PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cognitive Reflection”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

An audiometric test battery for the evaluation of occupational exposure to industrial solvents.

Subjects exposed to various industrial solvents were evaluated with a test battery comprising both peripheral and central auditory tests. After otoscopy, all subjects underwent the following audiometric procedures: air- and bone-conduction in the conventional frequency range, air-conduction in the extended high-frequency range, speech recognition score, low-pass filtered speech recognition, stapedius reflex threshold, stapedius reflex decay, auditory brainstem response, and cognitive event-related responses. Apart from mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss found in some of the subjects, the peripheral tests were normal in most subjects. The central tests (filtered speech and cognitive responses) showed varying degrees of abnormality which may reflect different levels of disease in this group of subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective.

Here I argue that addicted people become unable to make drug-use choices on the basis of long-term outcome, and I propose a neural framework that explains this myopia for future consequences. I suggest that addiction is the product of an imbalance between two separate, but interacting, neural systems that control decision making: an impulsive, amygdala system for signaling pain or pleasure of immediate prospects, and a reflective, prefrontal cortex system for signaling pain or pleasure of future prospects. After an individual learns social rules, the reflective system controls the impulsive system via several mechanisms. However, this control is not absolute; hyperactivity within the impulsive system can override the reflective system. I propose that drugs can trigger bottom-up, involuntary signals originating from the amygdala that modulate, bias or even hijack the goal-driven cognitive resources that are needed for the normal operation of the reflective system and for exercising the willpower to resist drugs.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2006

College students' multiple stereotypes of lesbians: A cognitive perspective.

This paper examines stereotypes of lesbians held by college students. Multiple stereotypes are elicited from a free response trait listing task, followed by a sorting task. The results of the sorting task are submitted to cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling to reveal the complexity of cognitive representations of this group. Eight types are described, reflecting underlying distinctions between positive perceptions (e.g., lipstick lesbian, career-oriented feminist) and negative perceptions (e.g., sexually deviant, angry butch) and also between relative strength and weakness. The research is discussed in terms of cognitive perspectives on stereotyping and gender inversion theory. Suggestions for future research are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive presentation of multiple sclerosis: evidence for a cortical variant.

BACKGROUND: Although neuropsychiatric complications are well recognised, the presentation of multiple sclerosis with cognitive or neuropsychiatric symptoms has generally been considered a rare occurrence and to reflect subcortical pathology. OBJECTIVES: To document the clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological features of six cases of cognitive presentation of multiple sclerosis, to review the relevant literature, and to propose a possible cortical basis for this clinical presentation. SUBJECTS: Six patients (five women; age range 38 to 60 years) presented to the memory and cognitive disorders clinic in Cambridge with an initially undiagnosed cognitive/neuropsychiatric syndrome. All underwent neuropsychological evaluation, brain imaging, and ancillary investigations to establish a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: The six cases all had a progressive dementia syndrome with prominent amnesia, often accompanied by classic cortical features including dysphasia, dysgraphia, or dyslexia. Mood disturbance was ubiquitous and in three patients there was a long history of preceding severe depression. All six developed characteristic physical signs on follow up, with marked disabilities. A review of 17 previously reported cases highlighted the prominence of memory impairment and depression in the early stages. CONCLUSIONS: On clinical, pathological, and radiological grounds, the neuropsychiatric presentation of multiple sclerosis may represent a clinicopathological entity of "cortical multiple sclerosis." Failure to recognise this will delay diagnosis and may expose patients to potentially dangerous and invasive investigation. Because the neuropsychiatric features of cortical multiple sclerosis are a major cause of handicap, their early recognition may be particularly important in view of emerging treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cognitive avoidance of threat cues: association with Eating Disorder Inventory scores among a non-eating-disordered population.

OBJECTIVE: This two-part study investigated the cognitive processing of food- and threat-related information in a non-eating-disordered population, particularly exploring the mechanisms that might explain the process of cognitive avoidance among women with bulimic attitudes. METHOD: In the first study, 30 female students solved anagrams of neutral, food, and threat words. In the second study, 50 male and female students solved anagrams of words reflecting physical threat, self-directed ego threat, and ego threat directed from others. RESULTS: In this task, there was no association between slower processing of threats and eating characteristics, but there were associations with Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) scales that reflect "ego development." DISCUSSION: The most reliable evidence of cognitive avoidance was among those participants who show the ego development characteristics that have been identified as important in the development and etiology of eating psychopathology. The implications for models of eating psychopathology and their treatment are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Impulsivity and persistence in adult inpatient "impulse" offenders.

Related cognitive tempo, self-report measures, and ratings of behavior to task persistence and persistence in treatment in adult inpatient/drug/alcohol/sex ("impulse") offenders (N = 43). Matching Familiar Figures test latencies and self-control scale scores were related to task persistance, but only the behavior ratings produced significant relationships with persistence in treatment. Although cognitively impulsive Ss were less task persistent than reflectives, impulsive and reflective Ss did not differ on self-reported locus of control and self-control, on the behavioral ratings, or on persistence in treatment. Behavioral ratings were most efficient for making predictions about persistence in treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The nurse teacher's role in the promotion of reflective practice.

