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PubMed1990

Dilantin and salicylate effects on hepatic thyroxine bio-availability and dialyzable thyroxine.

Earlier studies have shown that drugs such as dilantin inhibit T4 binding by thyroid hormone binding globulin (TBG) and cause a displacement of T4 from TBG to prealbumin with no change in the albumin-bound T4 fraction. Since recent studies have shown albumin-bound T4 is freely transported into liver, the present studies are designed to investigate drug effects on T4 transport in liver. The effect of salicylate and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) on T4 in human serum were examined both in vitro by using equilibrium dialysis and in vivo in the rat liver by using a tissue sampling single injection technique. Serum was obtained from 6 healthy normal volunteers and was made either 0 or 0.5 mM Dilantin and either 0 or 10 mM sodium salicylate. The portal vein injection vehicle contained 125I-T4/3H-water (highly diffusible internal reference) mixed with either a) Ringer's (0.1 g/dl albumin), b) 5% T4 antiserum, or c) 80% human serum. The free dialyzable fraction in vitro was raised by 40 and 125% after the addition of Dilantin and salicylate respectively. However, the percent of total T4 that was transported into liver on one pass, 17 +/- 1%, was not different in the control, the salicylate treated, or the Dilantin-treated sera. Therefore, in contrast to the in vitro dialyzable measurement of free T4, which is elevated by toxic concentrations of Dilantin or salicylate, the bio-available fraction of T4 as determined by the single pass perfusion technique, is unchanged in rat liver in vivo. These drug-induced changes in free T4 in vitro and bio-available T4 in vivo are similar to the ones reported previously in non-thyroidal illness.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

The determination of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) activity.

1. Experiments were carried out to establish the conditions required for the measurement of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1; PC) activity. 2. Reference diets were formulated which gave a linear response in blood PC activity at 3 weeks of age over a wide range of supplemental dietary biotin concentrations. 3. Dietary protein concentration was found to affect blood PC activity. Hence purified ingredients in the reference diets were wholly or partially replaced by the test ingredients so that all diets in each assay contained the same amounts of protein, fat and metabolizable energy. Comparison of the blood PC activities of birds given the test diets with those given biotin-supplemented reference diets provided a measure of the available biotin content of the test ingredient. 4. Bioavailabilities of biotin were found to vary widely in the cereals and vegetable-protein sources tested.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs.

Techniques have been developed to produce microbial phytase for addition to diets for simple-stomached animals, with the aim to improve phosphorus availability from phytate-P in plant sources. The activity of the crude microbial phytase showed pH optima at pH 5.5 and 2.5. The enzyme was able to degrade phytate in vitro in soya-bean meal, maize and a liquid compound feed for pigs. When microbial phytase was added to low-P diets for broilers the availability of P increased to over 60% and the amount of P in the droppings decreased by 50%. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio on the low-P diets containing microbial phytase were comparable to or even better than those obtained on control diets. Addition of microbial phytase to diets for growing pigs increased the apparent absorbability of P by 24%. The amount of P in the faeces was 35% lower.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1996

In vitro availability of iron and zinc: effects of the type, concentration and fractions of digestion products of the protein.

An in vitro dialysis method was employed to determine the effect on the Fe and Zn absorption of the type (beef, pork and soyabean) and the amount (10 and 30 g/kg) of protein present. In addition, the effects of low- and high-molecular-weight (LMW and HMW respectively) digestion products were investigated. After in vitro digestion and dialysis a lower percentage of N, Fe and Zn was found in the LMW fractions from beef, pork and soyabean proteins when the protein level was increased from 10 to 30 g/kg; the higher level of protein being associated with a lower percentage of hydrolysed protein. The highest percentage levels of intrinsic Fe were always found in the HMW fractions, independent of the type and the level of proteins studied, while in the case of Zn, both HMW and LMW fractions gave similar values. An interaction was found between inorganic Zn and non-haem-Fe. The addition of inorganic Zn (10 micrograms/ml) caused a significant decrease in the in vitro availability of Fe from soyabean protein, while it did not affect the dialysability of intrinsic Fe from beef and pork proteins. Our results showed that the type and the level of the protein had a positive effect on the dialysability of extrinsic Fe. We postulate that the effect of a protein on the absorption of extrinsic Fe could be accounted for by free amino acids and/or small peptides released during the digestion process and also by the undigested or partially-digested HMW fractions of hydrolysed proteins which could play a fundamental role in the availability of this essential element.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Moderate whisky consumption in combination with an evening meal reduces tryptophan availability to the brain but does not influence performance in healthy volunteers.

Brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis is controlled by nutrients that influence the availability of plasma tryptophan (Trp) as compared with the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA; Trp:LNAA). Alcohol consumption is found to change mood and performance and this might well be due to alterations in the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and brain 5-HT. In the present study, we tested whether whisky consumption as part of a meal may alter the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and influence mood and performance in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male subjects participated in a within-subjects cross-over study. Subjects consumed whisky (125 ml; 40 g alcohol) or water (125 ml) as part of a standard evening meal. Effects of whisky consumption were tested on mood and choice reaction time and blood samples were taken to measure changes in plasma amino acids, glucose and insulin. The plasma Trp:LNAA ratio showed a significant decline 2 h after whisky consumption of alcohol (P<0.001). No effects were found on choice reaction time or mood as compared with the control condition. The present findings reveal that whisky consumption alters available plasma Trp for uptake into the brain, whereas there were no effects on mood and performance.

