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PubMed2002

[Partial androgen deficiency in aging males].

Partial androgen deficiency in aging males can be defined as a clincal condition characterized by a partial deficiency of androgen in blood and/or a decrease genomic sensitivity to testosterone or its active metabolites in target tissues. This state of hypogondism leads to a decline of physical energy, an altered state of well-being, a sexual dysfunction and various metabolic alterations. Testosterone supplement therapy can improve all these symptoms.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

[Epidural anesthesia in a child with femoral fracture and congenital pain insensitivity].

An 8-year-old boy with congenital insensitivity to pain underwent open reduction of a fractured femur with osteosynthesis under epidural block, without complications and with intraoperative hemodynamic stability. The postoperative course was favorable with minimal analgesia. Congenital insensitivity to pain is a rare hereditary condition characterized by abnormal response to painful stimuli and associated with orthopedic complications requiring surgery. Anesthesia is essential because, even though pain is absent, autonomic dysfunction and catecholamine metabolism alterations are present. An epidural block can be recommended for patients with congenital insensitivity to pain who must undergo surgery.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗

PubMed2003

[The risk of gestational diabetes is established since fetal and postnatal period].

Gestational diabetes (GD) it is a dysfunction in the metabolism of the carbohydrates, considered as a presage factor to expose the susceptibility to the later development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Recently, has it been determined that each woman acquires the risk for DG from the fetal life, where an adverse intra-uterine environment avoid normal organogenesis developed, and the cells of the pancreatic islands have a limited function. This way when taking into account the weight at birth there was a proportion to GD of up 25% for the women that had low birth weight, the association with the type of neonatal feeding showed also that the nursing at least during 2 months takes to a smaller diabetes incidence (30.1%), in contrast with the feeding absence to the maternal breast (43.6%). The experimental studies have demonstrated that the prolactin and lactogen placental have direct effect on the islands of Langerhans, where diminish the transport of glucose, other results indicate that the plasm contains some factors able to decrease the metabolism of glucose in muscle. The mass of pancreatic cells also increases to compensate the metabolic changes of the pregnancy, this increase could be affected if restriction will be presented in the diet that would hinder the normal development of the islands in consequence. The above-mentioned points to that the main problem could be the pancreatic islands, which lose its mechanisms to regulate the physiologic secretion of insulin for some reason. As factors of risk that at the present time are studied with growing interest they are the low birth weigh, the nursing, the quantity and the feeding type in the first childhood.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Native protein glycoxidation and aging.

Structural and functional alterations of proteins are observed during aging. Glycation of long half-life proteins, involving reducing carbohydrates, leads to the formation of intra and intermolecular cross-links and the production of free radicals. These processes depend on the amount of glucose available and on molecular oxygen which contributes to the production of free radicals. These processes are observed without dysfunction of carbohydrate metabolism and progress with age. However, whether this process is a primary cause or a consequence of aging remains a question of debate. Prevention of excessive glycoxidation could be a goal of recommendations designed to control the tissular alterations occurring in aging.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Biochemical stress indicators of greater wax moth exposure to organophosphorus insecticides.

