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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Comparison of constant and variable practice conditions on free-throw shooting.

The proposition that variable practice may be superior to constant practice even for consistent transfer situations was tested on a prototypical consistently performed skill, the basketball free throw. 94 participants were matched on free-throw shooting, then randomly assigned to one of four practice conditions, a Constant condition, i.e., at the free-throw line, and three Variable conditions. Under supervision participants practiced shooting free throws four days a week for three weeks. Three substantially different variable practice conditions produced significant improvement similar to that of constant practice on tests during each week of practice and on a delayed retention test. Consistent with the proposition, the most variable practice group performed as well as the other groups on the retention test despite lower practice performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Qualitative analysis of the overhand throw by undergraduates in education using a distance learning computer program.

The purpose was to (a) examine whether computer-based distance learning could enhance the qualitative analysis skills (error detection in the overhand throw) of undergraduates in education and (b) examine the effectiveness of several methods of information presentation (video file and text) on distance learning. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups, to detect errors in an incorrect throwing motion of a model on the computer screen. Group 1 (n=13) was the control; Group 2 (n=13) viewed a video of the appropriate throwing mechanics; Group 3 (n=13) viewed text information describing the appropriate mechanics of the overhand throw; and Group 4 (n=16) received a combination of video and text information. On Day 1 participants took a pretest. Treatment and testing occurred on Days 2 through 8. Then 5 days later participants took a retention test. One-way analysis of variance confirmed no significant differences between groups at Pretest (Day 1). An analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated learning over practice. Paired-sample t tests between Days 1 and 8 showed the video plus text group without significant change.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Young girls' developmental skills in underarm throwing.

This paper concerns underarm throwing by girls 7 to 12 years of age. Each movement component by trained and untrained girls in underarm throwing or windmill softball pitching was examined. Movement characteristics of ball release, arm motion, trunk activity, and stepping were analyzed to capture experience- and age-related differences in underarm throwing. A total of 48 young girls participated: 25 untrained (age 9.7 yr.), 14 trained/league (age 10.9 yr.), and 9 trained/formal (10.4 yr.). Performance was videotaped individually and evaluated by three observers. Analyses suggest that, while age did not affect performance, the type of training experience influenced the girls' performance on each of the four movement components. The wrist and trunk were identified as showing the most significant progression with experience. The findings have important implications about changes during acquisition of underarm throwing skills.

Axilla↗

PubMed1965

INJURY TO THE THROWING ARM. A STUDY OF TRAUMATIC CHANGES IN THE ELBOW JOINTS OF BOY BASEBALL PLAYERS.

X-ray studies were made of both elbows of 162 boys in the 9 to 14 year age group, divided into three categories: Pitchers, non-pitchers, and a control group who had never played organized baseball. Changes involving the medial epicondylar epiphysis and opposing articular surfaces of the capitulum and head of radius in the throwing arm appeared to be in direct proportion to the amount and type of throwing. The most striking changes were in the arms of pitchers. Some degree of accelerated growth, separation and fragmentation of the medial epicondylar epiphyses was noted in the throwing arm of all 80 pitchers in the study. Five cases of traumatic osteochondritis of the capitulum and head of radius, and one case of juvenile osteochondritis of the head of the radius were also found among the pitchers. Better medical supervision and stress on prevention are needed, especially in the Southern California area where climatic conditions favor prolonged seasons and throwing practice the year around.

Arm↗

PubMed2004

Functional Fatigue Decreases 3-Dimensional Multijoint Position Reproduction Acuity in the Overhead-Throwing Athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of functional fatigue on active multijoint position reproduction in overhead-throwing athletes. DESIGN AND SETTING: A standard, repeated-measures, randomized-ordered, counterbalanced, 2-period (crossover) design was used. During the first test session, we randomly assigned subjects to either the nonfatigue or fatigue condition. Subjects underwent pretest measurements and then either a functional fatigue protocol or rest period, followed by posttest measurements. After a recovery period, subjects crossed over to the opposing condition for the second testing session. SUBJECTS: Thirteen overhead-throwing athletes competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I or club baseball, with no history of upper extremity or central nervous system disorders, volunteered for this study. MEASUREMENTS: We measured active multijoint position reproduction accuracy in 3 dimensions using an electromagnetic tracking device. We noted each subject's ability to reproduce 3 positions corresponding with distinct moments of his throwing motion. A variable error score was calculated to compare the locations of the reproduced points with reference to the target point. RESULTS: A significant difference occurred between the pretest and posttest error scores in the fatigue condition. Comparisons between positions indicated that more errors were seen in the arm-cocked position than in the follow-through position under both fatigue and nonfatigue conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Functional fatigue decreased joint position sense acuity in overhead-throwing athletes. Our findings using this novel testing measurement method are in agreement with past research, with one exception. The trend toward higher error scores in the arm-cocked position would appear to contradict findings that sensorimotor system acuity increases toward end ranges of motion.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Functional plyometric exercises for the throwing athlete.