Affect↗

PubMed1991

Dietary lipid level and the availability of beta-carotene of Dunaliella-bardawil in rats.

High plasma and tissue levels of beta-carotene have been implicated to be inversely related to the incidence of some types of cancer. Previous studies indicated that the availability of the natural beta-carotene isomer mixture of Dunaliella bardawil was severalfold higher than that of synthetic all-trans beta-carotene. This study illustrated that this higher availability, as expressed by hepatic and plasma beta-carotene, can be further enhanced by increased dietary lipid level. For 12 days, weanling male and female rats were fed diets containing either 0.1% all-trans beta-carotene or spray-dried Dunaliella bardawil having an equal level of the beta-carotene isomer mixture. The diets contained 5 or 15% soybean oil. The rise in dietary fat resulted in a marked increase in plasma and liver beta-carotene, with the Dunaliella isomer mixture being more effective. Higher levels were found in female than in male animals. These findings may be relevant when a high dose of beta-carotene is considered as a potential anticancer agent.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tests for determination of availability of calcium from calcium carbonate tablets.

In vitro tests of calcium (Ca) availability and the oral Ca load test were conducted on eight brands of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) tablets (products A-H) each providing 500 mg Ca. Data were collected over three experiments with nine to 11 healthy premenopausal women testing two to four products. Subjects followed a low Ca diet (less than 10 mmol/day). On test mornings, fasting subjects collected baseline urine for 2 hours (-2 to 0 hours), then ingested the tablet with water. Urine was collected from 0 to 2 hours and 2 to 4 hours; for products E-H, urine was collected for an additional 2 hours (4 to 6 hours). Blood was sampled at hours 0, 4 and 6 during testing of products E and F. Three in vitro tests were run: the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) dissolution test, USP disintegration test, and a disintegration test using vinegar. Ca excretion rose significantly at hours 2 to 4 (p less than 0.05) compared to baseline for seven products. Ca excretion either fell or remained constant between hours 4 and 6. Serum Ca rose and serum parathyroid hormone fell at hour 4, compared to fasting values, suggesting that 4 hours represents peak response time. In vivo availability, measured as the incremental increase in Ca excretion (mmol/mmol creatinine) in hours 2 to 4 compared to baseline, did not correlate significantly with results of the USP dissolution test but did with results of either the USP disintegration test or the vinegar test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Availability of vitamin B6 from different food sources.

The present study was conducted to investigate the precaecal digestibility of vitamin B6 from selected food sources including eggs, bananas, white cabbage, corn, milk powder, fish, barley, soybeans, brown rice, wheat bran, brewer's yeast, rye and soybean meal. These foods were chosen for their relevance in human and animal nutrition and prepared as they are usually eaten by humans. As confirmed by further investigations the precaecal digestibility is a valuable measure for determining the availability of native B-vitamins. Therefore, pigs were fitted with an end-to-end ileo-rectal anastomosis for digesta passing straight from ileum to rectum, thus avoiding endogenous vitamin synthesis by the colon. Three weeks after surgery the digestibility experiments were carried out during which the animals were fed various experimental diets for a period of 12 days and digesta were collected quantitatively twice a day during the final 5 days of this period. The concentration of vitamin B6 in foods and chyme was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Precaecal digestibility of vitamin B6 from all tested food sources ranged from 51 to 91% in the following order: cabbage diet > banana diet > fish diet > milk powder diet > brewer's yeast diet > soybeans diet > soybean meal diet > egg diet/corn diet > barley diet > wheat bran diet > rye diet. Only boiled brown rice had a very low vitamin B6 availability of 16%. The digestibility of vitamin B6 from plant products (excluding the rice) was on average 10% lower when compared with animal products (71 versus 79%).

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1991

Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral availability.

In general, it has been shown that dietary fiber may bind metallic cations in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there clearly are many unresolved questions on the effects of high-fiber diets on mineral availability. On one side, the effects of fiber on the utilization of nutrients vary greatly with the amount and type of fiber. In addition, there are many agents in both food and the digestive tract that may affect the mineral binding to fiber: some agents may inhibit binding, while others will enhance it. Also, there are several major difficulties in drawing conclusions from the in vitro and in vivo studies due to the different experimental conditions, methods used to follow the mineral balance, etc. Finally, it must be borne in mind that fiber and phytic acid occur together in fiber-rich diets and, thus, it is difficult to separate the effects of fiber and phytate in the utilization of most essential polyvalent metallic ions. The studies summarized in this review show that the recommendation for increasing dietary fiber in Western communities would not be expected to have any adverse effect on mineral absorption if we increase not only the intake of fiber, but also the dietary intake of other food components such as protein (both vegetable and animal protein) and ascorbic, citric, and oxalic acids (in fruits and vegetables). The adequate intake of minerals, fat, and simple sugars are maintained with this type of diet. The recommendations should be best interpreted in such a way as to prevent the consumption of excessive amounts of phytate, particularly for those whose mineral needs are great. Further studies are still needed in this field in order to understand the conflicting results published in the literature regarding the effects of fiber on the utilization of minerals; however, the studies reviewed in this article may give us an idea of the complexity of mineral availability in fiber-rich, phytate-rich diets.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Biological availability of nickel arsenides: cellular response to soluble Ni5As2.

