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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

How do individuals remember their past statements?

It was hypothesized that when it is difficult for people to remember what they said previously, they may use their sense of familiarity with a statement to determine whether it is one they expressed. In 3 experiments, Ss were asked to state whether they had witnessed certain objects in a previous slide presentation; they responded aloud with experimentally mandated statements. The familiarity of target statements was varied, independent of whether they were expressed, through extraneous presentations of the pertinent objects. Later, Ss tried to determine whether (Experiments 1 and 2), or how frequently (Experiment 3), they expressed the target statements. Results supported the hypothesis: Ss were more likely to remember making statements concerning the more familiar objects than the less familiar objects.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Prosodic control in severe dysarthria: preserved ability to mark the question-statement contrast.

Speakers with severe dysarthria are known to have reduced range in prosody. Consistent control within that range, however, has largely been ignored. In earlier investigations speakers with severe dysarthria were able to control pitch and duration for sustained vowel production despite reduced flexibility of control (Patel, 1998). The present experiment examined whether 8 speakers with severe dysarthria due to cerebral palsy used prosodic parameters of pitch contour and syllable duration for phrase-level productions. Speakers with dysarthria (N = 8) produced 3-syllable phrases as questions and statements. Naïve listeners (N = 48) classifed dysarthric productions as either questions or statements. Listeners were able to distinguish questions from statements with accuracy levels ranging from 81% to 98%. We were also interested in studying how dysorthric speakers marked the question-statement contrast. Prosodic features of pitch contour and syllable duration were systematically removed from the original recorded vocalizations to examine the salience of these features on listener classification. Removal of pitch contour cues dramatically reduced listener accuracy scores to almost chance performance. Listeners found pitch contour cues to be information-bearing cues in dysarthric vocalizations even though the range of frequency control in these speakers may be reduced. That speakers with dysarthria were able to exert sufficient control to signal the question-statement contrast has implications for diagnostic and intervention practices aimed to optimally exploit prosodic control for enhancing communication efficiency.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Relation of statement length and type and type of chat room to reciprocal communication on the Internet.

This study examined the relation of statement type (neutral, questioning, provocative, or bizarre) and length of statement (short vs. long) to reciprocal conversation in Internet chat rooms. The results indicated that provocative statements had a significant impact on reciprocal communication in two out of three different types of Internet chat rooms. These findings support the hypothesis that the amount of reciprocal communication in a chat room is directly related to the type of statements made by the participants. The results also suggest that the type of statement that elicits the greatest reciprocal communication may vary with the type of chat room.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Pilot study of the roles of personality, references, and personal statements in relation to performance over the five years of a medical degree.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the power of three traditional selection procedures (A levels, personal statements, and references) and one non-traditional selection procedure (personality) to predict performance over the five years of a medical degree. DESIGN: Cohort study over five years. SETTING: Nottingham medical school. PARTICIPANTS: Entrants in 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A level grades, amounts of information contained in teacher's reference and the student's personal statement, and personality scores examined in relation to 18 different assessments. RESULTS: Information in the teacher's reference did not consistently predict performance. Information in the personal statement was predictive of clinical aspects of training, whereas A level grades primarily predicted preclinical performance. The personality domain of conscientiousness was consistently the best predictor across the course. A structural model indicated that conscientiousness was positively related to A level grades and preclinical performance but was negatively related to clinical grades. CONCLUSION: A teacher's reference is of no practical use in predicting clinical performance of medical students, in contrast to the amount of information contained in the personal statement. Therefore, simple quantification of the personal statement should aid selection. Personality factors, in particular conscientiousness, need to be considered and integrated into selection procedures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Randomized, controlled trial of an easy-to-read informed consent statement for clinical trial participation: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