Although acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the primary target of organophosphorus insecticides (OPs), increasing evidence regarding their secondary effects suggests that OPs disturb homeostasis of insects by generating free radical intermediates that trigger lipid peroxidation. We therefore investigated alterations in lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, in conjunction with AChE activity as biochemical stress indicators in greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae for OPs methyl parathion (MP) and ethyl parathion (EP). The effects of MP and EP were first investigated by rearing the young larvae on an artificial diet containing 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ppm of each insecticide. Second, the mature larvae were injected with 0.05, 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 ng of insecticides for determining the changes in biochemical stress responses. The diet with lowest level of MP significantly decreased the activities of all measured enzymes, whereas it increased MDA content. However ALT and AST were significantly higher in the larvae reared with the diet with high levels of MP than in control larvae. All tested levels of MP resulted in a decrease in AChE activity. The lowest level of EP in diet (0.01 ppm) significantly increased ALT activity, whereas it reduced that of AChE. This insecticide at 0.1 ppm resulted in reduced AST activity, but 1 ppm in diet elevated AST activity and MDA content. EP at 0.1 ppm and higher levels in the diet reduced ALT activity. All dietary EP levels significantly decreased AChE activity. ALT, AST, and AChE were lower in larvae fed with the diet containing 100 ppm ethyl parathion compared with larvae on control diet. MP at 50 ng per larva increased ALT and AST activities from 35.42 +/- 0.74 and 26.34 +/- 0.83 to 203.57 +/- 1.09, and 122.90 +/- 1.21 U/g, respectively, when the mature larvae were injected. All injected doses of EP dramatically reduced both ALT and AST activities, but only the lowest and highest levels of this insecticide decreased AChE activity. The lowest level of this insecticide also significantly increased MDA content in larvae. High levels of both insecticides increased MDA content. We observed a significant higher increase in MDA content in the larvae reared with 10 ppm EP (102.16 +/- 1.57 nmol/g protein) than the control group (30.28 +/- 1.42 nmol/g protein). These results suggest that OPs caused the metabolic and synaptic dysfunctions in greater wax moth and alter its biochemical physiology in response to oxidative stress.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed2006

[Pathogenetic mechanisms of tension headache development].

Tension headache (TH) belongs to the most frequent type of idiopathic headaches. Depression and dysfunction of serotonin metabolism play a key role in the pathogenesis of TH. The study of headache intensity, psychometric testing and determination of blood serotonin (S) concentration using the method of enzyme immunoassay before and after treatment with antidepressant prodep were performed in 140 patients with TH. All the patients had moderate pain syndrome, depression and anxiety of high and moderate severity that were in inverse correlation with blood S concentration. Association of high indices of state (46.81 +/- 8.86 scores) and trait (54.2 +/- 7.64) anxiety and depression (22.4 +/- 6.84, the Beck depression scale) with the marked decrease of blood S (119.38 +/- 51.2 ng/ml) was found in 96 patients of this group. The significant reduction of headache intensity and depression and the increase of serum S after prodep therapy was observed. Therefore, a serum S level may be regarded as a marker of pain intensity and depression level and an objective index of antidepressants efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Phase I bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of hexamethylene bisacetamide (NSC 95580) administered via nasogastric tube.

A Phase I clinical trial and pharmacological study of nasogastrically administered hexamethylene bisacetamide, a polar-planar compound with in vitro differentiating activity, was conducted in 14 adult patients with refractory cancer. Hexamethylene bisacetamide was administered as a 5% (w/v) solution via a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube every 4 h for 5 days, followed in 21 days by a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion at the same daily dose. Parenteral drug administration was then continued at the same interval in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Three patients each were treated at doses of 12 and 24 g/m2/day, while eight patients received a dose of 30 g/m2/day. Toxicity was comparable for both routes of drug administration at the above doses. Nasogastrically administered hexamethylene bisacetamide was well tolerated at the lower doses, whereas neurotoxicity and nausea and vomiting were the major, but manageable, toxicities at 30 g/m2/day. Metabolic acidosis, renal dysfunction, mucositis, and thrombocytopenia were the other commonly observed drug toxicities at this dose. No objective tumor responses were observed. Hexamethylene bisacetamide was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a mean measured bioavailability of 99 +/- 15%. Pharmacokinetic parameters for hexamethylene bisacetamide and plasma concentrations of the two major metabolites, N-acetyl-1,6-diaminohexane and 6-acetamidohexanoic acid, were similar for either route of administration in individual patients. Hexamethylene bisacetamide exhibited apparent monoexponential plasma elimination after either nasogastric or parenteral administration with 27 to 60% of the administered dose being excreted in the urine as parent compound. Based on its demonstrated complete bioavailability and tolerability, nasogastric administration of hexamethylene bisacetamide can be directly and safely substituted for the comparable i.v. dose.

Acetamides↗

PubMed1989

Altered hepatic junctional permeability, bile acid excretion and glutathione efflux during oxidant challenge.

