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PubMed1995

Long term effects of smoking on physical fitness and lung function: a longitudinal study of 1393 middle aged Norwegian men for seven years.

OBJECTIVE: To study association between smoking habits and long term decline in physical fitness and lung function in middle aged men who remained healthy. DESIGN: Baseline and follow up measurements performed during 1972-5 and 1980-2 respectively. SETTING: National University Hospital of Oslo, Norway. SUBJECTS: 1393 men aged 40-59 at baseline who were all healthy at baseline and at follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Forced expiratory volume in one second and physical fitness (defined as total work done during a symptom limited bicycle ergometer test divided by body weight. RESULTS: Initial fitness was substantially lower among 347 persistent smokers than among 791 persistent non-smokers (1349 J/kg v 1618 J/kg), as was initial forced expiratory volume (3341 ml v 3638 ml). Mean (95% confidence interval) decline in fitness over 7.2 years was 217 (185 to 249) J/kg among smokers compared with 86 (59 to 113) J/kg among non-smokers (P < 0.001). Corresponding declines in forced expiratory volume were 271 (226 to 316) ml in smokers and 116 (85 to 147) ml in non-smokers (P < 0.001). Differences between smokers and non-smokers remained practically unchanged after adjustment for age and level of physical activity. Changes in fitness and forced expiratory volume among 199 men who had stopped smoking mimicked the findings for persistent non-smokers, and 56 men who started smoking presented findings close to those of persistent smokers. CONCLUSION: Decline in physical fitness and lung function among healthy middle aged men was considerably greater among smokers than among non-smokers and could not be explained by differences in age and physical activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effects of distention of the preterm fetal lamb lung on lung function with ventilation.

Constant distending pressure when applied to the immature fetal lamb lung was reported to improve compliance and prevent the subsequent development of the respiratory distress syndrome after delivery. These experiments were designed to repeat those observations and identify the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of constant distending pressure on subsequent lung function. The compliance of the lungs of exteriorized fetal lambs at 130 to 133 days gestational age increased 2.5-fold after 1 h of 15 cm of distending pressure. However, subsequent ventilation of the lambs exposed to distending pressure and control lambs resulted in comparable sequential compliance and blood gas and pH measurements. Severity of lung disease as reflected by the peak inspiratory pressure needed to normalize Pco2 values decreased as surfactant-saturated phosphatidylcholine pool sizes increased (r values greater than 0.90) and minimum surface tensions of alveolar washes decreased, but the distention procedure did not change these relationships. Distention of the fetal lung did result in an apparent increase in pulmonary blood flow in the fetus and an increased leak of labeled albumin from the vascular space to the lung interstitium and airways during the 1-h period of ventilation after delivery. However, the leak of protein into the lungs exposed to the distending pressures was not increased during the period of exteriorization and distention, suggesting that distention sensitized the preterm lung to leak protein with subsequent mechanical ventilation. The leak of labeled albumin out of the airways was not changed by distention, and total lung water was not changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Albumins↗

PubMed1992

Lung function and radiographic signs of pulmonary fibrosis in oil exposed workers in a cable manufacturing company: a follow up study.

Thirty seven workers employed for at least three years in oil impregnation of cables during 1963-83 were followed up in 1990 to study the development of pulmonary fibrosis and consequences for lung function. They had been exposed to concentrations of mineral oil vapours of 50-100 mg/m3, and concentrations of oil mist of 0.5-1.5 mg/m3. All 29 living persons were traced. For each person one control matched for age, height, and smoking habits was selected. Among 25 workers followed up with radiographic studies, 10 cases of pulmonary fibrosis were found, by contrast with one case in the control group (p less than 0.01). Chest radiographs from 1979-80 and 1989-90 were reviewed. The profusion of small opacities increased in seven of 16 persons during 10 years without exposure. Seventeen workers had lung function tests. The bellows function (VC, FEV1, MVV) and lung volumes (TLC, RV) did not differ from those in the matched controls (p greater than 0.05), but the carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) was decreased. The largest reduction of TLCO (1.5 mmol/kPa/min) was found among workers exposed for 10 years or more (p less than 0.05). Arterial blood gases were not affected at rest, but during maximum tread mill exercise, PO2 and HbO2 were reduced in exposed workers compared with controls, particularly among those exposed for at least 10 years (p less than 0.05). Exposure to low viscosity oil mist and vapour is the most plausible cause of the fibrosis. Unaffected bellows function, reduced TLCO, and decreased arterial blood oxygen during exercise is compatible with peribronchiolar fibrosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Lung function in silica-exposed workers. A relationship to disease severity assessed by CT scan.

