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PubMed2000

Milieu-based neurorehabilitation in patients with traumatic brain injury: outcome at up to 11 years postdischarge.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the rate of productivity and competitive activity in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at a milieu-based day treatment neurorehabilitation program. DESIGN: Follow-up data in a cross-sectional design sought from all admissions from May 1986 to May 1998 at 3 months and at year 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. SETTING: Outpatient milieu-based interdisciplinary day treatment program. PATIENTS: One hundred twelve participants with TBI, representing 78.9% of TBI patients successfully discharged from the program. INTERVENTIONS: Milieu-based interdisciplinary neurorehabilitation (mean length of treatment, 6.2 mo). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Productivity, defined as gainful employment, school, and/or volunteer work, and competitive activity, defined as work for pay or enrollment in school. RESULTS: 88.4% of patients were productive up to 11 years after discharge, with 76.8% engaged in competitive activity and with no decline in productivity seen over time from discharge. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of patients suffering from TBI are able to return to work or a productive life situation after milieu-based neurorehabilitation. Level of outcome did not significantly decline over an 11-year follow-up interval.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Performance level and cardiopulmonary responses during a cycle-run trial.

To determine the effect of triathlete performance level on the cardiorespiratory responses elicited by the cycle-run succession, eight regionally and nationally-ranked (Competitive) and five internationally-ranked (Elite) male triathletes underwent four successive laboratory trials: 1) an incremental treadmill test, 2) an incremental cycle test, 3) 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R), and 4) a 20-min control run (R) at the same speed as the run in C-R. Before and 10 min after the third and fourth trials the triathletes underwent lung function testing: spirometry and diffusing capacity testing for carbon monoxide (DL(CO)). During the C-R trial blood samples were drawn to measure venous lactate concentration. During all trials ventilatory data were collected every minute using an automated breath-by-breath system. The results showed that 1) the oxygen uptake (VO2) of post-cycling running versus running alone was similar for both groups; 2) the ventilatory responses (VE, VE/VO2, VE/VC02 and f) of C-R running versus R were significantly higher (P < 0.005) for the Competitive group; and 3) a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in DL(CO) was also noted after the C-R trial in the Competitive group but not in the Elite group. We concluded that 1) the ventilatory responses during a run subsequent to cycling may be related to the triathlete performance level, and 2) the C-R trial induced specific alterations in pulmonary function that may be associated with respiratory muscle alteration and exercise-induced hypoxemia in the Competitive triathletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Genes and olympic performance: a co-twin study.

