resembled those seen in comparably depleted adults except that they were more transient, lasting 1 week rather than 4-5 weeks. Moreover, while rats depleted as adults became akinetic and cataleptic after the stress of a cold water swim, animals depleted on day 27 did not. These findings demonstrate that DA is involved in sensorimotor function during early development. The data also reveal an impressive degree of plasticity in the neural controls of sensorimotor function and that the extent of this plasticity is dependent upon the age at the time of damage.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

[Prevention of falls in elderly osteoporotic women: conception and effects of an intervention program].

Falls can result in physical injuries as well as anxieties about falling and decreases in physical activities. For elderly osteoporotic people falls are a serious problem. In the progression of impairment the loss of bone density decreases the resistance of bone structure. Prevention of falls is therefore an important task for patients with osteoporosis. Numerous studies document the positive effects of physical activities and exercise on muscular strength, on balance, and gait; other studies focussed on the efficacy of intervention programs in consideration of the use of medication. But the studies did not consider the specific situation of osteoporotic people. In our study we focussed on the strengthening of sensorimotor functions, which can be expected in a short period of time and may therefore motivate for long-term intervention programs to increase bone density. This program was applied to a sample of 42 osteoporotic women with an average age of 66 participating in a training program for 90 minutes once a week over a period of 10 weeks. The effectiveness of the program was assessed by a battery including differential sensorimotor functions. Regarding the initial test results, there were only small differences between the study sample and a control group tested with the identical assessment. We used a pre-post-training design which enabled us to control the effects of the training program. Sensorimotor functions were tested three times: 3 months before the program started, at the beginning and at the end of the intervention program. The significant improvements from the first to the second testing were most likely due to repeated measurement. Further significant improvements, measured at the end of the program, can be interpreted as effects of the training. We conclude that sensorimotor functions of elderly with osteoporosis could be trained effectively in a rather short time.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2001

Effect of the serotonin agonist 8-OH-DPAT on the sensorimotor system of the rat.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT, 2 mg/kg) is used to induce perseverative behavior in rats in a T-maze as a model for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Using the open-field test, radiant heat test, and the test with von Frey filaments, we examined whether alterations in sensorimotor functioning could contribute to the perseverative tendencies in this model by measuring differences in left versus right hind paw reactions after 8-OH-DPAT administration (2 mg/kg, sc). Also, the effect of repeated 8-OH-DPAT administration on sensorimotor functioning was tested every third day. 8-OH-DPAT administration induced a significantly decreased sensorimotor performance in the open-field test, an increased threshold for noxious thermal stimulation (increased withdrawal latency, WL, and decreased elevation time, ET) in the radiant heat test, and a decreased nociceptive threshold for mechanical stimulation in the test with von Frey filaments. All changes in sensorimotor functioning were similar for left and right hind paws suggesting that, these changes as measured with the tests in the present study, are not likely to contribute to the perseverative behavior of rats in a T-maze. Further, repeated administration of 8-OH-DPAT had no effect in the radiant heat test and the test with the Frey filaments, but produced a tolerance effect in the open-field test.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