Hepatobiliary functions during administration of the thiol-oxidizing agents t-butyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, diamide and menadione were monitored in the isolated rat liver perfused with a recirculating fluorocarbon emulsion. Because these agents are detoxified largely by glutathione-dependent mechanisms, efflux of reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide into bile and perfusate was measured, along with bile flow, excretion of endogenous bile acids, lactate dehydrogenase release and the bile/perfusate ratios of [14C]sucrose (a marker of junctional permeability) and [3H]polyethylene glycol-900 (a substance concentrated in bile, presumably by a vesicular transport pathway). All agents enhanced the rate of glutathione efflux from the liver, reflecting increased formation of glutathione disulfide. At low doses of the thiol-oxidants, most of the additional glutathione released by the liver appeared in bile, whereas at higher doses the fraction appearing in the sinusoidal circulation increased. This enhanced glutathione disulfide release was associated with a decrease in endogenous bile acid excretion and in the bile/perfusate ratio of [3H]polyethylene glycol, and an increase in the bile/perfusate ratio of [14C]sucrose. These deleterious changes were reversible, and were noted at doses that had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase release, and only small effects on perfusion pressure. Bile flow was decreased by t-butyl hydroperoxide and H2O2, and increased by diamide (100 mumol) and menadione (20 mumol). These results indicate that alterations in hepatic thiol-redox status lead to an impairment of bile acid excretion, junctional integrity and bile formation. These functional parameters appear sensitive to the effects of oxidizing agents, and probably contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary dysfunction during the metabolism of certain drugs and xenobiotics.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Blood plasma peptides of rats after administration of ethanol or acetaldehyde.

The blood plasma peptide fractions labelled with 3H-leucine after chronic administration of ethanol or acetaldehyde in rats have been analysed. Total 3H-leucine radioactivity in peptide fraction calculated per millilitre of plasma in both study groups was significantly decreased. The amount of peptide spots obtained by tlc in the ethanol-treated group or acetaldehyde-treated group was reduced in comparison with the control group. Analysis of amino acid composition of atypical spots occurring in both test groups revealed the presence of aromatic amino acids and methionine, but was associated with the absence of branched-chain amino acids, such as valine, leucine and isoleucine. These findings suggest a change in protein metabolism in hepatic dysfunction in rats receiving ethanol or acetaldehyde.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed1988

[Somatic disturbances in anorexia nervosa].

This article summarizes a variety of physiological abnormalities found in anorexia nervosa. Metabolic aberrations, endocrine dysfunctions and other physical complications including those of weight-restoring treatments are discussed. Most of them are due to weight loss and the starvation process itself and revert to normal with nutritional rehabilitation.

Anorexia Nervosa↗

PubMed1988

Recurrent skin infections: a diagnostic enigma.

Our 25 years of experience with treating patients with recurrent skin infections has resulted in a rational plan that usually solves this diagnostic enigma. Our evaluation consists of a comprehensive examination of the infected tissue, as well as a search for systemic factors and diseases that interfere with host defenses and/or the biology of wound repair. Patient assessment begins with a detailed history, a search for foreign bodies in the wound, as well as histologic and microbiologic examinations of the infected tissue. Clinical recognition and laboratory evaluation for metabolic and endocrinologic dysfunction, a deficiency of the immune system, protein-calorie malnutrition, or a specific defect in collagen synthesis are other integral components of our diagnostic plan for patients with recurrent skin infections.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1988

The liver peptides after chronic administration of ethanol in rats.

The liver peptide fractions labelled with 3H-arginine after chronic administration of ethanol to rats have been analysed by gel filtration chromatography and tlc. Specific 3H-arginine radioactivity in the liver peptide fraction calculated per micrograms of alpha-amino nitrogen was significantly decreased by alcohol. The amount of peptide spots obtained by tlc in the ethanol-treated group was reduced in comparison with the control group. The findings suggest a change in the protein metabolism in hepatic dysfunction in rats receiving ethanol over a prolonged period.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1985

Pathologic findings in adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency. I. Kidney, adrenal, and chondro-osseous tissue alterations.