An Olympic gold medalist in a 20 km competitive walking race and his identical twin brother, also an Olympic athlete in the same event but with inferior performance, were tested in order to obtain some further insight into the relative importance of genetic factors in modulating athletic excellence. Both twins had undergone the same strenuous, long-term training for 19 years since the age of 15 under the guidance of the same coach. An assessment of their bio-behavioural profiles at 40 years of age, i. e. 7 years after they ceased training, revealed that intrapair differences were negligible in physiological attributes but divergent in personality traits measured. Respective values for the Olympic winner and his identical counterpart were as follows: Body mass index 23.2 and 22.7, cardiac mass index 85.4 and 84.4 g x m2, squatjumping 25.3 and 27.3 cm, VO2 at running speed 9 km x h(-1) 33.1 and 33.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), VO2 max 57.1 and 58.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (72.5ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for the Olympic winner at age 22 yrs), reaction to anger 97 and 9 and anger expression 2 and 76 in percentile of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Findings suggest that although genetic constitution and years of physical training are prerequisites for making an Olympic athlete, success may be largely influenced by personality traits.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Median maximal heart rate for heart rate calibration in different conditions: laboratory, field and competition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of maximal heart rate in three different conditions: laboratory tests, field tests, and competitions. Sixteen male endurance volunteers were tested in five exhaustive tests for each condition. All exhaustive events were heart rate monitored (Accurex plus, Polar Electro, Finland) and true maximal heart rates were assessed and compared with each other and with predicted maximal heart rates. Results show that under the three conditions HR(peaks) were not statistically different (p = 0.62, NS, Friedman test). Mean HR(peaks) (SD) were: laboratory = 194.3 (7.8), field = 193.8 (11.8), competition = 192.3 (10.1) beats x min(-1). Conditions for reaching individual heart rate peak were in the laboratory (treadmill VO(2)max protocol) for 5 subjects, in field tests for 7 subjects and in competitions for 6 subjects (two circumstances for two subjects). A large intra-individual variation existed in the three circumstances (+/- 6 beats x min(-1)). Absolute median maximal heart rate was 190.0 bpm (9.32) i.e 7.6 bpm lower than heart rate peak. Both were highly related (rho = 0.89, z = 3.449, p = 0.0006, Spearman test). Median maximal heart rates inter-condition relationship were higher. Median maximal heart rate was more stable and took more information into account than an isolated peak. It gives a central value that minimizes the potential risk of under or over estimation when calibrating exercise intensities with HR.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Influence of sports mechanic demands in competitive tennis on the thoracolumbar spinal profile].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sports mechanic demands of competitive tennis on the thoracolumbar spinal profile. For that reason the spinal curvature (C7 - S2) of 123 male active gymnasts aged 23,8 +/- 4,5 years with a sporting exposure of 14,4 +/- 3,8 years and of 1347 age and gender matched non- and recreational sportsmen was recorded by means of the non-invasive ultrasonic-controlled contact rod. In the sagittal projection no differences between both groups were found. However, in control and sports group the dominant side of the arms induced statistically significant differences for all parameters describing spinal curvature in the frontal and transversal plane, data evaluated showed a relevant increase in the tennis group. Furthermore, the criterion both-handed hitting technique in fore and backhand caused an additional extension of lateral inclination, pelvic and pelvic-shoulder tilt as well as pelvic-shoulder rotation to the hitting side of the arms. After examining the sports-specific mechanic strain the measuring values are to interpret as a functional adaptation to the tennis-specific demands. But there is only a reduced correlation with the results of epidemiologic studies taking the incidence and prevalence of spinal injuries in competitive tennis into special account. So the tennis-specific modifications of spinal profile are not to characterise a priori as pathogen.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Exercise intensity of cycle-touring events.

The aim of the study was to analyze the exercise intensity of recreational cyclists participating in a cycling-touring event. In 14 male healthy recreational cyclists heart rate (HR) monitoring was performed during the Otztal Radmarathon 1999 (distance: 230 km; altitude difference: 5500 m) in order to evaluate the HR response and to estimate the cardiopulmonary strains for the less-trained athlete confronted with such a marathon. Four different exercise intensities were defined as percentages of maximal HR (HR(max)) as follows: recovery HR (HR(re)) < 70 % of HR max; moderate aerobic HR (HR(ma)) = 70 - 80 %; intense aerobic HR (HR(ia)) = 80 - 90 %; and anaerobic HR (HR(an)) > 90 %. All athletes finished the competition successfully. The mean racing time was 10 h 14 min, the average speed 22.5 km/h. The mean HR(max) was 188 bpm, the average value of the measured HRs (HR(average)) was 145 bpm resulting in a mean HR(average)/HR(max) ratio of 0.77. Athletes spent 18.5 % (1 h 54 min) of total race time within HR(re), 28 % (2 h 52 min) within HR(ma), 39.5 % (4 h 02 min) within HR(ia), and 14 % (1 h 26 min) within HR(an). The vast majority of exercise was done under "aerobic conditions" (HR(re) + HR(ma) + HR(ia) = 86 % or 8 h 48 min) - confirming the knowledge that the aerobic energy supply is crucial for the performance of long-term exercise. The large amount of high exercise intensities (HR(ia) + HR(an) = 53.5 % or 5 h 30 min), however, features the intense cardiopulmonary strains evoked by such competitions. The HR response was related to the course profile with HRs significantly declining in all subjects to an extent of 10 % during the course of race. Our findings show that the exercise intensity borne by recreational cyclists during a cycle-touring event is high and very similar to that of professionals. With respect to the high cardiovascular strains a thorough medical screening is advisable for any participant of such an event combining both high volume and high intensity loads.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Carbohydrate dependence during hard-intensity exercise in trained cyclists in the competitive season: importance of training status.

