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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Carrot addiction.

OBJECTIVE: A case report of carrot addiction is presented with a review of the literature and comment on the role of beta carotene in addictive behaviour. CLINICAL PICTURE: The addiction occurred in a 49-year-old woman under conditions of stress due to marital problems, leading to a depressive illness and increased smoking. The patient maintained that the sensations of carrot craving and withdrawal were quite distinct from those associated with smoking. TREATMENT: The patient was advised to record her daily carrot consumption. OUTCOME: The patient did not return for several months, but stopped eating carrots after an operation, at which time she also stopped smoking. CONCLUSION: Compusive carrot eating, regarded as a rare condition, has received scant documentation, unlike hypercarotenemia due to unusual diets or food fads. Nervousness, craving, insomnia, waterbrash and irritability are associated with withdrawal from excessive carrot eating. The basis for the addiction is believed to be beta carotene, found in carrots. Does carrot eating, an aggressively oral activity, merely act as a behavioural substitute for smoking? Or does beta carotene contain a chemical element that replicates the addictive component of nicotine? Further study of this unusual but intriguing addiction may reveal more about the basis of all addictions, with particular implications for the cessation of cigarette smoking.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed2006

Neurorobiology and evidence-based biological treatments for substance abuse disorders.

Behavioral patterns of addiction include compulsive drug-seeking, persistent abuse of substances despite the often dire consequences on social functioning and physical health, and the high probability of relapse even after prolonged drug-free periods. The recent focus on the biological basis of addiction has provided evidence to support the hypothesis that behavioral manifestations for addiction are influenced by biological factors, and biological factors often produce behavioral changes that can further increase risk. The current understanding of the role of the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, Upsilon-aminobutyric acidergic, and opioid receptor systems in the pathophysiology of addiction as well as the clinical implications of these systems for new and emerging treatments will be discussed. This article will also review the pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of substance abuse disorders and presents evidence-based data for their safety, efficacy, and feasibility of use in different patient populations.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathologic gambling in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson's disease frequently have depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We observed two patients who had episodes of pathologic gambling. At the same time, their Parkinson's disease deteriorated and they initiated self-medication with dopaminergic drugs. In both patients, signs were present of an addiction to dopaminergic medication. Pathologic gambling ceased in these patients after a few months. The significance of an insufficient dopaminergic reward system in patients with stereotypical addictive-like behavior (e.g., pathologic gambling) is discussed in this report. The most likely explanation for this newly recognized behavioral disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease is enhanced novelty seeking as a consequence of overstimulation of mesolimbic dopamine receptors resulting from addiction to dopaminergic drugs.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed2002

Increased vulnerability to self-administer cocaine in mice prenatally exposed to cocaine.

RATIONALE: At least 40,000 infants born each year in the U.S. are estimated to have been exposed to crack cocaine and, therefore, may be at risk for increased vulnerability to cocaine addiction. OBJECTIVES: The present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to cocaine significantly increased subsequent cocaine-taking behavior in mice. METHODS: Swiss Webster male mice that had been exposed to cocaine in utero were tested at 5 months of age in the cocaine self-administration paradigm. They were the offspring of dams that received one of the following treatments during gestation days 8-17: cocaine (40 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg per day; COC40 and COC20 mice, respectively), saline with access to food ad libitum (SAL mice), or saline with access to food restricted to that of the COC40 dams (i.e., pair-fed; SPF40 mice). Mice were initially trained to lever press for a condensed-milk solution, were implanted with an indwelling intravenous (i.v.) catheter and, subsequently, allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg per injection) under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement. RESULTS: Latency for acquisition of food-reinforced responding appeared to be independent of prenatal treatment, as was acquisition of cocaine self-administration, which was found to be dose dependent. Both COC40 and SAL mice reached cocaine self-administration criteria at 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg per injection doses, while neither group did so at lower doses. It was also observed that, at each of the doses tested, a higher number of COC40 mice reached criteria for acquisition. A logistic regression analysis confirmed that the likelihood for acquiring cocaine self-administration was positively correlated to prenatal exposure to cocaine and the dose of cocaine tested. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence, for the first time, that prenatal exposure to higher doses of cocaine increase the probability of acquiring cocaine self-administration at moderate doses during adulthood and modulate vulnerability to cocaine-taking behavior in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation.

AIMS: Addiction has been conceptualized as a shift from controlled experimentation to uncontrolled, compulsive patterns of use. Current neurobiological models of addiction emphasize changes within the brain's reward system, such that drugs of abuse 'hijack' this system and bias behaviour towards further drug use. While this model explains the involuntary nature of craving and the motivational drive to continue drug use, it does not explain fully why some addicted individuals are unable to control their drug use when faced with potentially disastrous consequences. In this review, we argue that such maladaptive and uncontrolled behaviour is underpinned by a failure of the brain's inhibitory control mechanisms. DESIGN: Relevant neuroimaging, neuropsychological and clinical studies are reviewed, along with data from our own research. FINDINGS: The current literature suggests that in addition to the brain's reward system, two frontal cortical regions (anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices), critical in inhibitory control over reward-related behaviour, are dysfunctional in addicted individuals. These same regions have been implicated in other compulsive conditions characterized by deficits in inhibitory control over maladaptive behaviours, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that in chronically addicted individuals, maladaptive behaviours and high relapse rates may be better conceptualized as being 'compulsive' in nature as a result of dysfunction within inhibitory brain circuitry, particularly during symptomatic states. This model may help to explain why some addicts lose control over their drug use, and engage in repetitive self-destructive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking that takes place at the expense of other important activities. This model may also have clinical utility, as it allows for the adoption of treatments effective in other disorders of inhibitory dysregulation.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1999

[Atypical depression].

The principal atypical aspects of depressive disease are: minor and attenued aspects, monosymptomatic and atypical aspects (food disorders and sleep disorders), masqued aspects (somatoform, anxious, characterial and addict disorders), atypical aspects of child (anxious nevrotical disorder), pseudo-demented and characterial aspects of aged subjects. Facing to these aspects, the diagnosis of depression is evoqued on: the recent and fast advent of these disorders, their morning predominance, their recurrent character, the state of attenued depressive symptoms (anhedonia), the positive responsiveness to treatment.

Adolescent↗