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Results for “Resolution”

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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Are high-pass resolution perimetry thresholds sampling limited or optically limited?

PURPOSE: It has been reported that high-pass resolution perimetry (HRP) provides a means of noninvasively determining retinal ganglion cell density. However, there is evidence to suggest that this may not be true. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether HRP thresholds are sampling limited, which is a necessary condition for being able to determine retinal ganglion cell density psychophysically. METHODS: This study measured resolution and detection performance for a range of grating-based stimuli under the testing conditions that HRP uses and compared these with performance of the ring stimulus. RESULTS: The results show that detection and resolution acuity under HRP test conditions were often equivalent, in accordance with previous investigations. However, the results also show that the thresholds underestimated the true level of resolution acuity in the periphery because increasing stimulus contrast increased performance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HRP thresholds cannot be regarded as sampling limited, but rather they are optically limited. We therefore conclude that HRP thresholds cannot be regarded as a direct measure of the underlying ganglion cell density.

Cell Count↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Resolution of serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Influence of concomitant human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about resolution of serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after neurosyphilis treatment, especially in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). GOAL: To examine the time course of resolution of these abnormalities. STUDY DESIGN: Case series of 22 patients with neurosyphilis (13 infected with HIV) with reactive cerebrospinal fluid Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test who underwent at least one lumbar puncture after treatment. RESULTS: Resolution of all serum and cerebrospinal fluid measures was slower in patients infected with HIV. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities resolved in most patients not infected with HIV by 30 weeks, and all met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for cure. One patient infected with HIV failed therapy by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, and three others had persistent pleocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with neurosyphilis have slower resolution of serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after therapy. This observation may suggest impaired clearance of Treponema pallidum from the central nervous system.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of scanning resolution on retinal nerve fiber layer measurement using optical coherence tomography in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of varying the scanning resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement on diagnostic sensitivity and functional correlation in glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 314 eyes from 182 subjects including 107 normal eyes, 83 glaucoma suspect eyes, and 124 glaucoma eyes were included in this cross-sectional study. Standard automated perimetry and OCT measurement of RNFL thickness were performed. Each individual underwent two scanning protocols: (1) fast RNFL thickness (3.4) scan (with resolution of 256 scan points) and (2) RNFL thickness (3.4) scan (with resolution of 512 scan points). RNFL thickness was compared among the groups. Diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. Relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field mean deviation was examined using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Measured RNFL thickness using fast RNFL thickness (3.4) scan was significantly higher compared with RNFL thickness (3.4) scan in average, superior, nasal and inferior RNFL in all diagnostic groups. Comparing normal and glaucoma groups, RNFL thickness (3.4) scan produced the largest area under the ROC curve (0.912) based on average RNFL thickness. A stronger correlation between average RNFL and visual field mean deviation was found in RNFL thickness (3.4) scan (R = 0.75, R = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS: Higher resolution RNFL scan provides better diagnostic sensitivity in glaucoma detection and a stronger correlation with visual function.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Increase of accuracy in intraoperative navigation through high-resolution flat-panel volume computed tomography: experimental comparison with multislice computed tomography-based navigation.

HYPOTHESIS: High-resolution imaging, as provided by flat-panel-based volume computed tomography (fpVCT), could increase navigation accuracy and could therefore improve image-guided procedures or make novel navigated surgery concepts possible. BACKGROUND: Intraoperative navigation is an accepted tool in head and neck surgery. However, its use is limited in the lateral cranial base because of its low surgical accuracy. Surgical accuracy is substantially influenced by the resolution of the underlying data set. The fpVCT offers a resolution of nearly two times higher than multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Target registration error (TRE), as a measurement for surgical navigation accuracy, should decrease when navigation is based on fpVCT data sets. METHODS: An acrylic glass phantom with 37 fiducial points was scanned in a current MSCT and in an experimental fpVCT. Both data sets were imported in an optical navigation system. Five fiducial points were used for registration, and seven points were used for measuring TRE. The distance between the indicated pointer tip and the corresponding fiducial point in data set was measured as TRE. Registration and TRE measurement were repeated five times for each computed tomographic data set. Average TREs were calculated, and results were compared using t-test. RESULTS: The average TRE using MSCT (0.82 mm [standard deviation, 0.35 mm]) was significantly higher than that using fpVCT (0.46 mm [standard deviation, 0.22 mm]) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Submillimeter surgical navigation accuracy is possible using high-resolution fpVCT. This could be highly beneficial in cranial base surgery navigation.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

High-resolution immunophenotyping of subcellular compartments in tissue microarrays by enzyme metallography.