To investigate the relationship of lung function, airflow limitation, and lung injury in silica-exposed workers, we analyzed the clinical, functional, and radiologic data of 94 long-term workers exposed in the granite industry or in foundries. The subjects were divided into four subsets based on chest roentgenogram and CT scan of the thorax: group 1 consisted of 21 subjects with category 0 chest roentgenogram and category 0 CT scan; group 2, 28 subjects with category E 1 on both chest roentgenogram and CT scan; group 3, 18 subjects with category E 1 on chest roentgenogram but with coalescence or conglomeration or both seen only on CT scan; and group 4, 27 subjects with category E 1 and coalescence or conglomeration or both on roentgenogram and CT scan. The groups did not differ in terms of age, height, cigarette smoking, or years of exposure. Lung volumes were significantly reduced only in group 4 (p less than 0.05). Lung compliance, diffusion capacity, and the rest-exercise P(A-a)O2 gradient were reduced in groups 3 and 4 (p less than 0.05). Expiratory flow rates were significantly reduced in groups 2, 3, and 4, with the lowest values in group 4. The expiratory flow rates in group 3 were significantly lower in group 3 than in group 2. These results support the concept that airflow in silica-exposed workers is significantly reduced when the disease is detectable on simple chest roentgenogram; coalescence or conglomeration or both on chest roentgenogram or CT scan is associated with significant loss of lung volumes, gas exchange function, and increased airflow obstruction.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Recovery of overall and local lung function loss 18 months after irradiation for malignant lymphoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the local and overall pulmonary injury 3 to 18 months after irradiation and to investigate whether the changes in overall lung function can be predicted using the three-dimensional (3-D) dose distribution in combination with dose-effect relations for local injury; and to study the influence of chemotherapy on the injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Local perfusion (Q), ventilation (V), and tissue density were measured in 25 patients treated for malignant lymphoma, before, 3 to 4 months after, and 18 months after irradiation. Dose-effect relations for local injury, calculated using correlated single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) and computed tomographic (CT) data, were combined with the 3-D dose distribution, to calculate the estimated mean local changes over the complete lung for each patient. The result was correlated with the actual changes in pulmonary function. RESULTS: A dose-dependent increase with injury was observed at 3 to 4 months after irradiation, which at 18 months had recovered by approximately 50% to 60%. The estimated mean relative reduction of local Q predicted the change in overall lung function within 10% of the actually observed values in 63% to 73% of patients. Chemotherapy given before radiotherapy enhanced radiation-induced reduction of local Q significantly, with dose-modifying factors of 1.22 and 1.37 at 3 to 4 months and 18 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Partial recovery of radiation-induced reduction of local and overall lung function was observed at 18 months after irradiation. The overall functional outcome of most patients could be well predicted, based on the estimated mean local injury over the complete lung. Chemotherapy given before radiotherapy enhanced the radiation-induced reduction of local Q.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Influence of symptoms, lung function, mood, and social support on level of functioning of patients with COPD.

To explain how symptoms, lung function, mood, and social support affect level of functioning, patients (N = 143) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) completed measures assessing their symptoms (Bronchitis-Emphysema Symptom Checklist), mood (Profile of Mood States), social support (Personal Resource Questionnaire), and functioning (Sickness Impact Profile). Those who were receiving oxygen therapy (n = 52) had significantly lower FEV1 scores and experienced significantly poorer functioning than those who were not receiving oxygen therapy (n = 91). Results of path analyses indicated that symptoms and mood directly, and social support indirectly, influenced the functioning of those who were not receiving oxygen. For those who were receiving oxygen, only symptoms directly, and FEV1 indirectly, influenced their functioning. These models need to be confirmed using other samples of patients with COPD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intraindividual variation and effect of learning in lung function examinations. A population study.