The art of reflection is seen as a key process in bringing together practice and knowledge in nursing. More specifically, reflection addresses the artistic elements of nursing care delivery. It thus appears a useful skill for pre-registration students to begin developing. However, research suggests that students under the age of 25 may lack both the cognitive readiness and the experience necessary for mature critical reflection. Teachers must therefore examine whether the reflective strategies and models that they present meet these students educational needs. It is postulated that simple models have a greater chance of success than those that are complex and demand a high time commitment. One such model for reflective journal writing is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with impaired social and emotional skills, the anatomical substrate of which is still unknown. In this study, we compared a group of 14 high-functioning ASD adults with a group of controls matched for sex, age, intelligence quotient, and handedness. We used an automated technique of analysis that accurately measures the thickness of the cerebral cortex and generates cross-subject statistics in a coordinate system based on cortical anatomy. We found local decreases of gray matter in the ASD group in areas belonging to the mirror neuron system (MNS), argued to be the basis of empathic behavior. Cortical thinning of the MNS was correlated with ASD symptom severity. Cortical thinning was also observed in areas involved in emotion recognition and social cognition. These findings suggest that the social and emotional deficits characteristic of autism may reflect abnormal thinning of the MNS and the broader network of cortical areas subserving social cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Depressive thinking: changes in schematic mental models of self and world.

Alternative explanations for the changes in thinking associated with depression were examined. Depressive thinking could reflect a generalized increase in accessibility of negative constructs and memories, previously associated with depression. Alternatively, depressive thinking could reflect changes at a more generic level of cognitive representation, related to schematic mental models. To investigate contrasting predictions from these two explanations, depressed patients and non-depressed controls completed sentence stems involving social approval or personal achievement e.g. 'If I could always be right then others would-me'. Construct accessibility views predict that depression will be associated with more negative completions (e.g. 'dislike'). By contrast, the schematic model view predicts patients may give more positive completions (e.g. 'like'). This is because schematic models reflect inter-relationships between constructs, and, it is suggested, depression is associated with use of schematic mental models that imply closer dependence of personal worth/acceptance on success/approval than the models used in the non-depressed state. Predictions from the schematic model view were supported, confirming previous findings. Results suggest that depressive thinking reflects changes in the high level mental models used to interpret experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The role of situational demands and cognitive competencies in behavior organization and personality coherence.

Consistency in the natural organization of aggressive and prosocial (constructive) behavior, assessed repeatedly in vivo over a summer in a residential camp for children, was predicted from situational and personal characteristics. Similarity of situations in the types of competencies they demand in part predicted cross-situational consistency in individual differences in aggressive behaviors (Study 1). Study 2 examined the effect of cognitive competence on the discriminative patterning of behavior variation across situations. More cognitively competent Ss showed such discriminative patterning, which was reflected in greater Person X Situation interaction variance in their prosocial behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

Pharmacotherapy for organic brain syndrome in late life. Evaluation of an ergot derivative vs placebo.

Evaluation of treatment modalities, including pharmacotherapy, for organic brain syndrome (OBS) has been difficult because of sampling and methodological problems, and comparisons of research studies are all but impossible. In this study, an ergot derivative, a combination of dihydroergocornine mesylate, dihydroergocristine mesylate, and dihydroergokryptine mesylate (Hydergine) was compared with placebo, using a double-blind technique in a sample of nursing home residents with evidence of OBS. An 18-category symptom rating scale was used for periodic assessment over a six-month interval. Comparisons of the two groups of subjects disclosed that the Hydergine-treated group showed statistically significantly more improvement in most of the variables measured, especially during the last three months of treatment. Furthermore, sophisticated analysis revealed that positive changes in cognitive function cannot be accounted for as a mere reflection, or "halo" effect, associated with improved mood and general sense of well-being.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

What did the doctor say--what did the patient hear? Operational knowledge in clinical communication.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to introduce Piaget's concept of 'operational knowledge' from the cognitive theory of learning--as a contribution to the broader understanding of clinical interaction. METHOD: Our study involves a theoretical presentation of different kinds and levels of human understanding, illustrated by a case story in which the difference between operational and figurative knowledge was demonstrated. This study used the case story of a male patient aged 80, who was suffering from ulcerative colitis. We appealed to the reader's perceived relevance of these perspectives, in order to understand what was going on between doctor and patient. RESULTS: The case story demonstrates the phenomenon of operational knowledge in the patient, the close links between communicative action and cognitive understanding, and the importance for the doctor of reflecting upon this level of interaction. CONCLUSION: According to the patient-centred clinical method, the doctor should explore the social and emotional context of the patient in order to understand the meaning of the illness. We suggest that a cognitive dimension should also be added, and that the concept of 'operational knowledge' might be useful for such investigations.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Dynamic sculpting of brain functional connectivity is correlated with performance.

