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PubMed1999

Inhibin B is a more sensitive marker of spermatogenetic damage than FSH in the irradiated non-human primate model.

This study evaluated the effect of bilateral testicular irradiation (2 Gy) on reproductive hormones, testicular volume (TV) and sperm parameters in six adult cynomolgus monkeys. Hormone levels (FSH, inhibin B and testosterone (T)) were determined to find the most valuable endocrine marker of irradiation-induced damage. All parameters were analysed at weekly intervals for 14 weeks. Histological evaluation of both testes was performed at week 14 after irradiation when one monkey was castrated and at week 27 when the remaining five monkeys were bilaterally biopsied. A decrease in body weight, TV (30% of the pre-treatment size) and sperm count was observed after irradiation. Severe oligozoospermia was achieved throughout the study but azoospermia was recorded only occasionally. Histological evaluation revealed a heterogeneous picture with patchy arrangement of seminiferous tubules containing advanced germ cell types. An increase (P<0.05) in FSH levels and, to a lesser degree also in T levels, occurred several weeks after irradiation. Inhibin B levels showed a sharp decline (P<0.001) as soon as 1 week after irradiation. FSH and inhibin B did not return to baseline levels during the observation period. A negative correlation was found between FSH and inhibin B values (r=-0.35, P<0.001). Inhibin B correlated positively with testis volume (r=0.73, P<0.001) and sperm counts (r=0.55, P<0.01). In conclusion, this study shows that inhibin B represents an early and more sensitive marker of testicular damage than FSH. Furthermore, the rapid fall of inhibin B after irradiation suggests that this hormone is a direct parameter of premeiotic germ cell proliferation.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

A method for the geometric and densitometric standardization of intraoral radiographs.

The interpretation of dental radiographs for the diagnosis of periodontal disease conditions poses several difficulties. These include the inability to adequately reproduce the projection geometry and optical density of the exposures. In order to improve the ability to extract accurate quantitative information from a radiographic survey of periodontal status, a method was developed which provided for consistent reproduction of both geometric and densitometric exposure parameters. This technique employed vertical bitewing projections in holders customized to individual segments of the dentition. A copper stepwedge was designed to provide densitometric standardization, and wire markers were included to permit measurement of angular variation. In a series of 53 paired radiographs, measurement of alveolar crest heights was found to be reproducible within approximately 0.1 mm. This method provided a full mouth radiographic survey using seven films, each complete with internal standards suitable for computer-based image processing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1998

Genetic parameters for sex-specific traits in beef cattle.

Data from 3,593 beef heifers and 4,079 of their steer paternal half-sibs were used to estimate genetic parameters of and among female growth and reproductive traits and male carcass traits. Estimates of heritability for adjusted 205-d weight, adjusted 365-d weight, age at puberty, calving rate, and calving difficulty measured on females were .16, .38, .47, .19, and .18, respectively; estimates for calving rate and calving difficulty were expressed on a normal scale. Estimates of heritability for hot carcass weight; retail product percentage; fat percentage; bone percentage; rib eye area; kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage; adjusted fat thickness; marbling score; Warner-Bratzler shear force; taste panel tenderness; taste panel juiciness; and taste panel flavor that were measured on steers at an average age of 447 d (weaning age = 185, days on feed = 262) were .50, .66, .58, .54, .61, .48, .66, .71, .26, .31, .00, and .04, respectively. Genetic correlations were positive for heifer weights with hot carcass weight, fat percentage, rib eye area, adjusted fat thickness, marbling score, and Warner-Bratzler shear force, and they were negative with retail product percentage and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage of steers. Age at puberty was genetically correlated with taste panel tenderness but not with other carcass traits. Calving rate had positive genetic correlations with fat percentage, rib eye area, adjusted fat thickness, and taste panel flavor, and it had negative genetic correlations with retail product percentage; bone percentage; and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage. Calving difficulty had favorable genetic correlations with hot carcass weight, retail product percentage, and measures of carcass tenderness, but it was unfavorably correlated with traits that involve carcass fatness. These results indicate that selection for some traits expressed in one sex of beef cattle may result in undesirable responses in traits expressed in the opposite sex.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Genetic analysis of age at first service, return rate, litter size, and weaning-to-first service interval of gilts and sows.