The aims of this study were to analyse the influence of co-operation and instruction on inter-and intraindividual variations of normal lung function and to provide reference values for intraindividual variation. A sample of 125 non-smokers (age 30-70 yr) representative of the population of Copenhagen were studied with spirometry, complete and partial flow-volume curves, nitrogen washout volume, volume of trapped gas and transfer factor. The examination was repeated 0.5-6 months later for 112 of the individuals. Much of the variance observed at the first examination, i.e. interindividual variation, could be accounted for by the sex, age, height and weight of the individuals, whereas differences in individual motivation, social status, the ability of the technicians to instruct during the examination and interactions induced by the subject and the technician being of the same or of opposite sex were negligible. The intraindividual difference between the second and the first examinations were very small. Factors such as the subjects' sex, age, height, weight, social status, motivation, whether the examination was conducted by the same or a different technician at the two examinations, and whether the interval of time between the two examinations was short or long, were insignificant. It is concluded that while much of the interindividual variance of a lung function test is influenced by a variety of confounding factors, the intraindividual variation is not. Reference values for intraindividual variation are given.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Airway symptoms and lung function in pipelayers exposed to thermal degradation products from MDI-based polyurethane.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of symptoms from the eyes and the upper and lower respiratory tract, lung function, and immunological sensitisation towards isocyanates in pipelayers exposed to thermal degradation products from methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-based polyurethane (PUR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 presently active and 113 formerly active pipelayers were examined. Also, 65 unexposed workers were investigated for comparison. The one year prevalence of symptoms and smoking history (questionnaire data), lung function (vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and atopy (positive skin prick tests towards standard allergens) were assessed among pipelayers and controls. For the pipelayers, the presence of work related symptoms and estimates of isocyanate and welding exposure were obtained from an interview. Skin prick tests towards specific isocyanate antigens and determinations of IgE-MDI and IgG-MDI in serum were also performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of episodes (more than once a month) of irritative eye symptoms, congestion of the nose, and soreness or dryness in the throat was much higher among the PUR pipelayers than among the controls. Most of the pipelayers with symptoms reported that these had started and occurred in relation to the PUR welding tasks. Presently active pipelayers with recent high PUR exposure showed a significant reduction of FEV1 compared with the controls. The estimated reduction, adjusted for smoking, was -0.3 l (P = 0.04). There was no confounding effect of ordinary welding. None of the pipelayers showed positive skin prick reactions against the specific isocyanate antigens used, or positive IgE-MDI, and only two had increased IgG-MDI. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that exposure to thermal degradation products from MDI-based polyurethane has adverse effects on the mucous membranes and airways.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lung function, haemoglobin and irreversibly sickled cells in sickle cell patients.

This study seeks to show whether there is a positive relationship between HbF, irreversibly sickled cells and several lung function parameters. Percentage haemoglobin F (%HbF), percent irreversibly sickled cells (%ISC), blood pressure (BP, mm Hg), heart rate (HR, b/min), forced vital capacity (FVC,I), timed vital capacity (FEV1, I) FEV1% and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR, I/min) were measured in 10 sickle cell (in the steady state) and 15 non-sickle cell subjects matched by age and sex. Results showed that although the ages in both groups of subjects were similar, sickle cell anaemia (SCA) subjects had smaller stature. Diastolic BP was significantly lower while pulse pressure, %Hbf and %ISC were significantly higher in SCA subjects (P < 0.001 in each case). Predicted FVC, FEV1, and PEFR were significantly higher (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.001 in each case) than observed values obtained from SCA subjects. Similarly, measured FVC, FEV1, and PEFR in SCA subjects were significantly lower (P < 0.001 respectively) than values obtained from non-sickle cell subjects. In SCA subjects, %HbF or %ISC correlated negatively with each of the ventilatory parameters and with each other. Similar results (except for PEFR) were obtained in the non-sickle cell subjects. The results suggest that %HbF and %ISC correlate negatively with lung function parameters in sickle cell sufferers in the steady state.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The effect of kinetic positioning on lung function and pulmonary haemodynamics in posttraumatic ARDS: a clinical study.