PURPOSE: Studies have documented that the majority of consent documents for medical diagnosis and treatment are written at a reading level above that of the majority of the U.S. population. This study hypothesized that use of an easy-to-read consent statement, when compared with a standard consent statement, will result in higher patient comprehension of the clinical treatment protocol, lower patient anxiety, higher patient satisfaction, and higher patient accrual. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 44 institutions that were members or affiliates of three cooperative oncology groups. Institutions were randomly assigned to administer either an easy-to-read consent statement or the standard consent statement to patients being recruited to participate in selected cancer treatment trials. Telephone interviews were conducted with a total of 207 patients to assess study outcomes. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention arm demonstrated significantly lower consent anxiety and higher satisfaction compared with patients in the control arm. Patient comprehension and state anxiety were not affected by the intervention. Accrual rates into the parent studies also did not differ significantly between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: Clinical trial informed consent statements can be modified to be easier to read without omitting critical information. Patient anxiety and satisfaction can be affected by the consent document. The generalizability of these study results is limited by the characteristics of the patient sample. Ninety percent of the sample were white women, and the mean Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine score was approximately 64, indicating a literacy level at or above the ninth grade.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMed1998

Amended economic impact analysis of final rule requiring use of labeling on natural rubber containing devices--FDA. Final rule; amended economic analysis statement.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing an amended economic analysis statement relating to a final rule that published in the Federal Register of September 30, 1997 (62 FR 51021), requiring labeling statements concerning the presence of natural rubber latex in medical devices. This rule was issued in response to numerous reports of severe allergic reactions and deaths related to a wide range of medical devices containing natural rubber. The final rule becomes effective on September 30, 1998. In order to allow further comment on the economic impact of the September 30, 1997 final rule, FDA is publishing an amended economic impact statement, including an amended initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that it has prepared under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act (SBREFA). FDA will respond to comments to this amended economic analysis statement, and publish in the Federal Register an amended final economic impact statement prior to the effective date of the September 30, 1997 rule.

Consumer Product Safety↗

PubMed1998

Amended economic impact analysis of final rule requiring use of labeling on natural rubber containing devices--FDA. Final rule; amended economic analysis statement.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing an amended economic analysis statement relating to a final rule that published in the Federal Register of September 30, 1997 (62 FR 51021), requiring labeling statements concerning the presence of natural rubber latex in medical devices. This rule was issued in response to numerous reports of severe allergic reactions and deaths related to a wide range of medical devices containing natural rubber. The final rule becomes effective on September 30, 1998. In order to allow further comment on the economic impact of the September 30, 1997, final rule, FDA published in the Federal Register of June 1, 1998, an amended economic impact statement, including an amended initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that it prepared under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act (SBREFA). After considering comments submitted in response to the June 1, 1998, amended economic analysis statement, FDA is issuing the amended final economic impact statement, including an amended final regulatory flexibility analysis.

Dermatitis, Contact↗

PubMed1998

Amended economic impact analysis of final rule requiring use of labeling on natural rubber containing devices--FDA. Final rule; amended economic analysis statement.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing an amended economic analysis statement relating to a final rule that published in the Federal Register of September 30, 1997 (62 FR 51021), requiring labeling statements concerning the presence of natural rubber latex in medical devices. This rule was issued in response to numerous reports of severe allergic reactions and deaths related to a wide range of medical devices containing natural rubber. The final rule becomes effective on September 30, 1998. In order to allow further comment on the economic impact of the September 30, 1997, final rule, FDA published in the Federal Register of June 1, 1998, an amended economic impact statement, including an amended initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that it prepared under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act (SBREFA). After considering comments submitted in response to the June 1, 1998, amended economic analysis statement, FDA is issuing the amended final economic impact statement, including an amended final regulatory flexibility analysis.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed2001

The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials.

To comprehend the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), readers must understand its design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation. That goal can be achieved only through complete transparency from authors. Despite several decades of educational efforts, the reporting of RCTs needs improvement. Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to help authors improve reporting by using a checklist and flow diagram. The revised CONSORT statement presented in this article incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement. The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Comment. The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting the information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings. We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT. The revised flow diagram depicts information from 4 stages of a trial (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and analysis). The diagram explicitly includes the number of participants, according to each intervention group, included in the primary data analysis. Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have performed an intention-to-treat analysis. In sum, the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT, enabling readers to understand a trial's conduct and to assess the validity of its results.