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of seven traits related to sow reproductive performance. Data on all Norwegian Landrace pigs (NL) born in nucleus herds and raised in nucleus or multiplying herds from 1990 to 2000 were extracted from the Norwegian national recording scheme. Reproductive traits investigated were age at first service (AFS), return rate in gilts (RRg), age at first farrowing (AFF), live-born piglets in the first litter (NBA1), interval from weaning to first service after first litter (WTS1), return rate after first litter (RR1), live-born piglets in the second litter (NBA2), and interval from weaning to first service after second litter (WTS2). After editing, the data set comprised 12,583 to 56,042 records, depending on the trait. A mixed linear and a joint linear threshold animal model were used to estimate (co)variance components. A full Bayesian approach via Gibbs sampling was adopted. The statistical model used for analysis included contemporary groups of herd-year (-season), purebred or crossbred litter, single or double insemination, mating type, parity in which the animal was born, a regression on lactation length, and an additive genetic effect. Neither the estimated heritabilities nor the genetic correlations differed much between the two approaches, but there was a tendency for higher genetic correlations using the joint linear threshold model approach. Average heritabilities were as follows: AFS = 0.31; RRg = 0.03; RR1 = 0.02; NBA1 = 0.12; NBA2 = 0.14; WTS1 = 0.08; and WTS2 = 0.03. The highest genetic correlations were estimated between NBA1 and NBA2 (r(g) = 0.95), RR1 and WTS1 (r(g) = 0.93), and between WTS1 and WTS2 (r(g) = 0.78). The estimated genetic correlation between NBA and WTS were close to zero. Selection for increased NBA will slightly increase AFS and reduce the probability of a return. Selection for decreased AFS will have a favorable effect on WTS intervals; however, selection for decreased AFS seems to have an unfavorable effect on return rate both on gilts and sows. Conversely, selection for decreased WTS intervals will reduce the probability of a return. Potential selection candidates to include in a multivariate fertility index are AFS, NBA, and WTS1. Due to the low heritability and low, but favorable, genetic correlations to NBA and WTS, RR is not recommended as a selection candidate.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hypoosmotic swelling test for quality control of sperm prepared for assisted reproduction.

This study evaluates the clinical usefulness of one additional parameter for assessment of human sperm cell function in vitro--the hypoosmotic swelling test. The hypoosmotic swelling test evaluated the functional integrity of the sperm plasma membrane. The investigation included a comparison of the hypoosmotic swelling test in samples containing motile and immotile spermatozoa and their correlation with the intrauterine insemination outcome. Motile spermatozoa expressed better membrane characteristics, without any importance of the hypoosmotic conditions. Positive correlation exists between HOS results and the outcome of IUI. This test can be a useful addition to the standard battery of semen analyzing tests.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1998

Automatic classification of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions using an artificial neural network.

