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PubMed2005

A proposed diagnostic schema for religious/spiritual concerns.

This article proposes the expansion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) category on "Religious or Spiritual Problem" (V62.89), and the inclusion of an Axis 6 for the diagnosis of these issues. After defining and contrasting "religious" and "spiritual" as terms, and dealing with the potential difficulties of such a categorization for interfaith groups, the author proposes categories by which religious and/or spiritual issues presented by a client might be more pointedly and specifically assessed and understood. He also proposes criteria for each category, in keeping with the style of the DSM-IV-TR by which such assessments might be made. The author challenges his colleagues to both the beginning of a conversation regarding such a schema and research regarding the categories and/or criteria proposed. Several responses to the proposal are offered by colleagues in the pastoral arts and sciences.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2000

[Midwives in 18th century Hungary: between tradition and scientific methodology].

This study concerns midwifery in Hungary in the period 1783-1790, during the reign of Joseph II. It is based on annual health reports forwarded to the Council of Physicians (Ungarische Statthalterei) and "conduitlists" in table format. These narratives and lists illustrate the controversial process of modernization in obstetrics and within the community of midwives. Inspired by the Enlightenment, Joseph II introduced a series of obstetric reforms. By investigating specific cases, this study shows that successful implementation af these reforms depended largely on the physicians themselves: their dedication, efficacy, and ability to communicate with the midwives they supervised. While interpreting the conflicts triggered by the reforms, this study also considers the economic and social conditions at large, such as the centuries-old coexistence of several religions and nationalities that characterized Hungary during this period.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1996

How prayer heals: a theoretical model.

This article presents a theoretical model that outlines various possible explanations for the healing effects of prayer. Four classes of mechanisms are defined on the basis of whether healing has naturalistic or supernatural origins and whether it operates locally or nonlocally. Through this framework, most of the currently proposed hypotheses for understanding absent healing and other related phenomena-hypotheses that invoke such concepts as subtle energy, psi, consciousness, morphic fields, and extended mind-are shown to be no less naturalistic than the Newtonian, mechanistic forces of allopathic biomedicine so often derided for their materialism. In proposing that prayer may heal through nonlocal means according to mechanisms and theories proposed by the new physics, Dossey is almost alone among medical scholars in suggesting the possible limitations and inadequacies of hypotheses based on energies, forces, and fields. Yet even such nonlocal effects can be conceived of as naturalistic; that is, they are explained by physical laws that may be unbelievable or unfamiliar to most physicians but that are nonetheless becoming recognized as operant laws of the natural universe. The concept of the supernatural, however, is something altogether different, and is, by definition, outside of or beyond nature. Herein may reside an either wholly or partly transcendent Creator-God who is believed by many to heal through means that transcend the laws of the created universe, both its local and nonlocal elements, and that are thus inherently inaccessible to and unknowable by science. Such an explanation for the effects of prayer merits consideration and, despite its unprovability by medical science, should not be dismissed out of hand.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[Picture of Paracelsus, the physician--and we today].

This article features the question whether Paracelsus and his dark, sometimes contradictory doctrine still includes some messages for modern physician. The lonely, pugnacious fighter from Central Switzerland remains today 'confused between favour and hatred from the parties'. Some contradictory examples shall outline controversies lasting for centuries. Subsequently Paracelsus' picture of nature, man and medicine is outlined, particular his meaning of nature and work of a good physician, but also his furious often unjustified overwhelming criticism about those physicians who went astray "in the labyrinthus medicorum". Sheep-physicians and wolf-physicians are confronted mercilessly and in a black and white scheme by this Lutherus medicorum. This likewise strange as well as also fascinating picture of a physician by this man of Hohenheim does not imply a clearly conceived temple inviting for an easy academic stroll. The sketch of a temple, however, serves as a symbol for the paracelsic science of healing: Philosophy, astronomy and alchemy are the three columns for the physician. These three columns are founded on virtue, the ethos of the physician. Religion the love for god, serves as a celestial roof. Finally the author expresses his opinion, that even today 500 years later, a modern, scientifically educated physician may profit from the philosophic and ethic principles of Paracelsus, who himself was a contemporary of a time of change like we are in our days.