The authors have reviewed the autopsies of 8 patients with adenosine-deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID). Several new findings in nonlymphoid organs, including kidney and adrenal gland, and chondro-osseous tissue indicate the multisystem nature of this disorder. Examination of renal tissue in 7 of 8 cases showed mesangial sclerosis. This was confirmed in 3 cases by electron microscopy. One case, treated with multiple erythrocyte partial exchange transfusions for several years, had no mesangial sclerosis. Six of 8 cases showed adrenal-gland cortical sclerosis. Chondro-osseous tissue from vertebrae and costochondral junctions of 4 cases examined showed typical alterations previously reported in ADA-SCID such as short growth plates with few proliferating and some hypertrophic chondrocytes. The authors report the new observations of necrotic chondrocytes, as well as large amounts of cellular debris. These changes were not observed in the 2 other patients examined, who received bone marrow or multiple partial exchange transfusions. The distribution and severity of these lesions, their relationship to ADA replacement therapy, and their homology to mice treated with a potent ADA inhibitor suggests that, in addition to lymphoid dysfunction, disordered nucleoside metabolism due to absent ADA activity in ADA-SCID may be the cause of diverse multi-system pathologic changes in tissues which continue to differentiate or mature after birth.

Adenosine Deaminase↗

PubMed1983

Biologic and clinical significance of red cell ferritin.

Red cell ferritin was measured in normal subjects and patients with disorders of iron metabolism, inflammation, liver dysfunction, impaired hemoglobin synthesis, and increased red cell turnover by means of radioimmunoassays with antibodies to liver (basic) and heart (acidic) ferritins. The normal mean values for basic and acidic ferritin were 8.9 and 22.7 altogram (ag)/cell, respectively. The red cell ferritin content reflected changes occurring in tissues both in iron deficiency and iron overload. Basic ferritin was more closely related to the body iron status than acidic ferritin, and the acidic/basic ferritin ratio was increased in iron deficiency and decreased in iron overload. The major factor determining the red cell ferritin content appeared to be the transferrin saturation, that is, the distribution of iron between monoferric and diferric transferrin. This is in keeping with recent data indicating a competitive advantage of diferric transferrin in delivering iron to erythroid cells. In addition, the red cell ferritin content was increased in thalassemic patients with normal iron status, appearing to be inversely related to the rate of hemoglobin synthesis. The determination of red cell ferritin, based on a commercially available basic ferritin assay, can have clinical application. It can be used for evaluating the adequacy of the iron supply to the erythroid marrow, particularly in patients with increased red cell turnover. Moreover, it may be useful in evaluating the body iron status in patients with hemochromatosis and liver disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

HBs antigen and blood glucose concentration.

HBsAg presence was studied by counterelectrophoresis (CEP) in 76 patients with liver cirrhosis and in 431 patients with diabetes mellitus. A striking correlation was found between high blood glucose values and HBsAg absence. Thus, HBsAg-negative cirrhotics (53%) had significantly higher levels of glycemia than the HBsAg-positive patients of the same age group, i.e. 95.75 +/- 6.36 ng/100 ml compared to 78.30 +/- 10.2/100 ml. This absence of HBsAg was also observed in all diabetics but one. As the incidence of HBsAg (CEP) was found to be of 3.63% in 253,460 subjects from different areas of Romania and 6.84% in 14,690 subjects with various non-hepatic diseases included, the chance of finding the 0.2% HBsAg incidence observed in the diabetics would be less than 0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively. The serum HBsAg absence in cirrhotics with high glycemia and in diabetics strongly incriminates the constant high concentrations of blood glucose as the main factor responsible for this negativity. The effect may be direct on virus replication, or indirect, by metabolically-induced hepatic dysfunction interfering with HBsAg secretion or excretion. The presence of high concentrations of glucose in cell culture media might explain the repeated failure of hepatitis B virus serial passage in tissue or organ culture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Myocardial protection by warm blood cardioplegia. A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of an isolated perfused rat heart.