In this study, we examined the relationship between cortical coupling, reflected in event related partial coherence (ERPC) and cognitive processing speed while subjects performed a set of Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), a task used to measure IQ. Fifty-five participants (29 males) performed a computerized version of the RPM where they were required to identify the shape (probe) that is consistent with a matrix of displayed shapes. Participants indicated a match or non-match by pressing a micro-switch with either the right or left hand. The steady state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) was elicited by a 13 Hz uniform visual flicker superimposed over the visual fields and the SSVEP event-related coherence (SSVEP-ERPC) calculated for all 2016 unique electrode pairs. The linear correlation between SSVEP-ERPC and processing speed (the inverse of reaction time) was calculated for all electrode pairs for all time points during the 3 sec interval that the probes were on the screen. Using correlation coeffident thresholds corresponding to p=0.001 we identified those electrode pairs where SSVEP-ERPC or neural synchronization was significantly correlated with processing speed. At a point 0.8 sec before the appearance of the probe we observed that the synchronization between specific prefrontal, frontal and central sites was correlated with processing speed. We suggest that this relationship may reflect the efficiency of working memory processes and speed of information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of positive experiences in living with acquired hearing loss.

This paper presents findings from our most recent research investigating positive experiences associated with acquired hearing loss. This work builds upon our earlier qualitative studies but now takes a more quantitative approach. The findings of two separate quantitative questionnaire studies are reported. The aim of the first study was to incorporate and build upon the qualitative work to design a quantitative questionnaire tool. This work produced a 48-item questionnaire measuring the frequency with which people recognized specific positive experiences. The questionnaire was distributed to 174 consecutive patients. The results of principal component analysis identified eight factors comprising 57% of the total variance. The primary factors were labelled 'Cognitive changes to self-perception', 'Successful communication behaviours', 'Using hearing aids to self-advantage', 'Effort in communication', 'Social support', 'Social contact', and 'Resignation'. The aim of the second study was to reduce and refine the quantitative tool to 20 items. This second tool was distributed to a second sample of 173 consecutive patients The questionnaires distributed included the revised 20-item positive questionnaire in addition to four additional outcome measures. A principal component analysis was performed, and six factors emerged, accounting for 60.5% of the total variance. These factors broadly reflect those previously identified, and were labelled (1) 'Cognitive changes to self-perception', (2) 'Using hearing impairment to self-advantage', (3) 'Successful communication behaviour', (4) 'Resignation', (5) 'Effort in communication', and (6) 'Technical facilitators'. The first second, second and fourth of these may be regarded as non-auditory factors, and the others as auditory factors. There was little relationship between the two types of factors, and a complex set of relationships with the other outcome measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Differential CSF biomarker levels in APOE-epsilon4-positive and -negative patients with memory impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationships between episodic memory, APOE genotype, CSF markers (total tau, T-tau; phospho-tau, P-tau; beta-amyloid, Abeta42) and longitudinal cognitive decline. METHODS: 124 memory clinic patients were retrospectively divided into 6 groups based on (i) episodic memory function (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT): severe, moderate or no impairment (SIM, MIM or NIM), and (ii) APOE genotype (epsilon4+ or epsilon4-). CSF marker levels and cognitive decline were compared across groups. RESULTS: Episodic memory function, according to RAVLT scores, was significantly correlated with CSF marker levels only among epsilon4+ subjects and not among epsilon4- subjects. When comparing the 6 subgroups, SIM epsilon4+ and MIM epsilon4+ groups showed significantly lower Abeta42 levels than the other groups. T-tau and P-tau levels were significantly increased in SIM epsilon4+ when compared to all the other groups, including the SIM epsilon4- group. However, both SIM epsilon4+ and SIM epsilon4- declined cognitively during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: It remains to be determined whether APOE genotype affects the expression of biomarkers in CSF, or whether the different biomarker patterns reflect different types of disease processes in patients with progressive cognitive dysfunction.

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor↗
PubMed2005

Does education moderate neuropsychological impairment in late-life depression?

OBJECTIVE: The increased resistance of better-educated individuals to the cognitive effects of neuropathology has been conceptualized as reflecting brain reserve. This study examined whether educational level influences the degree of neuropsychological impairment associated with late-life depression. METHODS: The neuropsychological performances of 115 older depressed patients and of 44 comparison subjects of similar age and education were compared as a function of educational level. RESULTS: While depressed patients performed worse than comparison subjects on all the measures, the severity of this impairment (with respect to comparison subjects) did not differ with the educational level of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Brain reserve, as indexed by the patients' level of education, does not mitigate the cognitive decrements associated with late-life depression.

Aged↗