The increasing use of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) in large neonatal hearing screening programmes makes a standardized method of response classification desirable. Until now methods have been either subjective or based on arbitrary response characteristics. This study takes an expert system approach to standardize the subjective judgements of an experienced scorer. The method that is developed comprises three stages. First, it transforms TEOAEs from waveforms in the time domain into a simplified parameter set. Second, the parameter set is classified by an artificial neural network that has been taught on a large database TEOAE waveforms and corresponding expert scores. Third, additional fuzzy logic rules automatically detect probable artefacts in the waveforms and synchronized spontaneous emission components. In this way, the knowledge of the experienced scorer is encapsulated in the expert system software and thereafter can be accessed by non-experts. Teaching and evaluation of the neural network was based on TEOAEs from a database totalling 2190 neonatal hearing screening tests. The database was divided into learning and test groups with 820 and 1370 waveforms respectively. From each recorded waveform a set of 12 parameters was calculated, representing signal static and dynamic properties. The artifical network was taught with parameter sets of only the learning groups. Reproduction of the human scorer classification by the neural net in the learning group showed a sensitivity for detecting screen fails of 99.3% (299 from 301 failed results on subjective scoring) and a specificity for detecting screen passes of 81.1% (421 of 519 pass results). To quantify the post hoc performance of the net (generalization), the test group was then presented to the network input. Sensitivity was 99.4% (474 from 477) and specificity was 87.3% (780 from 893). To check the efficiency of the classification method, a second learning group was selected out of the previous test group, and the previous learning group was used as the test group. Repeating learning and test procedures yielded 99.3% sensitivity and 80.7% specificity for reproduction, and 99.4% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity for generalization. In all respects, performance was better than for a previously optimized method based simply on cross-correlation between replicate non-linear waveforms. It is concluded that classification methods based on neural networks show promise for application to large neonatal screening programmes utilizing TEOAEs.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1998

Selection for economic efficiency of dairy cattle using information on live weight and feed intake: a review.

The objective of this study was to review some of the latest evidence of genetic variation in feed intake and feed utilization and to determine how this variation might be used. The most important sources of genetic variation in gross efficiency are likely to be the quantities of feed eaten and used for yield or maintenance and the extent to which body tissue is mobilized. Accounting for just one of these components when selection is for improved feed efficiency might result in undesirable genetic changes. For example, in an ad libitum feeding system, the heritability of body condition score is reported to be 0.43 for heifers; genetic correlations of body condition score with milk production and live weight were -0.46 and 0.66, respectively. Also, the genetic correlation between milk yield and live weight depends on lactation stage. For example, over the first 26 wk of lactation, this correlation was reported to be -0.09, but, after genetic adjustment for body condition score, the correlation was 0.29. When economic values are being derived, energy norms or genetic correlations can be used, and double counting of the feed costs needs to be avoided. An index that contained linear type traits, however, gave high accuracy of selection. Hence, although there appears to be great potential to improve economic efficiency by selecting for feed intake and live weight or by possible indicator traits, there is still uncertainty about some of the genetic parameters, especially among traits related to health, reproduction, and energy balance.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

Setting up of an original computer-assisted methodology to characterize in vitro drug-induced anti-angiogenic effects.

The development of angiogenesis within a tumor brings on a sequence of extremely complex molecular events. We have developed a methodology which enables a wide set of biological parameters to be quantitatively determined in the field of anti-angiogenesis pharmacology. This methodology which includes a video cell tracking device, is unique because it offers the possibility of evaluating the specific influence of a given compound with potential anti-angiogenic properties on cell cycle kinetics, cell death, global cell line growth, and cell motility. We chose TNP-470, a synthetic analogue of fumagilin, to test our methodology on HUVEC cell lines taken from various human umbilical cord veins. The experiments carried out with TNP-470 did not confirm all the data reported in the literature. Our results show that i) TNP-470 could be considered as a cytotoxic agent; ii) this compound had an apparently marginal cytostatic effect; and iii) it did not increase the apoptosis level. Our methodology also revealed that the HUVEC cell lines are very heterogeneous in terms of different biological parameters. This highlights the problem of the reproductibility of the result.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗

PubMed1999

Hematological and serum chemistry profiles of free-ranging southern two-toed sloths in French Guiana.