Publishing↗

PubMed2026

Building families-Implementing balanced sexual and reproductive health: A Joint IFFS and ISA Scientific Statement.

One of the main initiatives of the World Health Organization (WHO) is the promotion of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH). Sexuality, infertility, and contraception are three interconnected pillars of SRH, each essential for achieving global equity in family planning and family building. This scientific Statement, jointly developed by the International Federation of Fertility Societies (IFFS) and the International Society of Andrology (ISA), advocates for inclusive, evidence-based care for all individuals and couples, regardless of geography or socioeconomic status. The Statement underscores the need to enhance practitioner and policymaker education to support access to infertility evaluations and treatments for both men and women and to promote the availability of comprehensive contraceptive services for all in need. The Statement addresses three core domains: sexuality, infertility, and contraception. It emphasizes a biopsychosocial approach to SRH, highlighting the complex interplay between sexual function and fertility. Infertility is a multifactorial condition requiring early, holistic, and multidisciplinary management, including integrated male and female evaluations, medically assisted reproduction, and fertility preservation strategies. Contraception is explored through the lens of global unmet needs, expanding options for male contraceptives, and the importance of socio-culturally sensitive education and counseling. The joint efforts of the IFFS and ISA call for couple-centered SRH, acknowledging the sociocultural and policy challenges that affect access to care in a region-specific manner. This Statement aims to serve as a clinical and advocacy guide for practitioners and stakeholders, reinforcing that reproductive autonomy and access to care are vital components and duties for policymakers when developing public health strategies.

contraception↗

PubMed1991

Obstetrical attitudes and practices before and after the Canadian Consensus Conference Statement on Cesarean Birth.

This paper describes one aspect of a research program aimed at reducing the incidence of cesarean section in Ontario for women with a previous cesarean section or a breech presentation. Using data from multiple sources--surveys of obstetricians, and hospital administrators, and hospital record statistics, the authors attempt to assess the response of obstetricians to pressure to change their practice. This pressure comes principally from the Canadian Consensus Conference Statement on Cesarean Birth, released in June 1986 and subsequently endorsed by a number of professional organizations. The Statement provides clear guidelines for the management of labour in women with previous cesarean section or a breech presentation. The findings present a number of interpretive challenges. Based on their response to hypothetical cases obstetricians are favourably disposed to considering a trial of labour for women with previous cesarean section and breech presentation. However, both their reported practices, as well as hospital statistics indicate the continued high prevalence of cesarean section, though there is a small decline in cesareans for previous cesarean section. There was no evidence that hospitals lacked appropriate facilities for a trial of labour or had unduly restricted formal policies. Furthermore, although awareness of and agreement with the Consensus Statement recommendations was high, when questioned on the actual details of the recommendations, obstetrician's recall was surprisingly low. Respondents tended to err in the direction of choosing more conservative measures than those recommended by the Statement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1988

Stylistic variations in National Institutes of Health consensus statements, 1979-1983.

This paper describes a content analysis of the statements of 24 Consensus Development Conferences conducted by the Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR) of the National Institutes of Health in the years 1979-1983. The goal was to understand the potential influence of the consensus statements by identifying characteristics that might determine whether and how physicians become aware of their findings and adopt their recommendations. Three characteristics emerged, each suggestive of a different style of consensus statement: discursiveness, didacticism, and scholarliness. Variations in style among consensus statements may affect their acceptance by the medical profession.