To test the hypothesis that intensive endurance training increases CHO utilisation during hard-intensity exercise, seven competitive road cyclists (Cy) performed three 50-min steady-state exercise tests on a cycle ergometer above their ventilatory threshold (+ 15 %) over the course of a cycling season (January [ET1], May [ET2] and September [ET3]). We compared the data with the baseline values of seven sedentary controls (Sed). CHO oxidation in Cy was higher in ET2 and ET3 than in ET1 (p < 0.05), was lower in ET3 than in ET2 (p < 0.05) and was higher in Cy than in Sed only in ET2 (p < 0.05). Lactate kinematics were lower in Cy than in Sed in all conditions (p < 0.05), but in Cy they were lower in ET2 than in ET1 and higher in ET3 than in ET2 (p < 0.05). Race performance was impaired and the overtraining score was increased at ET3 in comparison with ET2 (p < 0.05). We conclude that competitive cyclists increase CHO oxidation during hard-intensity exercise over the course of a season, but show a decline by the end of the season in association with the appearance of an overtraining state. Thus, well-trained cyclists develop a CHO dependence, which is modified with training status.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Swimming performance changes during the final 3 weeks of training leading to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.

The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the swimming performance change during the final 3 weeks of training (F3T) leading to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Olympic swimmers who took part in the same event or events at the Telstra 2000 Grand Prix Series in Melbourne, Australia, (26 - 27 August 2000), and 21 - 28 d later at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games (16 - 23 September 2000) were included in this analysis. A total of 99 performances (50 male, 49 female) were analysed. The overall performance improvement between pre- and post-F3T conditions for all swimmers was 2.18 +/- 1.50 % (p < 0.0001), (range - 1.14 % to 6.02 %). A total of 91 of the 99 analysed performances were faster after the F3T and only 8 were slower. The percentage improvement with F3T was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in males (2.57 +/- 1.45 %) than in females (1.78 +/- 1.45 %). In conclusion, the pre-Olympic F3T elicited a significant performance improvement of 2.57 % for male and 1.78 % for female swimmers at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The magnitude was similar for all competition events, and was achieved by swimmers from different countries and performance levels. These data provide a quantitative framework for coaches and swimmers to set realistic performance goals based on individual performance levels before the final training phase leading to important competitions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

The response of sexual and stress hormones of male pro-cyclists during continuous intense competition.

The aim of this study was to compare hormonal changes in plasma total testosterone (T), cortisol (C), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (P) in two world-class teams, both consisting of 9 top male pro-cyclists, during a real sports situation (the 1998 "Vuelta a España", a 3-week multi-stage international cycling competition). Venous blood samples were taken the day before the race (S0), after 1 week (S1), after 2 weeks (S2) and at the end of the race (S3). The S0 T level was significantly lower in the team with more racing days in the previous month. There was a significant basal T decrease (p < 0.05) during the race in comparison with the initial value, in spite of the difference in S0 T level between teams. However, there was no difference between teams in the mean decrease in T level. C decreased significantly between S0 and S1 and between S1 and S2, but not between S2 and S3. There were no differences in P concentration between teams or throughout the study, except for a significant increase between S2 and S3. There were no initial differences in LH nor FSH concentration between the teams, nor at any of the study follow-up times. We conclude that in professional top-level athletes S0 T values depend on the number of competition days of the previous month. We observed a similar decrease in the T levels in both teams, independent of the absolute S0 values. In both teams C decreased during long-lasting cycling competition.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Changes in circulating IGF-I and their correlation with self-assessment and fitness among elite athletes.