Ultrasensitive bright field in situ hybridization assays using enzyme metallography (EnzMet) have been developed and validated, but little is known regarding the applicability of EnzMet for immunophenotypic detection of protein via IHC. Superior resolution via discrete metallographic deposits offers the potential for enhancing high-resolution immunophenotyping. Using high-complexity tissue microarrays (TMAs), 88 common solid tumors were evaluated by automated EnzMet (Nanoprobes and Ventana). Targets were chosen to assess the ability of EnzMet to specifically localize encoded antigens in the nucleus (estrogen receptor), cytoplasm (cytokeratins), and cytoplasmic membrane (HER2) in TMAs. Results were compared with conventional IHC diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunostaining. There was full concordance between the EnzMet and conventional IHC results. Furthermore, the EnzMet reaction products did not appreciably diffuse, were dense and sharply defined, and provided excellent high-resolution differentiation of cellular compartments in paraffin sections for the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell membrane-localized antigens evaluated. The higher density of elemental silver deposited during enzyme metallography permitted evaluation of core immunophenotypes at a relatively low magnification, allowing more tissue to be screened in an efficient manner. This preliminary study shows the utility of using enzyme metallography for high-resolution immunophenotyping in TMAs.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

High-resolution flat-panel volume-CT of temporal bone--part 1: axial preoperative anatomy.

The purpose of this four-part series is to show the high-resolution axial and coronal anatomy of the temporal bone from a flat-panel detector-based volume CT (parts 1 and 2); these imaging planes are then used to outline the effect of different surgical procedures commonly applied to the temporal bone (parts 3 and 4). The structures that are removed or altered in 11 different surgical procedures are color-coded and inscribed in axial and coronal sections. Clinically important imaging features and complications following these surgeries will also be discussed. In these high-resolution images, many structures that are below the resolution limit of conventional CT can be seen and localized. It is hoped that one would be able to picture these structures and surgeries, in the mind's eye, even when they fall below the resolution limit using a conventional CT scanner. This article (part 1) focuses on the preoperative axial anatomy.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

High-resolution computed tomography of temporal bone: Part II: coronal preoperative anatomy.

The purpose of this 4-part series is to demonstrate the high-resolution axial and coronal anatomy of temporal bone from a flat-panel detector-based volume computed tomography (CT) scanner (parts I and II); these imaging planes are then used to outline the effect of different surgical procedures commonly applied to the temporal bone (parts III and IV). The structures that are removed and/or altered in 11 different surgical procedures are color coded and inscribed in axial and coronal sections. Clinically important imaging features and complications after these operations are also discussed. In these high-resolution images, many structures that are below the resolution limit of conventional CT can be seen and localized. It is hoped that this exposition enables one to visualize these structures and surgeries in the mind's eye, even when they fall below the resolution limit using a conventional CT scanner. This article (part II) focuses on the preoperative coronal anatomy.

Cadaver↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathologic subgroups of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: differential diagnosis from other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias on high-resolution computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the subtypes of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) could be differentiated from other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) on the basis of findings on high-resolution computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Two observers evaluated the high-resolution CT findings in 90 patients with IIPs. The patients included 36 with NSIP, 11 with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 8 with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), 10 with acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), 14 with desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) or respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), and 11 with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP). The NSIP cases were subdivided into group 1 NSIP (n = 6), group 2 NSIP (n = 15), and group 3 NSIP (n = 15). RESULTS: Observers made a correct diagnosis with a high level of confidence in 65% of NSIP cases, 91% of UIP cases, 44% of COP cases, 40% of AIP cases, 32% of DIP or RB-ILD cases, and 82% of LIP cases. Group 1 NSIP was misdiagnosed as AIP, DIP or RB-ILD, and LIP in 8.3% of patients, respectively. Group 2 NSIP was misdiagnosed as COP in 10% of patients, LIP in 6.7%, AIP in 3.3%, and DIP or RB-ILD in 3.3%. Group 3 NSIP was misdiagnosed as UIP in 6.7% of patients, COP in 6.7%, and DIP or RB-ILD in 3.3%. CONCLUSIONS: In most patients, NSIP can be distinguished from other IIPs based on the findings on high-resolution CT. Only a small percentage of patients with predominantly fibrotic NSIP (group 3 NSIP) show overlap with the high-resolution CT findings of UIP.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inherently 3-dimensional method for measurement of computed tomographic resolution anisotropy.