In this article we provide athletic health care professionals with a variety of functional strengthening exercises to use in improving the muscular strength of the throwing athlete's shoulder. Upper extremity functional plyometric exercise in sport-specific patterns can be an important component of a throwing athlete's rehabilitation. We discuss several plyometric exercises, using the Inertial Exercise System, the Plyo-ball, and the Theraband. Proper use of these exercises can facilitate a safe and progressive rehabilitation program for the injured, throwing athlete. After the athlete has successfully completed the functional plyometric exercises, a throwing progression can be initiated.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of the medial elbow in the throwing athlete.

The valgus forces generated by throwing athletes can cause injuries and permanently damage the medial elbow structures. Clinicians must have a clear understanding of the ulnar collateral ligament complex and the associated medial elbow structures at risk in these athletes. Taking a detailed history, conducting a physical examination, and obtaining imaging studies will aid in making the correct diagnosis and giving these injuries the appropriate treatment. Pain around the medial elbow is of concern to throwing athletes, coaches, and medical staff. Valgus forces generated by the throwing motion add considerable stress to the medial elbow structures and thus potentially cause injury. Baseball players, particularly pitchers, are most often affected, but athletes participating in sports such as football, volleyball, water polo, tennis, and javelin throwing can also be affected.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed1983

The development of a test of overarm throwing: an application of generalizability theory.

Although much effort has been directed toward an understanding of sequential progressions between and within motor skills, little evidence is available to indicate that teachers have incorporated this material into instructional practice. The fact that pupil progress has been evaluated primarily through movement achievement (distance, velocity), rather than through movement content (analysis of form), has been postulated as a reason for this non-use. It was thus the purpose of this study to develop a reliable, objective and practical method of measuring one particular manipulative skill--that of overarm throwing. As such, previously developed sequential progressions were analyzed and modified to produce a measure which did not require the use of a camera. A system of rating throwing performance was adopted which allows for separate rating of the three components: "foot placement", "body rotation", and "arm action". Each component depicts five hierarchically arranged levels, or "steps", and performance is rated on a scale ranging from 1-5. The throwing test was administered to 78 subjects by three trained observers. Reliability analyses, through the use of generalizability theory, showed high objectivity (r's of approximately .90) and good day-to-day reliability (r's of .75 to .93) for most testing conditions. It was concluded that this test is a reliable, valid and practical test for the analysis of overarm throwing in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The diagnosis and treatment of anterior instability in the throwing athlete.

In the overhand or throwing athlete, the shoulder is extremely vulnerable to injury due to the repetitive, high-energy forces. When these stresses are applied at a rate that exceeds that of tissue repair, progressive damage to the shoulder's stabilizing structures can occur. With continued throwing, the static restraints become progressively attenuated, allowing anterior glenohumeral subluxation. Initially, the dynamic stabilizers can compensate for this mild instability with increased muscle activity. Prolonged activity, however, may lead to fatigue. Over time, these compensatory mechanisms can become overloaded. The humeral head then may subluxate anteriorly, where it contacts with the coracoacromial arch, ultimately leading to subacromial impingement. Posterosuperior glenoid impingement may also occur as anterior humeral translation allows the undersurface of the tendinous portions of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus to impinge along the posterosuperior border of the glenoid rim. Fortunately, conservative management is effective in most chronic overuse injuries and includes an initial period of relative rest (avoidance of throwing), oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication, a physical therapy program structured to provide local modalities to reduce inflammation, and a strengthening program for the rotator cuff and scapular rotators. For those athletes with continued symptoms, surgical intervention may become necessary. The appropriate surgical treatment depends on the diagnosis. In the young throwing athlete with shoulder pain, it is essential to recognize that instability or occult subluxation, rather than impingement, is the primary underlying pathology. The anterior capsulolabral reconstruction addresses the problem of instability by correcting the capsular redundancy or labral damage or both. When performed in the manner described, muscle attachments and proprioceptive muscle fibers are not disturbed and full shoulder range of motion can quickly be achieved. This most recent surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation program has resulted in a significant improvement in the ability to correct instability in those athletes who have failed a prolonged course of conservative care. Prevention of these injuries may be attained, it is hoped, through continued research into the basic biomechanics and the pathoanatomy associated with overhand sports.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arthroscopy↗

PubMed1996

Motor control, excitement, and overarm throwing.

