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[Brief survival guide in a hostile environment: molecular mechanisms in the recognition of infectious agents].
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Liability for allowing hostile work environment.
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Dangling modifiers. Staff-model HMOs are dying off. Struggling in hostile markets, their medical groups try to change old habits by putting more pay at risk.
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Providing health care in hostile outposts. Getting to know Michelle Kelly, RN, MN, FNP. Interview by Sally Peters.
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Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the 'hostile abdomen'.
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Pneumocystis carinii: the art and science of survival in the hostile environment of the alveolar spaces.
Pneumocystis carinii remains an important cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Potential mechanisms by which P. carinii escapes elimination by lung defenses and proliferates are discussed. Evidence indicates that P. carinii attachment to alveolar epithelium is an important event in the establishment of infection and occurs through a variety of means. The binding of the organisms appears to be injurious to alveolar epithelial cells. Proliferation of the organism is associated with an ineffective and at times detrimental host inflammatory response. Additional studies indicate that P. carinii has the ability to invade tissues. Future investigations using new methodologies and strategies will be required to fully control this pathogen.
Construct validation of health-relevant personality traits: interpersonal circumplex and five-factor model analyses of the Aggression Questionnaire.
The general literature on personality traits as risk factors for physical illness--as well as the specific literature on health consequences of anger, hostility, and aggressive behavior--often suffers from incomplete or inconsistent construct validation of personality measures. This study illustrates the utility of two conceptual tools in this regard--the five-factor model and the interpersonal circumplex. The similarities and differences among anger, hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and physical aggressiveness as measured by the Buss and Perry (1992) Aggression Questionnaire were identified. Results support the interpretation of anger and hostility as primarily reflecting neurotic hostility and antagonistic hostility to a lesser extent. In contrast, verbal and physical aggressiveness can he seen as primarily reflecting antagonistic hostility, and to a lesser extent neurotic hostility. Further, verbal aggressiveness was associated with hostile dominance, whereas hostility was associated with hostile submissiveness. These findings identify potentially important distinctions among these related constructs and illustrate the potential integrative value of standard validation procedures.
Attributional styles of aggressive boys and their mothers.
To determine if mothers of aggressive boys have the same propensity as their sons to infer hostile intentions in ambiguous interpersonal situations, 50 mothers of aggressive and nonaggressive boys were each asked to interpret hypothetical situations involving themselves with their child, their partner, and a peer as well as hypothetical situations involving their child in interaction with classmates and teachers. Their sons also were each requested to interpret hypothetical situations involving themselves with their mother, a teacher, and a classmate. The results indicated that mothers of aggressive boys do share the propensity to infer hostility in ambiguous situations and may, in effect, model a hostile attributional bias. Mothers of aggressive boys failed to differentiate ambiguous from hostile situations and were as likely to infer hostile intentions in ambiguous as in hostile situations. The results also suggest a generalized tendency on the part of mothers of aggressive boys to infer negative motives and/or dispositions when accounting for the noxious behavior of their sons. Further, for the aggressive boys, the hostile attributional bias was evident with both peers and teachers. The presence of a hostile attribution was predictive of an aggressive response for the aggressive boys. Even in the face of clearly hostile, provocative behavior, nonaggressive boys were less likely to offer aggressive solutions than aggressive boys.
Interactions of psychological factors and family history in relation to coronary artery disease.
BACKGROUND: Psychological factors including hostility, depression and stress have been associated with severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, few studies have examined interactions between such factors and typical CAD risk factors. Investigating interactive effects simulates their co-occurrence and complex effects in illness, as well as helping to identify groups of patients at greatest risk of morbidity. This study examined the interactive effects of hostility, hopelessness and daily hassles with family history of CAD in relation to CAD severity. DESIGN: Correlation design. METHODS: Seventy-three patients were assessed for hostility, hopelessness and daily hassles before undergoing coronary artery angiography. Severity of CAD was assessed by a cardiologist who was blind to patients' psychological data, with a scale considering type and proximity of occluded artery: the Ilia-score. RESULTS: Hostility significantly interacted with family history in relation to CAD severity. Hostility was positively correlated with CAD severity when family history was positive (r = 0.43, P< 0.05), but not when family history was absent (r = -0.10, NS). No other interaction effects were found. Interestingly, patients with family history of CAD had significantly lower hostility scores (14.4) compared to patients without such history (19.2; P= 0.002). No background or typical-risk factor correlated with CAD severity. CONCLUSION: Hostility synergistically interacted with family history of CAD in relation to CAD severity. The mechanisms of this interaction need to be explored in future studies. Hostility-reduction interventions provided to high-hostile patients with a genetic predisposition to CAD may be relevant for primary and secondary CAD prevention.