OBJECTIVE: Current techniques to measure computed tomography (CT) spatial resolution use separate methods for in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The growing use of near-isotropic voxel size necessitates a new single method that inherently measures resolution in any direction. METHOD: We introduce a method using a set of numerous glass microspheres suspended in a small volume from which a mean sphere image is constructed. Projecting asymptotes after imaging different microsphere sets with decreasing diameters provides an inherently 3-dimensional measure of spatial resolution and anisotropy. We apply the method to both a flat-panel and multidetector CT scanner. RESULTS: The full-width at half-maximum from line profiles through mean sphere in transverse directions corresponds to known microsphere diameters. Increased longitudinal full-width at half-maximum corresponds to known anisotropy, which is larger for a multidetector CT scanner than for a flat-panel CT scanner. CONCLUSIONS: A new single method to measure CT resolution is inherently isotropic.

Anisotropy↗

PubMed2003

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 2 Tesla: potential for atherosclerotic lesions exploration in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of high-resolution MRI at 2 Tesla (T) for direct noninvasive imaging of the aortic wall in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A specific mouse antenna was developed and sequence parameters were adjusted. T(1)- and T2-weighted images of abdominal aorta were obtained at 2 T with a spatial resolution of 86 x 86 x 800 microm3 in vivo. With a dedicated small coil, ex vivo MRI of the aorta was performed with a spatial resolution of 54 x 54 x 520 microm3. RESULTS: In vivo, the aortic wall was clearly defined on T(2)-weighted images in 15 of 16 mice: along the aorta the lumen circumference ranged from 1.07 to 3.61 mm and mean wall thickness from 0.11 to 0.67 mm. In vivo measurements of plaque distribution were confirmed by ex vivo MR imaging and by histology, with a good correlation with histology regarding lumen circumference (r = 0.94) and wall thickness (r = 0.97). CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging at 2 T to analyze in vivo atherosclerotic lesions in mice is possible with a spatial resolution of 86 x 86 x 800 microm3 and thus can be used for noninvasive follow-up in evaluation of new drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

High-resolution three-dimensional contrast-enhanced blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance venography of brain tumors at 3 Tesla: first clinical experience and comparison with 1.5 Tesla.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical potential of high-resolution 3D contrast-enhanced blood oxygenation level-dependent MR-Venography (CE-MRV) for primary brain tumors and metastases at 3 Tesla (T) in comparison to 1.5 T. METHODS: Eighteen patients with brain tumors were examined using CE-MRV after application of a standard dose of MRI contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide). CE-MRV is based on a high-resolution 3D flow-compensated gradient-echo sequence with long echo times that uses the contrast-enhanced blood oxygenation level-dependent effect. This technique was performed using the same volume coverage and acquisition time at both field strengths after performing standard imaging sequences. RESULTS: The higher spatial resolution of CE-MRV at 3 T showed more details within and around tumors than at 1.5 T. Visibility was enhanced by stronger susceptibility weighting and higher intrinsic signal-to-noise at 3 T. Compared with standard imaging protocols, additional information characterized as tubular and nontubular hypointense structures were found within or around lesions on CE-MRV images. CONCLUSIONS: Acquisition of CE-MRV data at 3 T enables spatial resolution to be increased within the same measurement time and with the same volume coverage compared with 1.5 T, thus providing more detailed information. The method may also show the potential to estimate oxygen supply of tumors, especially at high field strengths.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

High-resolution diffusivity imaging at 3.0 T for the detection of degenerative changes: a trypsin-based arthritis model.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To establish whether it is possible to quantitatively characterize the degenerative changes in cartilage that typify arthritis on a sub-150-microm resolution scale using a 3.0 T whole body MR-scanner with a reasonable measurement time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This problem is addressed through diffusion-microimaging investigations on an arthritis model based on the enzymatic destruction of the proteoglycans in cartilage specimen. A 35-mm birdcage resonator made high spatial resolution possible, and diffusion-micro-imaging was achieved with the use of a strong gradient system. RESULTS: Diffusion-weighted and quantitative parameter maps were acquired with 117 x 234 microm2 pixel resolution in less than 9 minutes. Diffusivity profiles and parameter images exhibit an increase in diffusivity in degenerated tissue. CONCLUSION: In a trypsin-based arthritis model, the spatial localization and quantification of damaged areas have been shown to be possible on a whole body 3.0 T MR system. Measurement times achieved for these high spatial resolution studies make in vivo investigations feasible.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Spontaneous acute dissection of the internal carotid artery: high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 tesla with a dedicated surface coil.