Alchemy↗
PubMed2003

Bioethics in a multicultural world: medicine and morality in pluralistic settings.

Current approaches in bioethics largely overlook the multicultural social environment within which most contemporary ethical issues unfold. For example, principlists argue that the "common morality" of "society" supports four basic ethical principles. These principles, and the common morality more generally, are supposed to be a matter of shared "common sense." Defenders of case-based approaches to moral reasoning similarly assume that moral reasoning proceeds on the basis of common moral intuitions. Both of these approaches fail to recognize the existence of multiple cultural and religious traditions in contemporary multicultural societies. In multicultural settings, patients and their families bring many different cultural models of morality, health, illness, healing, and kinship to clinical encounters. Religious convictions and cultural norms play significant roles in the framing of moral issues. At present, mainstream bioethics fails to attend to the particular moral worlds of patients and their family members. A more anthropologically informed understanding of the ethical issues that emerge within health care facilities will need to better recognize the role of culture and religion in shaping modes of moral deliberation.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1997

[German medicine of the age of romanticism (1797-1848) as research problem].

In the period between 1797 and 1848, German medicine was considerably influenced by philosophy. It absorbed ideas deriving from neo-Platonism and vitalism, as well as the modern philosophy of nature (Naturphilosophie), especially the ideas of Schelling. The article presents the main tendencies in the German medicine of that period: the distinct character of German medical thought as compared to the rest of Europe, the deductive character of medical theories, the grounding of medical thought in non-materialist philosophy and its close ties with the Protestant religion. The author's aim is investigate how German medicine of the period evolved away from European standards set by the model of medicine as an empirical science, based on the inductive method of research. The article presents the state of German medicine of the first half of the nineteenth century against the background of socio-cultural factors and relates German medical theory of the period to the social awareness of that time.

Germany↗
PubMed1996

["Pharmaco-theology"].

Physico-theology is a way of thinking and argumentation, especially of the protestantism during enlightenment, which, facing the new, namely causal-mechanical natural science, emphasizes the anthropocentrical expediency of creation (of the "liber naturae'), traces it in nature and therefrom derives God's omnipotence, grace and wisdom. Although physico-theological writings of the 18th century are treating all kinds of natural objects under this aspect, the herbs and natural remedies never have been mentioned in the historical research of physico-theology until now. Here, this gap is closed. The relevant writings by Friedrich Hoffmann, Johann Julius Hecker und Julius Bernhard von Rohr are briefly presented and thereby attention is drawn to an important zeitströmung which added substantially to a broad acceptance of medicaments which then formed the practical basis as one of the preconditions for the developing of pharmacy into science in the late 18th century.

Germany↗
PubMed1995

Balancing hot and cold--balancing power and weakness: social and cultural aspects of Malay jamu in Singapore.

Jamu (Malay phytopharmaceuticals) are popular among the Malays of the whole Malayan archipelago and have been known for centuries. The non-western pharmaceutical concept of jamu has its own cultural and social implications, with relations to Malay health beliefs, philosophy and religion. In the metropolitan city state of Singapore jamu exist in a special situation between a western and Southeast-Asian world-view, between standards of western science and Malay tradition. The endeavour to 'translate' the jamu concept of medication into the one of standardised pharmaceuticals is doomed to fail, since these concepts are not compatible.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2001

[The patient and medicine in contemporary Kazakhstan, attitudes towards bio-medicine and complementary medicine].

The article discusses society's attitudes towards bio-medicine and complementary medicine in Kazakhstan around the end of the 20th century. It presents the transformation of the health-care system in independent Kazakhstan and its influence on the health situation of the population as well as public opinion on bio-medicine. Presented is a broad spectrum of various fields of complementary medicine which achieved great popularity especially during the 1990s. Among the reasons for that growing popularity appears to be public disenchantment with the collapsing state health-care system which is costly and ineffective. At the same time, an important factor is the durability of traditional beliefs of a magical type which is behind the wide use of nonconventional magic-religious practices -- spells and prayers. Overall public socio-economic malaise and a fear of the future are conducive to a general increase of interest in mystical beliefs and occult practices as well as a paranormal phenomena, and the flourishing of complementary medicine naturally fits into that scheme.

Biological Science Disciplines↗