In the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) no breakthrough has been achieved so far. In several cases of severe ARDS in multiply injured patients we have seen improvements of lung function by means of continuous body positioning. We therefore compared the effect of kinetic positioning (KIN) on lung function and haemodynamics in ARDS patients with conventional (CON) supine positioning. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics were determined on the basis of pulmonary artery catheter measurements. On a daily basis oxygenation ratio (PaO2/FiO2) and pulmonary shunt (Os/Ot. per cent) were calculated. Extravascular lung water (EVLW, ml/kg BW) was determined by the double indicator thermodilution technique. Twenty-two patients were included: KIN, N = 11, CON, N = 11. Mortality from ARDS in KIN patients was 18.2 per cent (N = 2): in CON patients it was 63.6 per cent (N = 7). The oxygenation ratio (PaO2/FiO2) increased significantly in KIN patients from 140 + 45 (day 0) to 237 + 40 (P < 0.05) (day 5); in CON patients no improvement was seen (143 + 48 (day 0). 133 + 44 (day 5); n.s. between groups at day 0: P < 0.05 between groups at day 5). Pulmonary shunt decreased significantly from 26.6 + 4 per cent (day 0) to 12.5 + 2 per cent (day 5) (P < 0.05) in KIN patients and was 36.6 + 6 per cent at day 0 and 31.4 + 2 per cent at day 5 in CON patients (P < 0.05 between groups at day 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the lung function test in reversible glottis-dilating operations.

Our aim was to obtain an objective evaluation of the airway before and after reversible glottis-dilating operations using the lung function test. Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis remains mostly a complication of thyroid surgery. After thyroid surgery, the paralysis is potentially reversible, and the patient has a chance for recovery mostly in the first 6 months. According to these considerations, a reversible vocal cord laterofixation procedure was used instead of tracheostomy. The operations were performed endoscopically using high-frequency JET ventilation and the special endo-extralaryngeal suture technique by Lichtenberger. This technique was used in 92 cases. The pre- and postoperative data of reversible glottis-dilating techniques could be compared in 23 non-selected patients. Lung function tests that were performed were forced inspiratory volume (FIV1), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and resistance of the airways (Raw). For the evaluation of the functional results, we used the body-pletysmograph. Our aim was to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the results. These values allow us to compare the results achieved by using different glottis-dilating methods. The FEV1 (forced expiratory volume) improved 25%, and the FIV1 (forced inspiratory volume) improved 39% after the operations on average. PEF (peak expiratory flow rate) and PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate) improved 37 and 45% after glottis-dilating surgery on average. The Raw (resistence of airways) was 271.5% on average before the operations, and after reversible glottis-dilating operations decreased to a level of 200.6%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Associations between housing conditions, smoking habits and ventilatory lung function in men with clean jobs.

In 218 men, who had minimal occupational exposure to dusts, fumes, temperature variability, or physical exercise, the relation between housing conditions throughout life and lung function was analysed. The number of years spend in dwellings without central heating was significantly inversely associated with the level of FEV1 and MMEF, and significantly directly associated with closing capacity in per cent of TLC, CC%. Significant dose-response relationships between smoking habits and FEV1, MMEF, CC% and slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III) were found, whereas closing volume, CV%, was only correlated to age. The association between dwelling conditions and ventilatory capacity was independent of smoking habits. Tobacco smoking, however, moderated the association in as much as it was strengthened after standardisation for tobacco consumption. These data support the hypothesis that poor dwelling conditions during childhood and adolescence are associated with development of peripheral airways disease and expiratory airflow obstruction at middle age, and that comparisons of lung function between different occupational categories are incomplete and may be misleading if lifelong housing conditions or other factors reflecting socio-economic status are not taken into consideration.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Peritonitis, dialysate infusion and lung function in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