The evaluation of training load and effectiveness in elite athletes is difficult. We determined the effect of a four-week training camp on changes in self-assessment physical conditioning scores, fitness and circulating IGF-I in elite Israeli handball players during their preparation for the 1999 World Junior Handball Championship. Training consisted of two weeks of intense training followed by two weeks of relative tapering. Fitness was assessed by field test measurements of 1000-m run, 4 x 10-m shuttle run and vertical jump. Serum IGF-I levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay. Measurements were performed before, after two weeks, and at the end of training. Training resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the results of the 4 x 10-m run, 1000-m run and vertical jump. Changes in the self-assessment physical conditioning score showed a bi-directional pattern. After two weeks of training the players reported decreased physical conditioning scores, with return to basal levels after four weeks. Similarly, circulating IGF-I decreased significantly after two weeks, and returned to basal levels after four weeks of training. We found a significant correlation between changes in circulating IGF-I, and self-assessments of physical conditioning scores (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Intensive training resulted in a decrease, while tapering was associated with an increase in IGF-I levels. These changes were accompanied by parallel changes in subjective physical conditioning self-assessments.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

[Sports injuries, sports damages and diseases of world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon].

108 world class athletes (54 males, 54 females) practicing modern pentathlon had been interviewed about their individual training and competition efforts as well as their sports related injuries, damages and diseases in the last world cup season using a standardized empirical questionnaire. The mean training extent was about 25 hours per week, the mean number of national and international competitions athletes made was 9, especially concerning swimming and running. Mean number of health threatening incidents of each athlete had been 2 with 41% diseases such as otitis and pharyngitis, 23% injuries such as contusions and distortions and 33% damages such as tendinitis, periostitis and strains. Head and neck involvement were more frequent than those of pelvis and the lower extremities. Training efforts were the most frequent reasons for health threatening events (84%), especially concerning diseases and damages, whereas most of the injuries happened during competitions (p<.01). Most of the injuries happened practicing horse riding during competitions (9%). Running was the most frequent reason for damages, whereas horse riding is the leading cause for injuries, furthermore damages and injuries are typical for fencing. Swimming is often associated with diseases. In contrary shooting did not show typically affiliated health threatening events. The incidence of health threatening incidents concerning world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon is quite low. Especially running and swimming combined with a high training extent empirically predisposed to suffer from damages and diseases. Horse riding with a quite low training extent and fencing show a higher incidence of injuries. From the training-methodological point of view the training extent should not be too extended. Due to a high number of diseases it may be profitable to be in attendance of an inner medicine physician.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Competitive karate and the risk of HIV infection--review, risk analysis and risk minimizing strategies].

Bleeding facial injuries are not uncommon in competitive karate. Nevertheless, the risk of an infection with HIV is extremely low. Guidelines about the prevention of HIV infections are presented. Especially in contact sports and martial arts the athletes, judges and staff have to recognize and employ these recommendations. Bleeding wounds of the hands due to contact with the opponents teeth can be minimized by fist padding.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2004

[Injuries- and frequency of complaints in competitive tennis- and leisure sports].

Tennis is one of the most popular sporting activities in Germany and worldwide. According to this fact injuries and complaints associated with this sport are common in tennis players. Here a retrospective analysis was undertaken in 60 tennis players with and 50 tennis players without tournament experience. Injuries were seen in all players. The most common lesions were blisters, sunburn and abrasions (65.5 %) followed by cramps (51.8 %), strains (35.5 %) and sprains (25.5 %). More severe injuries like meniscal lesions or ruptures of the cruciate- and ankle-ligaments or the achilles tendon were found in 2 % to 4 %. Fractures were not seen in this study. The majority of tennis injuries occurred in the lower extremity (182 vs. 62) whereas chronic complaints domain in the upper extremity (38/91). Most of the injuries and complaints have been treated conservatively with good results. Only 3.3 % of all acute and 2.2 % of the chronic lesions were treated by surgical intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Workload demands in mountain bike racing.