OBJECTIVE: A study of the protective efficiency imparted by intermittent warm blood cardioplegia (WBCP) using perfused rat heart model. METHODS: Hemodynamic parameters were monitored simultaneously with metabolic changes in high-energy phosphates using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Following 30 min perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit (KH) buffer, all hearts were arrested for one hour (G1 and G2) and than reperfused with KH for 30 minutes. A warm oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegia (WCCP, modified St Thomas' hospital solution) was used for the control group (G1). The second group of hearts (G2) were arrested with oxygenated WBCP (K+ = 15 mM; Hct = 15-20%) and the third group (G3), was subjected to a protocol consisting of 4 periods (10 min each) of WBCP interspersed by 10 min of global ischaemia. RESULTS: The post-arrest percentage recoveries of LVDP, +dP/dt and HR were respectively: 88, 93 and 90 for G1 (n = 8); 97, 100 and 98 for G2 (n = 10); 76, 79 and 91 for G3 (n = 12). The corresponding metabolic recoveries of ATP and PCr were respectively, 85 and 90 for G1; 91 and 98 for G2 and 73 and 85 for G3. The PCr level declined during the arrest period in G1 contrasting with elevated PCr level (> 140%) during the WBCP arrest in G2. After an initial rise to approximately 140%, PCr level gradually decreased during the intermittent WBCP interval (G3). CONCLUSIONS: At normothermia, with equal CF rates, continuous WBCP provides better myocardial protection, through an effective oxygen supply, compared with WCCP. During the intermittent periods of ischaemia, certain metabolic and hemodynamic dysfunction occurs.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Sex hormone replacement following menopause--for all women? A plea for prevention using estrogens and gestagens].

After the menopause, a growing proportion of women will have a good chance to add three decades or more to their lifetime. They must decide whether to start long-term hormonal replacement therapy or to accept the risks of osteoporosis, fracture, cardiovascular disease, and a variety of psychological and physical problems as 'natural' destiny. The syndrome of postmenopausal endocrine deficiency is a primary glandular insufficiency, which in principle requires substitution with the secretory product of the gland. Postmenopausal osteoporosis and fractures are consequences of a pathological dysfunction of calcium metabolism. After estrogen withdrawal, the impaired hepatic and renal synthesis of calcitriol will result in a reduced intestinal resorption of calcium. Parathyroid hormone may initiate a vicious circle by acceleration of bone resorption, mobilization of bone calcium and a tendency to hypercalcemia. The failure to preserve circulating calcium due to 'escape' from calcitonin and a decreased renal tubular back-resorption are followed by an increased loss of calcium from a 'renal calcium leak', resulting in hypercalcuria. In order to maintain homeostasis, additional calcium is required, which will be supplied from accelerated bone resorption. Thus, the circle is closed by renewed osteolysis. The process is associated with accelerated bone turnover and a negative balance of calcium and bone. After a variable time interval which depends on the individual bone mass and rate of bone loss, these events will inevitably result in osteoporosis. Estrogen replacement will interrupt the circle, decelerate bone turnover, and re-establish a positive balance of calcium and bone. Estrogen withdrawal also favors an 'atherogenic' set of lipoproteins, which is strongly associated with increased coronary risk. Substitution with estrogens will favor a 'protective' profile of lipoproteins and cut the cardiovascular risk to about one half. Progestogens, in particular the 17 alpha-alkylated 19-nor-steroids, may reduce the favorable effects of estrogens on lipoproteins in a dose-dependent manner; however, they do not impair the antiatherogenic estrogen effects, even in presence of an atherogenic profile of lipoproteins. Thus, these anti-estrogenic effects of progestogens, at least in nonhuman primates, do not have clinical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1995

[The function of red blood cells during experimental hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock].

The changes of P50, 2, 3-DPG, intracellular ATP, and erythrocyte deformability as function of red blood cells during hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock were studied in 12 anesthetized mongrel dogs. Hypotension due to hemorrhagic shock was induced by removing 40 ml.kg-1 of blood in 30 minutes. The function of red blood cells remained normal during hemorrhagic shock, because P50 was unchanged and 2, 3-DPG decreased slightly, whereas intracellular ATP increased. Endotoxin shock was induced using a 30-minute continuous infusion of Escherichia coli 055 endotoxin 5 mg.kg-1. Levels of 2, 3-DPG, and intracellular ATP decreased significantly, and P50 tended to decrease. These data suggest that the disturbance in the function of red blood cells may be causing dysfunction of oxygen metabolism in tissues in these dogs.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