Consensus Statements as Topic↗

PubMed2001

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, November 1-3, 2000.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to provide health-care providers, patients, and the general public with an assessment of currently available data regarding the use of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. PARTICIPANTS: The participants included a non-Federal, non-advocate, 14-member panel representing the fields of oncology, radiology, surgery, pathology, statistics, public health, and health policy as well as patient representatives. In addition, 30 experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology, biostatistics, epidemiology, surgical oncology, and clinical trials presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of 1000. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched with the use of MEDLINE(TM) for January 1995 through July 2000, and an extensive bibliography of 2230 references was provided to the panel. Experts prepared abstracts for their conference presentations with relevant citations from the literature. Evidence from randomized clinical trials and evidence from prospective studies were given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed its conclusions based on the evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement, which was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. The draft statement was made available on the World Wide Web immediately after its release at the conference and was updated with the panel's final revisions. The statement is available at http://consensus.nih.gov. CONCLUSIONS: The panel concludes that decisions regarding adjuvant hormonal therapy should be based on the presence of hormone receptor protein in tumor tissues. Adjuvant hormonal therapy should be offered only to women whose tumors express hormone receptor protein. Because adjuvant polychemotherapy improves survival, it should be recommended to the majority of women with localized breast cancer regardless of lymph node, menopausal, or hormone receptor status. The inclusion of anthracyclines in adjuvant chemotherapy regimens produces a small but statistically significant improvement in survival over non-anthracycline-containing regimens. Available data are currently inconclusive regarding the use of taxanes in adjuvant treatment of lymph node-positive breast cancer. The use of adjuvant dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens in high-risk breast cancer and of taxanes in lymph node-negative breast cancer should be restricted to randomized trials. Ongoing studies evaluating these treatment strategies should be supported to determine if such strategies have a role in adjuvant treatment. Studies to date have included few patients older than 70 years. There is a critical need for trials to evaluate the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in these women. There is evidence that women with a high risk of locoregional tumor recurrence after mastectomy benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. This high-risk group includes women with four or more positive lymph nodes or an advanced primary cancer. Currently, the role of postmastectomy radiotherapy for patients with one to three positive lymph nodes remains uncertain and should be tested in a randomized controlled trial. Individual patients differ in the importance they place on the risks and benefits of adjuvant treatments. Quality of life needs to be evaluated in selected randomized clinical trials to examine the impact of the major acute and long-term side effects of adjuvant treatments, particularly premature menopause, weight gain, mild memory loss, and fatigue. Methods to support shared decision-making between patients and their physicians have been successful in trials; they need to be tailored for diverse populations and should be tested for broader dissemination.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMed2026

Building Families-Implementing Balanced Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Joint IFFS and ISA Scientific Statement.

contraception↗

PubMed2001

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: phenylketonuria: screening and management, October 16-18, 2000.

OBJECTIVE: To provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of currently available data regarding screening for and management of phenylketonuria (PKU). PARTICIPANTS: A nonfederal, nonadvocate, 14-member panel representing the fields of pediatrics, genetics, human development, public policy, nursing, and molecular physiology and including patient representatives. In addition, 19 experts in pediatrics, medical genetics, psychology, pediatric neurology, biochemical and molecular genetics, and gene therapy presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of 312. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched using Medline for January 1980 through July 2000, and an extensive bibliography of 3394 references was provided to the panel. Experts prepared abstracts for their conference presentations with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed its conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement, which was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. The draft statement was made available on the World Wide Web immediately after its release at the conference and was updated with the panel's final revisions. The statement is available at http://consensus.nih.gov. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic testing for PKU has been in place for almost 40 years and has been very successful in preventing severe mental retardation in thousands of children and adults. Metabolic control is necessary across the lifespan of individuals with PKU. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, integrated system is needed to delivery of care to individuals with PKU. Greatly needed are consistency and coordination between screening, treatment, data collection, and patient support programs. There should be equal access to culturally sensitive, age-appropriate treatment programs. Ethically sound, specific policies for storage, ownership, and use in future studies of archived samples remaining from PKU testing should be established. Research into the pathophysiology of PKU and relationship to genetic, neural, and behavioral variation is strongly encouraged. Uniform policies must be established to remove financial barriers to the acquisition of medical foods and modified low-protein foods and to provide access to support services needed to maintain metabolic control in individuals with PKU. Research on nondietary alternative treatments for PKU is strongly encouraged. To achieve optimal statistical power and cross-cultural applicability, it will be beneficial to use data acquired via national and international collaboration.phenylketonuria, hyperphenylalanimea, phenylketonuria screening, phenylalanine-restricted diet, maternal phenylketonuria, newborn screening, phenylalanine monitoring, phenylketonuria outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials.