Although motor control has historically been an important discipline, it runs the risk of being overshadowed by other newer areas of neuroscience. One response would be to generate increased excitement in motor control, e.g., by more clearly defining the big questions, by discussing them in new audience-friendly formats, and by promoting them, perhaps in the context of applied motor control. One recent exciting development has been a shift to the study of natural multijoint movements in three dimensions. We are currently investigating one such multijoint movement, overarm throwing. The question we are asking is, What causes inaccuracies in overarm throws? Is it errors in the timing or in the velocity of joint rotations that produce the hand trajectory? Surprisingly, inaccuracies (high and low throws) do not result from errors in rotations of proximal joints; instead they result from variability in the timing of onset of finger opening. It remains to be determined whether the decreased accuracy in throwing in cerebellar patients is caused by an increase in this error or from disorder in some other multijoint coordinating mechanism.

Arm↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Throwing injury of the elbow: assessment with gradient three-dimensional, fourier transform gradient-echo and short tau inversion recovery images.

We assessed MR findings of throwing injuries occurring in the elbow joint using three-dimensional Fourier transform (3DFT) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images. MR images of 63 elbows in 63 male patients aged from 10 to 32 years (mean age, 15 years 11 months) suffering from throwing injury were visually analyzed. The sequences used for the study were axial 3DFT and coronal STIR. Full-thickness tears were demonstrated in 34 elbows and undersurface tears of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) were demonstrated in five elbows. Thirty loose bodies were detected in 14 elbows. Cartilaginous damage due to osteochondral injury was depicted in 21 elbows. Multiplanar reformatted images using the 3DFT data set were useful for assessing torn UCLs, intraarticular loose bodies, and capitellar fragments. Full-thickness tears and undersurface tears of the UCL could be differentiated with STIR images. 3DFT and STIR sequences depict various aspects of throwing injuries occurring in the elbow.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Electromyographic analysis in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability during pull, forward punch, elevation and overhead throw.

Multidirectional shoulder joint instability alters the role of dynamic stabilizers, as a result of which the motion patterns of the muscle around the shoulder joint are also changed. The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity of patients with multidirectional shoulder instability and the control group during pull, forward punch, elevation and overhead throw. Fifteen subjects with multidirectional shoulder instability and fifteen control subjects with normal, healthy shoulders participated in the study. Both shoulders were tested in all subjects. Signals were recorded by surface EMG from eight different muscles during pull, forward punch, elevation and overhead throw. The mean and standard deviation of MVE% for the different movement types and time broadness values during overhead throw were determined for each muscle in both groups and compared with each other. Test results suggest that in case of patients with multidirectional shoulder instability the various motions are performed in a different way. The results give rise to the assumption that the centralization of the glenohumeral joint and the reduction of instability are attempted to be ensured by the organism through increasing the role of rotator cuff muscles and decreasing the role of the deltoid, biceps brachii and pectoralis maior muscles. The analysis of time broadness shows that in patients with multidirectional shoulder instability, the time difference between the peaks of normalized voluntary electrical activity is significantly greater than in the control group.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The pattern of hammer speed during a hammer throw and influence of gravity on its fluctuations.

Hammer speed at release is one of the most important factors contributing to the distance of a hammer throw. Hammer speed follows a generally increasing trend during the throw, with one fluctuation per turn. The purpose of the present paper was to quantify the influence of gravity on the speed fluctuations. Eight experienced hammer throwers were studied with three-dimensional filming methods. Instantaneous values of hammer velocity and speed were calculated from the film data. The rate of change of hammer speed due to the tangential component of gravity was computed, and integrated to calculate the accumulated contribution of gravity to hammer speed at all instants of the throw. These values were subtracted from the corresponding values of hammer speed. The amplitude of the fluctuations was reduced in the corrected speed functions, indicating a contribution of gravity to the original fluctuations. However, the fluctuations were still clearly present in the corrected speed functions, indicating the existence of other causal factors.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1985

Force, velocity and energy flow during the overarm throw in female handball players.