Pulmonary function tests were done in seven CAPD patients with acute peritonitis on the day of admission to the hospital and after recovery. Subsequently, the effect of dialysate infusion alone on lung function was studied in 19 patients initiated on CAPD and nine of these patients were restudied 7.6 +/- 4.1 months later. Peritonitis was associated with a 30% reduction in vital capacity and a significant fall in arterial oxygen tension (7 to 11 mmHg) (p less than 0.01). Dialysate infusion alone decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and produced small changes in PaO2 which were more pronounced in the supine position. The decrease in PaO2 observed in changing from sitting prior to dialysate infusion, to supine after dialysate infusion was due to the development of airways closure at resting lung volumes. Follow-up studies in nine patients demonstrated a continued and significant fall in FRC with dialysate infusion, without however, any changes in PaO2. We conclude that peritonitis in CAPD patients is accompanied by significant changes in lung function which are probably due to a decrease in diaphragmatic mobility resulting in atelectasis and underventilation of dependent lung zones. In CAPD patients without peritonitis, dialysate infusion in the supine position produces significant changes in PaO2, but with time, compensatory mechanisms develop to abolish the changes in PaO2.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Lung recruitment at birth does not improve lung function in immature lambs receiving surfactant.

BACKGROUND: In mature animals with surfactant deficiency induced by lung lavage, the therapeutic effect of exogenous surfactant is enhanced by a lung recruitment maneuver. We then tested whether a lung recruitment maneuver at birth immediately before surfactant treatment would improve lung function also in preterm lambs with surfactant deficiency due to immaturity. METHODS: Ten newborn lambs with a gestational age of 127 days were randomized to receive surfactant either before the first breath or immediately after a lung recruitment maneuver consisting of five sustained inflations of 8, 16 or 32 ml/kg. Functional residual capacity was measured by sulfur hexafluoride washout, and inspiratory capacity as well as maximal compliance were obtained from a static expiratory pressure-volume curve after the lungs had been inflated to 35 cm H2O. In addition, blood gases were obtained. Measurements were made at 15, 45, 175, 135, 170 and 230 min after birth. Post mortem histological examinations of the lungs were performed in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: The lung recruitment maneuvers did not improve oxygenation. Inspiratory capacity, static compliance and functional residual capacity at 4 h, as well as post mortem intrapulmonary air volume, had an inverse relation to the size of inflations given at birth. There was also a negative correlation between size of inflations at birth and response to surfactant therapy, as assessed by lung microscopy. CONCLUSION: Lung recruitment at birth does not improve the response to surfactant in immature lambs, but may instead have an adverse effect on lung function and morphology.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Lung function in lambs with diaphragmatic hernia after reversible fetal tracheal occlusion.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Short-duration resuscitation (< or =4 hours) of lambs with diaphragmatic hernia treated in utero with tracheal occlusion have shown improved lung function compared with untreated diaphragmatic hernia. This may be a transient phenomenon in the treated diaphragmatic hernia lambs because of surfactant deficiency. Our objective was to analyze the effect of fetal tracheal occlusion with or without release of the occlusion 1 week before delivery on pulmonary function during a longer period of resuscitation (8 hours) in the diaphragmatic hernia lamb model. METHODS: Four groups were compared: diaphragmatic hernia (n = 5), diaphragmatic hernia and tracheal occlusion until delivery (n = 5), diaphragmatic hernia and tracheal occlusion with release of the occlusion 1 week before delivery (n = 5), and normal controls (n = 4). RESULTS: Despite persistently decreased surfactant levels, diaphragmatic hernia lambs treated with tracheal occlusion had normal-sized lungs with marked improvement in lung function and gas exchange over 8 hours when compared with untreated lambs with diaphragmatic hernia. Release of the tracheal occlusion 1 week before delivery added no benefit. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that surfactant-independent mechanisms such as pulmonary growth and structural changes are of foremost importance in relating to improved compliance, oxygenation, and ventilation of diaphragmatic hernia lambs treated with tracheal occlusion.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Dual isotope (81Krm and 99Tcm) SPECT in lung function diagnosis.