To comprehend the results of a randomized, controlled trial (RCT), readers must understand its design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation. That goal can be achieved only through complete transparency from authors. Despite several decades of educational efforts, the reporting of RCTs needs improvement. Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT (Con solidated S tandards o f R eporting T rials) statement to help authors improve reporting by using a checklist and flow diagram. The revised CONSORT statement presented in this paper incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement. The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting the information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect or because the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings. We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT. The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and analysis). The diagram explicitly includes the number of participants, for each intervention group, that are included in the primary data analysis. Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have performed an intention-to-treat analysis. In sum, the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT, enabling readers to understand a trial's conduct and to assess the validity of its results.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, November 1-3, 2000.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to provide health-care providers, patients, and the general public with an assessment of currently available data regarding the use of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. PARTICIPANTS: The participants included a non-Federal, non-advocate, 14-member panel representing the fields of oncology, radiology, surgery, pathology, statistics, public health, and health policy as well as patient representatives. In addition, 30 experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology, biostatistics, epidemiology, surgical oncology, and clinical trials presented data to the panel and to a conference audience of 1000. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched with the use of MEDLINE for January 1995 through July 2000, and an extensive bibliography of 2230 references was provided to the panel. Experts prepared abstracts for their conference presentations with relevant citations from the literature. Evidence from randomized clinical trials and evidence from prospective studies were given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed its conclusions based on the evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement, which was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. The draft statement was made available on the World Wide Web immediately after its release at the conference and was updated with the panel's final revisions. The statement is available at http://consensus.nih.gov. CONCLUSIONS: The panel concludes that decisions regarding adjuvant hormonal therapy should be based on the presence of hormone receptor protein in tumor tissues. Adjuvant hormonal therapy should be offered only to women whose tumors express hormone receptor protein. Because adjuvant polychemotherapy improves survival, it should be recommended to the majority of women with localized breast cancer regardless of lymph node, menopausal, or hormone receptor status. The inclusion of anthracyclines in adjuvant chemotherapy regimens produces a small but statistically significant improvement in survival over non-anthracycline-containing regimens. Available data are currently inconclusive regarding the use of taxanes in adjuvant treatment of lymph node-positive breast cancer. The use of adjuvant dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens in high-risk breast cancer and of taxanes in lymph node-negative breast cancer should be restricted to randomized trials. Ongoing studies evaluating these treatment strategies should be supported to determine if such strategies have a role in adjuvant treatment. Studies to date have included few patients older than 70 years. There is a critical need for trials to evaluate the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in these women. There is evidence that women with a high risk of locoregional tumor recurrence after mastectomy benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. This high-risk group includes women with four or more positive lymph nodes or an advanced primary cancer. Currently, the role of postmastectomy radiotherapy for patients with one to three positive lymph nodes remains uncertain and should be tested in a randomized controlled trial. Individual patients differ in the importance they place on the risks and benefits of adjuvant treatments. Quality of life needs to be evaluated in selected randomized clinical trials to examine the impact of the major acute and long-term side effects of adjuvant treatments, particularly premature menopause, weight gain, mild memory loss, and fatigue. Methods to support shared decision-making between patients and their physicians have been successful in trials; they need to be tailored for diverse populations and should be tested for broader dissemination.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1992

Human albumin solutions: consensus statements for use in selected clinical situations. Subcommittee of the Victorian Drug Usage Advisory Committee.

OBJECTIVE: To establish consensus statements for the use of human albumin solutions in clinical situations identified as responsible for the major use of human albumin products. DESIGN AND SETTING: Working parties comprised of specialists in intensive care, renal medicine, cardiothoracic anaesthesia, gastroenterology, haematology and transfusion medicine, were convened to develop consensus statements for the use of human albumin solutions. RESULTS: Specific statements have been formulated to guide the clinician in the use of human albumin solutions for hypovolaemia or hypoalbuminaemia (particularly in intensive care units), cardiothoracic surgery, therapeutic plasma exchange and patients with ascites or protein-losing states in gastroenterology. CONCLUSIONS: These statements, with wide dissemination, will promote consistency in the use of human albumin products in clinical practice and become a reference for future audits on the use of these products.

Blood Proteins↗