Free-ranging southern two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus) were translocated during the flooding of a forest at a hydroelectric dam site in French Guiana. Over an 11 mo period blood samples were collected from 90 sloths (38 males, 52 females) in order to determine hematological and serum chemistry reference values. Mean values and range of values were calculated for 13 hematological and 21 serum chemistry parameters. Variations associated with sex, age and reproductive status were identified. Males had a significantly lower red blood cell count than females. Immature animals had more monocytes while adults had more neutrophils and higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Aspartate aminotransferase and triglyceride values were higher in young than in adult sloths but uric acid was lower. Lactating females showed lower red blood cells count and iron levels than non-lactating females. These profiles will help to provide reliable baseline data for medical evaluation of sloths.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Effects of metformin on the plasminogen activator system, endocrine, metabolic profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and clomiphene resistant cases].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the therapeutic effects of metformin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and clomiphene (CC) resistant cases. METHODS: Thirty one patients with PCOS, including 8 CC resistant cases were studied. Serum tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), menstrual and reproductive hormone patterns, lipid and glucose metabolic parameters, bilateral ovarian volume, side effects were determined before and after oral administration of metformin 375 mg three times daily for 12 - 16 weeks. Metformin and CC were co-administered in CC resistant cases who had not restored their menstrual cycle after the treatment with metformin alone for investigating ovulation rate. In the remaining non-CC resistant metformin failure cases the dosage of metformin was incrersed to 500 mg three times daily for investigating menstrual cycle. RESULTS: After administration of metformin for 12 - 16 weeks, serum PAI-1, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, androstenedione, testosterone, low density liproprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, fasting insulin concentration and response to oral glucose tolerant test (OGTT), diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly, while FSH and estradiol levels increased, bilateral ovarian volume shrunk significantly (P < 0.05 - 0.01). Body mass index, waist hip ratio, LH, tPA, systolic blood pressure, prolactin, fasting glucose concentration and response to OGTT, high density liproprotein-cholesterol, apoliprotein A, apoliprotein B, triglycerides levels did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Nineteen out of thirty one cases (61%) had restoration of menstrual cycle, 2 became pregnant. In 6 CC resistant cases who had not restoration of menstrual cycle after the treatment with metformin, CC induced ovulation in 12/18 cycles or 5/6 cases and 2 pregnancies achieved. In others 6 metformin failure cases the dosage of metformin was increased to 500 mg three times daily, one restored menstrual cycle and became pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin may ameliorate the PAI-1, endocrine, metabolic profiles and menstrual abnormalities and improve the ovarian response to CC in CC resistant cases. Metformin provides a safe and effective approach to the treatment of PCOS.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Clinico-morphological characteristics of retrocervical endometriosis].

Clinico-morphologic parameters are described in 18 patients of reproductive age before and after hormonal treatment. There was no clear-cut correlation between morphofunctional endometrial state and endometrioid heterotopies. It did not seem possible to identify the phase of the cycle on the basis of the structural pattern of retrocervical endometriosis. Electron microscopic findings in endometriosis sites were suggestive of considerable variability of epithelial cell activity in different glands as well as within the same gland. Post-treatment structural pattern of retrocervical endometriosis does not exclude the possibility that steroids only block cyclic changes in the functional glandular epithelium, having no effect on nonactive cell elements. In spite of dystrophic changes, present in many retrocervical endometriosis sites, hormonal treatment did not eliminate endometrioid heterotopies, but only relieved pain.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Temporal organization of living organisms and the problem of reproducing results of magnetobiological studies].

The analysis of bad reproduction of experimental magnetobiological results was realized onto experimental data for extremely low frequency magnetic field influence on leucocytes level in animal blood. It was shown that one of the causes of bad experimental results reproduction is a dynamism of temporal organization parameters in animals that used as a biological control.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The effect of disease life history on the evolutionary emergence of novel pathogens.

We present a general analytical result for the probability that a newly introduced pathogen will evolve adaptations that allow it to maintain itself within any novel host population, as a function of disease life-history parameters. We demonstrate that this probability of "evolutionary emergence" depends on two key properties of the disease life history: (i) the basic reproduction number and (ii) the expected duration of an infection. These parameters encapsulate all of the relevant information and can be combined in a very simple expression, with estimates for the rates of adaptive mutation, to predict the probability of emergence for any novel pathogen. In general, diseases that initially have a large reproductive number and/or that cause relatively long infections are the most prone to evolutionary adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

Seasonal-dependent effect of temperature on the response of adenylate cyclase to FSH stimulation in the oviparous lizard, Podarcis sicula.