A method is presented for deriving regional values for lung volume, ventilation, perfusion and dV/dQ ratios suitably plotted for clinical interpretation. Necessary data are obtained from a 12 min dual-head, dual isotope (81Krm and 99Tcm) SPECT acquisition and subsequent graphics and image processing. Computed histograms make possible a detailed quantitative impression of lung function.

Capillaries↗

PubMed1999

Socioeconomic status, lung function and admission to hospital for COPD: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

This study analysed the effect of education and income on development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessing lung function and hospital admission. The study population consisted of 14,223 subjects, aged 20-90 yrs, randomly sampled from the population of Copenhagen in 1976. Association between socioeconomic factors and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) at study entry was analysed by linear regression. The relation between socioeconomic factors and risk of admission to hospital for COPD from study entry until 1993 was assessed by register linkage. Education and income were independently associated with FEV1 and FVC. The age- and height-adjusted difference in FEV1 (mean+/-SEM) between the highest and lowest level of education and income was 259+/-31 mL in females and 400+/-39 mL in males. After additional adjustment for quantity and duration of smoking and inhalation, the difference was 220+/-31 mL and 363+/-39 mL in females and males, respectively. Results for FVC were of the same magnitude. Using a socioeconomic index which combined information on education and household income the association with lung function did not differ by age. A total of 219 females and 265 males were admitted to hospital for COPD during follow-up. Education and income were significantly associated with admission to hospital. After detailed adjustment for smoking the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) for medium and high versus low socioeconomic index in females were 0.74 (0.55-1.02) and 0.27 (0.10-0.73), respectively. Corresponding relative risks in males were 0.47 (0.36-0.63) and 0.35 (0.17-0.70). The results indicate that socioeconomic factors operating from early in life affect the adult risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease independently of smoking in both females and males.

Denmark↗

PubMed2026

Lung function after randomization to metformin, lifestyle intervention or placebo in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS).

INTRODUCTION: Metformin and physical activity have been suggested as beneficial for chronic lung disease; however, there are no prior randomized trials. METHODS: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was a 3-year trial that randomized 3234 individuals at risk for diabetes to metformin, lifestyle intervention or placebo. After the DPP, 88% of participants enrolled in the DPP Outcomes Study that offered lifestyle intervention to all and open-label continuation of metformin. Spirometry was performed at approximately 19 and 22 years post-randomization. Lung function measures were compared in an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis by original randomization group. Models were unadjusted and adjusted for demographics, body size, smoking and sitting/standing at spirometry. Additional analyses tested prevalence of obstruction (FEV1/FVC <70%), restrictive pattern (FVC < LLN and FEV1/FVC ≥70%), preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm: FEV1 <80% predicted, FEV1/FVC ≥70%) and symptoms (COPD Assessment Test [CAT] score ≥10). RESULTS: The 1888 participants with spirometry were a mean (±SD) age of 68.2 ± 9.3 years, 70% female and 6% currently smoked and 33% had previously smoked cigarettes. Mean follow-up time was 19.0 ± 0.8 years. The mean FEV1 was 2.14 ± 0.60 L, FVC 2.74 ± 0.74 L, FEV1/FVC 78.4 ± 6.4%, mean BMI was 32.4 ± 6.7 kg/m2 and 58% had diabetes. In both unadjusted and adjusted ITT analyses, randomization group was not associated with FEV1, FVC or FEV1/FVC. Likewise, rates of obstruction, restrictive pattern, PRISm or symptoms did not differ by randomization group. CONCLUSIONS: In this long-term follow-up after a randomized trial, we found no significant associations between randomization to metformin or lifestyle intervention and lung function or respiratory symptoms.

Humans↗