PURPOSE: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become the method of choice in the evaluation of patients with suspected cervical artery dissection (CAD). However, reliable identification of acute CAD might be impaired by the limited spatial resolution of standard 1.5 T MRI. In this preliminary study, we implemented a multicontrast high-resolution noninvasive vessel wall imaging approach at 3.0 T in patients with spontaneous CAD. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ten patients with CAD of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were included in the study. 3.0 T MRI (Gyroscan Intera, Philips) was acquired using a dedicated phased-array coil. MRI-protocol consisted of: (1) bright blood 3D inflow MRA (TR/TE/FA = 25 milliseconds/3.1 millisecond/16 degrees , 120 slices, reconstructed voxel size 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.8 mm); (2) black blood cardiac-gated water-selective T1w 3D spoiled GE (TR/TE/FA = 31 milliseconds/7.7 milliseconds/15 degrees , 36 slices, 0.3 x 0.3 x 1.0 mm); and (3) black blood cardiac triggered fat suppressed T2w TSE (TR/TE/ETL = 3 heart beats/44 milliseconds/7, 18 slices, 0.3 x 0.3 x 2 mm). Three observers in consensus performed image analysis. Special attention was paid to the integrity of the luminal and adventitial vessel boundary and the presence of a communicating intimal tear or flap. RESULTS: 3.0 T MRI provided excellent delineation of vessel lumen and vessel wall as a result of the nearly complete suppression of arterial blood signal. An intramural hematoma could be identified in all patients, confined between the luminal and adventitial vessel boundary. In no patient a communicating intimal tear could be identified. Clear distinction between intramural hematoma and thrombus was possible. CONCLUSION: High-resolution vessel wall imaging in patients with acute CAD is feasible. The increased signal-to-noise ratio at 3.0 T can be invested to obtain a higher spatial resolution, permitting depiction of intimal and adventitial vessel wall boundary and the intramural hematoma in the diseased vessel segment. The morphologic information that is gained is helpful in the understanding of the underlying pathomechanismen of CAD.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

High spatial-resolution CE-MRA of the carotid circulation with parallel imaging: comparison of image quality between 2 different acceleration factors at 3.0 Tesla.