The overarm throw of 56 female handball players was analysed cinematographically. The time courses of the ball velocity, the force on the ball, the energy flow to the ball as well as the velocities of wrist, elbow and hip were calculated. The mean ball velocity at release was 17.2 m s-1. The major part (73%) of the work on the ball appeared to be done in the last 50 ms of the throw. It is shown that high maximal segmental velocities are important pre-requisites for an optimal flow of energy to the ball during that last phase of the throw. The consecutive actions of body segments from larger proximal segments to the relatively smaller distal segments seem to be connected to intrinsic muscle properties and to a flow of energy from proximal to distal segments.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Optimal distance from the implement to the axis of rotation in hammer and discus throws.

It is a well-known fact that a dramatic improvement in the range of any projective throw can be achieved by increasing the release velocity. In this paper a simple model of a competitor with an implement (hammer or discus) in the turns is considered. The thrower is regarded as a rigid body, and the implement as a point mass. The transverse velocity component of the implement at the release moment is maximized. For finding the optimal distance of the implement from the axis of rotation optimal control theory is applied. According to the proposed model, the optimal hammer throwing technique requires constant and maximal distance of the implement from the axis of rotation, followed by the rapid shortening of the distance immediately prior to the release. In the discus throw, however, this shortening is useless.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1993

Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations.

The motions of segments participating in striking and throwing skills are generally sequenced in a proximal-to-distal fashion. These sequences are often described in terms of the linear velocities of the segment endpoints, joint angular velocities or segment angular velocities. While each method of description has its own merit, the latter is recommended since it leads to an intuitively pleasing way of explaining segment motions. Explanations of segment motion sequences are dependent not only on a knowledge of the joint moments driving the system of linked segments, but on the way the segments interact as functions of their motions and orientations. The motion-dependent interaction among segments is significant and offers an explanation of the sequencing of segment motions. As illustrated by the thigh and lower leg in kicking and by the upper arm and forearm in overarm pitching, the forward acceleration of the proximal segment plays a large role in causing the distal segment to lag behind. The subsequent forward acceleration of the distal segment is largely a result of the way the proximal segment interacts with the distal segment as a function of the proximal segment's angular velocity. The proximal segment is subsequently slowed down largely due to the motion-dependent effect of the distal segment on the proximal segment. Differences in the way segments interact in striking and throwing skills can account for variations in the timing of segment actions and these differences need to be examined before establishing general principles governing striking and throwing.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

Heterotopic ossification in a throwing athlete after elbow arthroscopy.

A case of heterotopic ossification occurring after elbow arthroscopy in a young, healthy, throwing athlete is reported. The heterotopic bone caused a loss of motion post-arthroscopy in the patient and was confirmed with plain radiographs and bone scan. Twenty-two months after elbow arthroscopy, the patient underwent an open excision of the heterotopic bone. He returned to competitive throwing the next season. While this complication is rare after such minimally invasive procedures, this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the throwing athlete who is unable to recover full range of motion after elbow arthroscopy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test: a new simple clinical test to detect superior labral injury in the throwing shoulder.

PURPOSE: Although several clinical tests for detecting superior labral injury of the shoulder have been reported, some of the maneuvers involved are complicated and diagnosis is still inaccurate. The purpose of this report is to introduce our forced shoulder abduction and elbow flexion test (forced abduction test) along with an assessment of its efficacy in the throwing shoulder in comparison with other clinical tests. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. METHODS: Fifty-four throwing athletes who underwent arthroscopic surgery were prospectively studied. Superior labral injury was present in 24 cases (Snyder's classification was type 2 in 22, and type 3 in 2). Several clinical tests were performed preoperatively and the results were recorded on our original chart. The condition of the superior labrum was then examined during arthroscopic surgery. The results of these tests were compared with the arthroscopic findings as a standard. The forced abduction test was defined as positive when pain at the posterosuperior aspect of the shoulder on forced maximal abduction was relieved or diminished by elbow flexion. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the forced abduction test were 67%, 67%, and 67%, respectively. It was one of the most useful tests, along with the crank test and O'Brien's test (crank test, 58%, 72%, 66%; O'Brien's test, 54%, 60%, 57%; respectively). Furthermore, the results of the forced abduction test showed a significant correlation with the presence of superior labral injury (P = .0275, chi-square test). CONCLUSIONS: The forced abduction test was technically simple and its usefulness was comparable to the O'Brien's and crank tests for diagnosing superior labral injury in throwing shoulders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Adolescent↗