The study of environmental factors affecting vertebrate reproduction has long interested both developmental and evolutionary biologists. Although photoperiod has been considered to be an important environmental parameter for vertebrates such as birds, temperature is probably a primary external factor responsible for reproductive cyclicity in reptiles. In spite of the progress made in the understanding of reptilian reproductive strategies and adaptations, much remains to be learned about the interplay between endocrine physiological factors, such as hormones, and environmental parameters. In this report, we have examined the effects of in vivo administered FSH on oocyte recruitment during the most significant periods of the reproductive cycle of the lizard, Podarcis sicula. The results show that when FSH is administered in proximity to the reproductive period, it stimulates oocyte growth and ovulation; when the hormone is administered at the beginning of the winter stasis it affects ovarian activity without inducing ovulation. Ovarian adenylate cyclase activity is moderately sensitive to in vitro FSH stimulation during the pre- and post-reproductive periods. The sensitivity to hormone stimulation increases significantly during the reproductive period and winter stasis. We have also tested the hypothesis that environmental temperature affects the responsiveness of ovarian adenylate cyclase to FSH stimulation. For such a purpose, we exposed animals to 28 degrees C or 4 degrees C in different periods of the ovarian cycle. The results show that, whenever the temperature applied mimics the thermal regime of the coming season, adenylate cyclase sensitivity to FSH shifts towards levels that anticipate the natural responsiveness.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed2002

Host specificity dynamics: observations on gyrodactylid monogeneans.

The directly transmitted viviparous gyrodactylids have high species richness but low morphological and biological diversity, and many species are recorded from only a single host. They therefore constitute a guild of species ideal for studies of the evolutionary significance of host specificity. The group has the widest host range of any monogenean family, being found on 19 orders of bony fish. However, individual species range from narrowly specific (71% of 402 described species recorded from a single host) to extremely catholic (Gyrodactylus alviga recorded from 16 hosts). Gyrodactylid-host interactions extend from 60 mya (G. lotae, G. lucii) down to 150 years (G. derjavini on Oncorhynchus mykiss). Co-evolution with the host is comparatively rare within the gyrodactylids, but host switching or ecological transfer is common, and has been facilitated by the mixing of fish strains that followed glaciation. In this review, we consider the factors responsible for gyrodactylid specificity patterns, using examples from our work on salmonid gyrodactylids including G. salaris, responsible for major epidemics on wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway since 1975, and G. thymalli from grayling and G. derjavini from trout.G. salaris has a wide host range with highest population growth rates on Norwegian salmon strains. However, growth rates are variable on both host strains and species, because of the multitude of micro- and macro-environmental factors influencing parasite mortality and fecundity. A better predictor of performance is the proportion of fishes of a strain which are innately resistant to the parasite, a measure which is negatively correlated with the time to peak infection in a host strain. Population growth rate is also negatively correlated with age of infection; the initial rate, therefore, predicts best the suitability of a fish as host for G. salaris. The host response to gyrodactylids appears to be the same mechanism in all salmonids with innate resistance as one end of a spectrum, but influenced by stress and probably under polygenic control. Hybrid experiments show that performance of G. salaris on a host is heritable, and usually intermediate between that of the parents. This host response mechanism, coupled with the initial parasite population growth on a fish, determines the host specificity, i.e. whether the fish will be susceptible, a responder or innately resistant. The use of population growth rate parameters allows comparison of different hosts as a resource for a gyrodactylid. In the case of G. salaris, East Atlantic and Baltic strains of Atlantic salmon are core hosts, but other salmonids can physiologically sustain infections for considerable periods, and may be important in parasite dispersal and transmission. A further group of non-salmonid fishes are unable to sustain G. salaris reproduction, but can act as transport hosts.Population growth parameters are very labile to stressors and environmental factors, particularly temperature and salinity, and also other aspects of host ecology and water quality. These factors may also influence the spectrum of hosts that can be infected under particular conditions, and probably favoured ecological transfer of gyrodactylids between host species in periglacial conditions. G. salaris may still be undergoing post-glacial range expansion (aided by anthropogenic spread) as shown by the increase in the species range over the last 25 years. The origin of G. salaris, G. teuchis and G. thymalli is discussed in relation to glacial refugiums during the last ice age.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Dietary soy protein and isoflavones: minimal beneficial effects on bone and no effect on the reproductive tract of sexually mature ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary soy protein and isoflavones on bone and the reproductive tract in the absence of the ovary. DESIGN: Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 56) were either sham-operated or ovariectomized and then fed diets containing casein or soy protein +/- isoflavone extract for 12 weeks. The amounts of casein, soy protein, and extract (per kg diet) in each group were as follows: (1) Ovariectomy, 200 g of casein; (2) Ovariectomy+low soy, 100 g of casein + 100 g of soy protein; (3) Ovariectomy+high soy, 200 g of soy protein; (4) Ovariectomy+low extract, 200 g of casein + 17.2 g of extract; (5) Ovariectomy+high extract, 200 g of casein + 34.4 g of extract; (6) Ovary intact, 200 g of casein; (7) Ovariectomy+estradiol-17beta, 200 g of casein. Diet consumption, body weight, uterine weight, urine deoxypyridinoline, and bone mineral density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae were measured. The femur rigidity was evaluated by histomorphometry. The reproductive tract (uterus, vagina, and cervix) was studied histologically. RESULTS: The Ovariectomy group showed significant increases in body weight, diet consumption, and deoxypyridinoline, decreases in uterine weight and bone mineral density, and negative changes in histomorphometry compared with the Ovary intact group. Neither soy protein nor extract diets abrogated these alterations, except for the Ovariectomy+high extract group that showed statistically significant positive changes in histomorphometric parameters. There were no histological differences in the reproductive tract among Ovariectomy, Ovariectomy+soy, and Ovariectomy+extract groups. The estradiol-17beta replacement abrogated ovariectomy-induced alterations. CONCLUSION: Dietary intake of isoflavones by sexually mature ovariectomized rats has a minimal beneficial effect on bone with no effect on the reproductive tract.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Testicular toxicity of antineoplastic drugs during postnatal development of the rat.