This study aims at describing the workload demands during mountain bike races using direct power measurements, and to compare these data to power output and physiological findings from laboratory exercise tests. Power output (P, Watt) from 11 national team cyclists (9 male, 2 female) was registered continuously during 15 races using mobile crank dynamometers (SRM System). To evaluate the intensity of racing, incremental exercise tests with determination of P at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds (AT, IAT) and at exhaustion (MAX) were performed. Intensity zones were determined (zone 1 < AT; AT < zone 2 < IAT; IAT < zone 3 < MAX; zone 4 > MAX) and time spent during racing in these zones was calculated. Based on power output measurements P during racing was 246 +/- 12 W (male) and 193 +/- 1 W (female). P showed high variation throughout the race. In contrast heart rate (HR) was relatively stable during racing (male 177 +/- 6 bpm, female 172 +/- 7 bpm). 39 +/- 6 % of race time were spent in zone 1, 19 +/- 6 % in zone 2, 20 +/- 3 % in zone 3 and 22 +/- 6 % in zone 4. MTB races are characterized by a high oscillation in P with permanently elevated HR. A highly developed aerobic and anaerobic system is needed to sustain the high variation in workload.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The spatial-temporal and coordinative structures in elite male 100-m front crawl swimmers.

This study analysed the spatial-temporal and coordinative structures in 12 elite male 100-m front crawl swimmers. Swim performance was analysed over each length of a 25-m pool divided into five zones of 5 m. Velocity (V), stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) were calculated for each zone and each length. Four stroke phases were identified by video analysis and the Index of Coordination (IdC) was established. Three modes of coordination were identified: catch-up (IdC < 0), opposition (IdC = 0), and superposition (IdC > 0). The swimmers tended to reduce the decrease in V and SR over the course of the 100 m by maintaining a stable SL. In fact, these spatial-temporal values were stable during the time spent stroking and were higher or lower during the start, the turns (in and out), and the finish. Thus the spatial-temporal changes did not occur within the lengths, but between them. Conversely, the evolution in the IdC showed that the swimmers had to install the stroke at the beginning and only reached a stable coordination in the second part of the race. Moreover, the IdC increased throughout the different zones of each 25-m length, indicating changes in motor organisation, particularly increases in the push or pull phases. The IdC values corresponded to a superposition of the arms, linked to a six-beat leg kick. Achievement of an effective superposition coordination occurred by boosting the stroke just after the turn-out until the end of the length. Regarding the spatial-temporal and coordinative structures of a 100-m front crawl, great swimming skill was reflected by both high and stable data.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Energy turnover at the Race Across AMerica (RAAM) - a case report.

We report about energy intake and energy expenditure in an official finisher of the Race Across AMerica (RAAM) in 2003. Energy intake from nutrition was continuously recorded. Energy expenditure was measured by continuous heart rate recording with a portable heart rate monitor POLAR S710 to estimate energy expenditure during physical activity. Our athlete (33 years, 179 cm, 73 kg, VO (2)max 60 ml . min (-1) . kg (-1), lactate threshold at 77%VO (2)max) finished the 4701-km cycling race with altitude differences amounting to 25,826 meters in 9 days 16 hours and 45 minutes in 4th place. He completed 470+/-72.9 km (372-541 km) per day with 2,582+/-1,576 (683-5,047) meters of altitude. During the whole race, he expended a total energy of 179,650 kcal with 17,965+/-2165 (15,100 - 23,280) kcal per day. Total energy intake was 96,124 kcal with an average of 9,612+/-1,500 (7,513-12,735) kcal per day. Of total ingested calories, 75.2% derived from carbohydrates, 16.2% from fat, and 8.6% from protein. He ingested an energy of 9,612+/-1,550 (7,513 - 12,735) kcal daily, consisting of 1,814+/-310 (1,336 - 2,354) g of carbohydrates, 172+/-47 (88-251) g of fat, and 207+/-52 (128-286) g of protein. The average daily energy deficiency amounted to 8,352+/-2,523 (4,425-13,631) kcal. A total deficiency of 83,526 kcal resulted after the race while the athlete lost 5 kg of body weight. These results provide data about energy intake and energy expenditure in the RAAM for future athletes, nutritionists and coaches. Further investigation should be performed in order to determine whether either muscle mass or body fat will be lost in extreme endurance cycling.

Adult↗