Measures of aggression in questionnaire ratings and stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test.
The present study investigated relationships between judges' ratings of hostility from the content of eight TAT-like stories and scores on Hostile Feelings and Hostile Actions scales of the Apperceptive Personality Test. This test was administered to 104 college students volunteers (53 women, 51 men), who received extra credit on examination scores for their participation. Each subject made up 8 stories to stimulus pictures and then filled out 8 objectively scorable questionnaires about their stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test. The stories were rated by two "blind" judges for hostile feelings and hostile activities using Fine's 1955 scoring criteria. Agreement of judges ranged from .47 to .80. Correlations of judge's ratings with Apperceptive Personality Test scores were .13 for Hostile Feelings and .41 (df = 102, p < .01) for Hostile Actions. Thus questionnaires scores for Hostile Feelings are unrelated and scores for Hostile Actions only moderately related to judge's ratings of story content.
Patterns of punitiveness in women with eating disorders.
The level and direction of hostility in patients with bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and a comparison group were measured using the the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. A semistructured interview developed by Harris, Brown, and Bifulco (Psychological Medicine, 16, 641-659, 1986) was used to assess childhood care to examine whether a link exists between childhood exposure to aggression or parental neglect and adult hostility. Patients with eating disorders had significantly higher hostility levels and were significantly more intropunitive than the comparison group. Patients with bulimia nervosa were significantly more intropunitive than the comparison group. Patients with bulimia nervosa were significantly more hostile than patients with anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa patients were more likely to direct hostility inwardly, rather than outwardly, when compared with bulimia nervosa patients. Impulsivity was associated with extrapunitiveness whereas intropunitiveness was associated with depression. Although some measures of poor childhood care correlated with adult hostility levels no clear pattern emerged.
Coparenting, family-level processes, and peer outcomes: the moderating role of vagal tone.
This article examines the relationship between coparenting and family-level processes during preschool and peer relationship outcomes in middle childhood, and the hypothesis that children's ability to regulate emotion (as indexed by basal vagal tone and the ability to suppress vagal tone) may moderate this relationship. We predicted that high vagal tone and a greater ability to suppress vagal tone would buffer children from the effects of negative coparenting and family processes. Results indicated that hostile-withdrawn coparenting predicted higher levels of conflicted play and lower levels of positive peer conversation. Vagal suppression also moderated the relationship between hostile-withdrawn coparenting and peer conflict. For children who were unable to suppress vagal tone, hostile-withdrawn coparenting was associated with higher levels of peer conflict, while for children who were able to suppress vagal tone there was no relationship hostile-withdrawn coparenting and peer conflict. The relationship between hostile-withdrawn coparenting and positive peer conversation was also moderated by children's ability to suppress vagal tone. For children who were unable to suppress vagal tone, there was no relationship between hostile-withdrawn coparenting and positive peer conversation, while for those who were able to suppress vagal tone, hostile-withdrawn coparenting was associated with less positive peer conversation. Cohesive family-level processes also predicted positive conversation in play at age 9 after controlling for positive conversation at age 5; however, this relationship was not moderated by vagal suppression. Basal vagal tone also did not function as a moderator of relations between hostile-withdrawn coparenting and peer play. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of negative coparenting on children with different patterns of modulating physiological arousal.
Marital conflict and adolescent distress: the role of adolescent awareness.
The present longitudinal study (1989-1991) of seventh-grade adolescents (173 boys, 197 girls; M age = 12.7 in 1989) living in the rural Midwest examined the influence of children's awareness of marital conflict and reported level of parental hostility on symptoms of adolescent distress. The theoretical model guiding the research indirectly linked marital conflict to adolescent perceptions of parents' hostility through the mediating effects of parents' and observers' report of hostility toward the adolescent and through adolescent awareness of the frequency of interparental conflict. Controlling for earlier levels of psychological distress, we hypothesized a direct path between adolescent report of parent hostility and adolescent maladjustment. Maximum likelihood estimation of the proposed model showed that marital conflict was significantly related to parents' and observers' reports of parent hostility toward the adolescent and to adolescent awareness of conflict frequency. Both parent hostility and adolescent awareness of the frequency of marital conflicts were significantly related to adolescent perceptions of parent hostility. When controlled for earlier distress, adolescent report of parent hostility significantly predicted the later internalizing and externalizing symptoms of these teenagers. The model predicted externalizing problems for boys but not girls. Otherwise, there were no gender differences in the postulated causal processes.