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate and compare the image quality and vessel delineation of the carotid arteries with high spatial-resolution contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) at 3.0 T using integrated parallel acquisition (iPAT) with acceleration factors of 2 and 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using an 8-channel neurovascular array coil, we performed prospective high-spatial resolution CE-MRA at 3.0 T of the head and neck on 24 patients (11 men, 13 women, ages 37-89) with suspected arterio-occlusive disease who were assigned randomly to 2 groups. Twelve patients (group A) were examined with a 3D-GRE sequence using iPAT with acceleration factor of 2. For the next 12 patients (group B) a near-identical sequence with an acceleration factor of 4 was applied. Higher iPAT factors were used to increase the spatial-resolution while keeping scan time unchanged. Two volunteers were scanned by both protocols. Phantom measurements were performed to assess the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The presence of artifact, noise, image quality of the arterial segments, and the presence and degree of arterial stenosis were evaluated independently by 2 radiologists. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using Wilcoxon rank sum test and 2-sample Student t test (P < 0.05 was indicative a statistically significant difference). The interobserver variability was tested by kappa coefficient. RESULTS: SNR values were significantly lower when iPAT with acceleration factor of 4 was used (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between 2 groups in regards to image noise (P = 0.67) and artifact (P = 0.8). Both readers visualized the majority of carotid circulation with good image quality in both groups. For smaller intracranial arteries, such as the second-division of anterior and middle cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, and superior cerebellar artery, the image quality and vessel delineation was significantly better at an iPAT factor of 4 (P < 0.01). The overall interobserver agreement for both the vessel depiction, and detection of arterial stenoses was higher in group B compared with group A. CONCLUSION: Use of parallel acquisition techniques with a high acceleration factor (iPAT-4) results in superior depiction of small intracranial arterial segments. Imaging at higher magnetic field strength, in addition to the use of an optimized 8-channel array coil, provides sufficient SNR to support faster parallel acquisition protocols, leading to improved spatial-resolution. More extensive clinical studies are warranted to establish the range of applications and confirm the accuracy of the technique.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Pulmonary abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis: inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution CT findings in 17 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis on inspiratory and expiratory high resolution CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 17 patients ranging from 40 to 62 years in age. Fifteen patients were male, and 8 were smokers. All patients underwent chest radiography and high-resolution CT. High-resolution CT was obtained using 1 or 2 mm collimation scans at 10-mm intervals at the end of maximal inspiration and at 3 cm intervals at the end of maximal expiration. RESULTS: Pulmonary abnormalities were evident on chest radiography in 2 patients and on CT in 15 patients. The abnormalities on CT included evidence of airway disease in 14 (82%), interstitial abnormalities in 11 (65%), and emphysema in 6 (35%) patients. Airway abnormalities included bronchial wall thickening in 7 (41%), mosaic perfusion in 3 (18%), centrilobular nodules in 3, bronchiolectasis in 2, and air trapping on expiratory CT in 7 (41%) patients. Interstitial abnormalities included parenchymal bands in 7 (41%), intralobular linear opacities (n = 2), and 1 patient each with irregular thickening of interlobular septa, subpleural lines, and honeycombing. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with ankylosing spondylitis have airway and interstitial abnormalities evident on high-resolution CT. These abnormalities are usually mild and therefore seldom evident on the chest radiograph.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Sustained apoptosis in human cardiac allografts despite histologic resolution of rejection.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the occurrence of apoptosis during and after resolution of cardiac allograft rejection. Apoptosis could play different roles in graft survival depending on the target cells; thus, we also determined the cell types involved. METHODS: Endomyocardial biopsy specimens were evaluated during the first 6 months after transplantation as follows: group I, no current or prior rejection; group II, during an episode of moderate rejection; and group III, histologic resolution after an episode of moderate rejection. RESULTS: Groups II and III showed significantly increased apoptotic activity, indicated by increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity; however, activated caspase-3 was undetectable in group I. Activated caspase-3 was detected only in groups II and III. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was detected in groups II and III but not group I and predominantly in inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS: Increased caspase activity and apoptosis of infiltrating cells not only occurs during acute cardiac allograft rejection but persists after histologic resolution. Thus, programmed cell death occurs beyond the period of histologic resolution and may play a role in regulation of the rejection process.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The resolution of bacteroides lipopolysaccharides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the 10 species of the genus Bacteroides (sensu stricto) were extracted by the proteinase K method and their resolution compared by several methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). These included sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE with and without urea, polyacrylamide gradient gels and Tricine [N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl glycine]-SDS-PAGE. The original discontinuous system showed good resolution of LPS from B. thetaiotaomicron, B. caccae and B. ovatus and this was enhanced by urea; B. vulgatus showed a typical ladder pattern associated with repeating polysaccharide units of the O side chains. The LPS profiles of the other species, including B. fragilis, were poorly resolved; the majority of components migrated with the leading edge of the wave front. The resolution of the LPS of these species was marginally improved with gradient gels but the majority of components were separated only within the regions of high polyacrylamide concentration. The Tricine-SDS system was consistently superior to the other methods, with excellent resolution of the LPS profiles of all Bacteroides species.

Bacteroides↗

PubMed2002

Cohesin release is required for sister chromatid resolution, but not for condensin-mediated compaction, at the onset of mitosis.

The establishment of metaphase chromosomes is an essential prerequisite of sister chromatid separation in anaphase. It involves the coordinated action of cohesin and condensin, protein complexes that mediate cohesion and condensation, respectively. In metazoans, most cohesin dissociates from chromatin at prophase, coincident with association of condensin. Whether loosening of cohesion at the onset of mitosis facilitates the compaction process, resolution of the sister chromatids, or both, remains unknown. We have found that the prophase release of cohesin is completely blocked when two mitotic kinases, aurora B and polo-like kinase (Plx1), are simultaneously depleted from Xenopus egg extracts. Condensin loading onto chromatin is not affected under this condition, and rod-shaped chromosomes are produced that show an apparently normal level of compaction. However, the resolution of sister chromatids within these chromosomes is severely compromised. This is not because of inhibition of topoisomerase II activity that is also required for the resolution process. We propose that aurora B and Plx1 cooperate to destabilize the sister chromatid linkage through distinct mechanisms that may involve phosphorylation of histone H3 and cohesin, respectively. More importantly, our results strongly suggest that cohesin release at the onset of mitosis is essential for sister chromatid resolution but not for condensin-mediated compaction.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