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PubMed1989

Patterns of cell proliferation and growth rate in limb bones of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The growth rates of each extremity of the tibiotarsus (TibT) and tarsometatarsus (TMT) bones and of a phalangeal bone were measured in Rhode Island red chicks. Histological sections of the growth plates at each of these sites were made for measurements of the thickness of the flattened dividing cell layer and counts of the number of cells between its boundaries. The diameter of the mature chondrocytes in the metaphysis was also measured. The extent of the dividing cell population within the flattened cell layer and the proportion of cells in division were measured from autoradiographs prepared after labelling dividing cells in vitro or in vivo (three birds in each group) with tritiated thymidine. From the results the rate of cell production in the plane of growth at each growth plate was estimated. It varied from about six cells per day at each end of the phalanx to just over 50 cells per day at the proximal end of the TibT and TMT. The duration of the cycle time was estimated to be 13 to 21 hours at the proximal TibT and TMT and distal TibT but considerably longer at the distal TMT and at both ends of the phalanx. Variation in growth rate between extremities of the bones examined was associated largely with variation in the dividing cell populations and the thickness of the flattened cell layer, but it appears that there were also significant differences in cell cycle times between sites. The in vitro and in vivo labelling techniques gave comparable results.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[The development and growth of subcutaneous adipose tissue in various production types of domestic fowl].

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied in different production types of fowl in the post-incubation period. The cocks and hens of laying type were found to have fewer and smaller fat cells than the birds of broiler type. The highest hyperplasia was recorded in the first nine weeks of age, then followed a decrease, lasting until the 25th week. Hypertrophy continued step by step throughout the period of study and increased when hyperplasia decreased. The differences between sexes increase during sexual maturation: in the hens the hypertrophy of cells increases and hyperplasia does not decrease so quickly as in the cocks. Before sexual maturity, hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia are somewhat higher in the cocks.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

[The growth of abdominal adipose tissue in various production-type of domestic fowl].

At hatching, the abdominal fatty tissue is less developed than the subcutaneous fatty tissue. However, it grows more intensively during the post-incubation period through both the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the fat cells. In the cocks, hyperplasia reaches its peak at the age of 9 weeks, followed by a decrease; then hyperplasia continues until the age of 25 weeks. In the hens the peak of hyperplasia comes later, at the age of 14 weeks; then it decreases until the age of 25 weeks is reached. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are more pronounced in the early period and are somewhat higher in the cocks. During the period of sexual maturation both processes are more intensive in the hens; owing to them, the total weight of the abdominal fatty tissue of hens increases both absolutely and relatively in comparison with the cocks. The cellularity of the first population of adipocytes is assumed to culminate at the age of three to five weeks. Then follows the cellularity of the second population which persists throughout sexual maturation. The pictures of hyperplasia and hypertrophy are qualitatively the same in different production types of fowl, but the size is twice as large in the broiler type than in the laying type of fowl.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl.

During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on lysosomal enzymes in the domestic fowl.

During the 2 h following the injection of chickens (aged nine to 11 weeks) with endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O78) there was a transient rise in the activity of acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the plasma, suggesting increased release of these enzymes from lysosomes. This was followed by a fall in their activity which may have been due largely to stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane brought about by increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and/or accelerated removal of the enzymes from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Vascular pattern of the developing intertarsal joint in the domestic fowl.

The origin and nature of vascular canals in the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus of the fowl have been described. The vascular pattern was modified at different stages of growth and there were anastomoses between epiphyseal vascular canals in the proximal tarsometatarsus. Such anastomoses are not seen in other bone extremities of the fowl and their presence may be a consequence of the incorporation of tarsal elements in proximal tarsometatarsi. In all the distal tibiotarsi examined, a third epiphyseal ossification centre was present. The pattern of metaphyseal vessels in the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus was altered in some young chicks. This finding may be the result of abnormal angulation of the intertarsal joint which would result in uneven joint loading.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Vascular pattern of the developing knee joint in the domestic fowl.

Laying strain fowls were reared from hatching till 20 weeks old. Birds were killed throughout the growth period and specimens from the distal femur and proximal tibiotarsus prepared for study. The origin and nature of cartilage canals were established in the two bone extremities. The canals follow a pattern of development which was similar in fowls of the same age. Similarities were noted with the vascular patterns reported in other species. The epiphyseal ossification centre of the proximal tibiotarsus formed in an area extensively perfused by cartilage canals. Anastomoses occurred between epiphyseal vascular canals in association with the formation and growth of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus. Anastomoses between epiphyseal vascular canals did not occur at any other site. The development of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus suggests that this is a traction epiphysis.

Animals↗