A multidisciplinary approach was chosen to assess effects of anticancer drugs on the postnatally developing reproductive system. Male rats were treated once with doxorubicin (3 mg/kg bw i. p.) on either postnatal day 6, 16, 24, or 45. Mating studies, sperm counts, estimation of androgen binding protein and assessment of pathological parameters were performed at the time of onset of reproductive capacity of the controls and for 12 weeks thereafter. Male reproductive toxicity of doxorubicin was clearly dependent on the age at the time of treatment, being greatest for 6 day old animals and absent for 45 day old animals.

Androgen-Binding Protein↗

PubMed2003

Mitochondrial markers in the ant Leptothorax rugatulus reveal the population genetic consequences of female philopatry at different hierarchical levels.

Leptothorax rugatulus, an abundant North American ant, displays a conspicuous queen size polymorphism that is related to alternative reproductive tactics. Large queens participate mainly in mating flights and found new colonies independent of their mother colony. In contrast, small queens do not found new colonies independently, but seek readoption into their natal nest which results in multiple-queen colonies (polygyny). Populations differ strongly in the ratio of small to large queens, the prevalent reproductive tactic and colony social structure, according to ecological parameters such as nest site stability and population density. This study compares the genetic structure of two strongly differing populations within the same mountain range. Data from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA give no evidence for alien reproductives in polygynous colonies. The incidence of alien workers in colonies (as determined by mitochondrial haplotype) was low and did not differ between monogynous and polygynous colonies. We found significant population viscosity (isolation-by-distance) at the mitochondrial level in only the predominantly polygynous population, which supports the theoretical prediction that female philopatry leads to mtDNA-specific population structure. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity was similar in both populations. The genetic differentiation between the two investigated populations was moderate at the mitochondrial level, but not significantly different from zero when measured with microsatellites, which corroborates limited dispersal of females (but not males) at a larger scale.

Animals↗