Aggression during competition: effects of age, sex, and amount and type of provocation.
Three experiments were designed to examine the expression of instrumental and hostile aggression by 6- to 10-year-old children during a competitive game. The rate at which a child pressed a button which allegedly interfered with his opponent's progress on the task was the measure of instrumental aggression. Pressing a second button presumably caused one's opponent to hear an aversive noise and served as the measure of hostile aggression. The task was designed in an attempt to isolate (a) frustration from attack as the instigator of aggression and (b) instrumental from hostile aggression as the desired outcome. In all three experiments the measures of instrumental and hostile aggression were generally highly correlated except under provocation conditions during which the number of attacks exceeded the number of frustrations. This suggested that the task was successful in tapping two different classes of aggressive responding. In Experiment 1 older children (N = 161 males and females) expressed more of both instrumental and hostile aggression than did younger children, and males were more aggressive than females on both measures. However, neither measure of aggression varied as a function of level of provocation. This finding was discrepant from the authors' previous research which had focused solely on instrumental aggression. Apparently, the introduction of attack and the opportunity for hostile responding changed the experimental situation. In order to focus more directly on this issue, Experiments 2 (N = 60 males) and 3 (N = 56 males) used various combinations of attack and frustration with 9- and 10-year-old males. Attack, prior to frustration, elicited the greatest amount of hostile aggression. Frustration, with no attack, resulted in the highest level of instrumental aggression. The complex relationship between these sources of provocation and instrumental and hostile aggression was discussed.
The factor structure of generalized workplace harassment.
We describe the development and psychometric characteristics of the Generalized Workplace Harassment Questionnaire (GWHQ), a 29-item instrument developed to assess harassing experiences at work in five conceptual domains: verbal aggression, disrespect, isolation/exclusion, threats/bribes, and physical aggression. Over 1700 current and former university employees completed the GWHQ at three time points. Factor analytic results at each wave of data suggested a five-factor solution that did not correspond to the original five conceptual factors. We suggest a revised scoring scheme for the GWHQ utilizing four of the empirically extracted factors: covert hostility, verbal hostility, manipulation, and physical hostility. Covert hostility was the most frequently experienced type of harassment, followed by verbal hostility, manipulation, and physical hostility. Verbal hostility, covert hostility, and manipulation were found to be significant predictors of psychological distress.
Associations of red blood cell fatty acids with personality traits: 10-year follow-up in the Kibbutzim Family Study (KFS).
BACKGROUND: The ability of hostility and type-A personality to predict cardiovascular outcomes makes understanding antecedents of these personality traits an important public health objective. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine whether blood-measured fatty acids (the exposure) are associated with hostility and type-A personality (the outcome), while accounting for lifestyle, sociodemographic factors, and polygenic background. METHODS: Personality traits, sociodemographic, and lifestyle data were obtained in 1992-1993 from 452 family members living in kibbutz settlements in Israel (visit 1) and remeasured 8 to 10 y later in 379 individuals (visit 2). Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid concentrations were determined in visit 1 by gas chromatography. Longitudinal associations of visit 1 fatty acids with visit 2 personality traits were examined using linear models, before and after controlling for baseline personality scores. The contribution of environmental factors to personality scores beyond heritability was estimated by variance decomposition. RESULTS: In longitudinal analysis, 1% increase in visit 1 total n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid was associated with a 0.328-unit decrease in visit 2 type-A score [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.571, -0.085]. After adjustment for baseline personality levels, the association was slightly attenuated (β= -0.204; CI: -0.399, -0.009). One percent higher total n-6 was also associated with 1.119 units lower visit 2 hostility score (CI: -2.777, 0.038; P = 0.055). Finally, independent of the genetic contribution (32%-38% of adjusted variability in hostility and type-A personality), 1% increase in total n-3 and total n-6 was associated with 2.539 (CI: -3.907, -1.171) and 0.201 (CI: -0.365, -0.037) units lower hostility and type-A scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher RBC total n-6 fatty acid concentrations are associated with lower type-A personality scores. After adjustment for baseline personality levels, the associations between total n-6 and hostility and between total n-3 and hostility are attenuated. These findings support further investigation of the relationship between fatty acid biology and personality traits using study designs better suited to causal inference.