Particulate Ni5As2 has been shown to be highly cytotoxic and carcinogenic. By measuring the solubility of Ni5As2 particles in a variety of aqueous solutions, we have determined that particulate Ni5As2 that might be produced during oil-shale retorting could be mobilized to the environment and made available to the cells of living organisms, including humans. Ni5As2 was five times more soluble in ground water taken from aquifers surrounding a major oil-shale source in Colorado, U.S.A., than in distilled water. It was also two times more soluble in oil-shale product water from an above-ground retort than in distilled water. Thus, it is possible that Ni5As2 could be solubilized and mobilized to the environment by the flooding of abandoned in situ retorts with ground water or by the disposal of oil-shale product water by spraying it on spent shale beds. Particulate Ni5As2 was found to be 12 times more soluble in culture growth medium than in distilled water, and much more soluble in solutions of amino acids, inorganic salts, organic constituents of culture medium, and 15% calf serum. These observations suggest Ni5As2 particles in airborne dust would be dissolved when they came in contact with the biological fluids of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. The availability to cells of the soluble products of Ni5As2 was demonstrated by measuring its effects on cell proliferation. As little as 1 ppm soluble Ni5As2 retarded Chinese hamster (CHO) cell proliferation in culture, and 4 ppm resulted in cell death. Flow cytometry measurements indicated there was a preferential cytotoxic effect on S-phase cells. Despite this, many cells survived to form colonies, causing concern that Ni5As2 might cause genetic damage that could be passed on to future cell generations. This did not appear to be the case, however, for no mutations could be detected at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in cells that survived the cytotoxic effects. This suggests that Ni5As2 carcinogenesis might be caused by epigenetic rather than mutagenic mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Effects of iron supply and lactation on iron availability in intermediate metabolism].

The availability of iron in metabolism was determined in dependence on the performance after lactation had finished and on the level of Fe-supply of a total of 56 rats. The availability of iron of those animals which had reared young was, according to the increased requirement, high and decreased from 87 to 54% after increased doses of iron. The values of full-grown control animals were considerably lower and had a falling tendency from 52 to 36% after an increasing supply with iron. Because of the reduced utilization of iron after increased supply the gross requirement must be increased over-proportionally when the net requirement rises.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Systemic availability of bovine immunoglobulin G and chicken immunoglobulin Y after feeding colostrum and whole egg powder to newborn calves].

In connection with a study on the prophylaxis of infectious diarrhea with specific egg yolk antibodies, the systemic availability of colostral bovine immunoglobulin G (bIgG) and chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) after feeding egg powder was investigated on 26 newborn calves from 23 different farms. Blood was sampled daily and at the same day time from these calves in the first 14 days of life. During the feeding of colostrum, the mean bIgG concentration was highest at day 1 post natum with a value of 9.3 mg/ml serum. Thereafter, the mean bIgG level was reduced continuously to a significant lower concentration of 4.9 mg/ml serum at day 12 post natum and remained nearly constant at 5.2 mg/ml till to the end of the observation period. Total protein concentrations in the serum did not change and plateaued at a mean value of 56.2 mg/ml (SD 11.2). The number of colostrum meals had no significant effect on the mean bIgG concentrations during that period. The individual variation of bIgG concentrations was very high on every day of the sampling period. The mean coefficient of variation was at 52.1 % (SD 5.7). After having described the individual bIgG concentration curves mathematically with a regression curve, two groups with significantly different bIgG elimination constants (k) could be obtained. Thus in one group (n = 10) with k-values of < -0.02 a mean half time of serum bIgG of 24.3 days (SD 4.6) was calculated. In the other group of calves (n = 16) with elimination constants of k > -0.02, a mean half time of 68.5 days (SD 36.7) could be calculated, possibly because these calves started earlier with their endogenous bIgG production. Additionally, to 18 of these calves 20 g egg powder with an IgY concentration of 15 mg/g was fed up to day 14. Calves had a maximal mean IgY concentration of 1.9 micrograms/ml serum if egg powder feeding started already during the first 12 hours of life. Starting at a later time resulted in a significant reduction of IgY levels. For example, the mean initial IgY concentration dropped to 0.035 micrograms/ml serum after having had the first egg powder application between 25 and 48 hours post natum. Using the individual IgY elimination constant derived from a regression analysis (r2 = 0.84) of the IgY concentration curve, a mean IgY half time of 5.0 days (SD 2.5) could be calculated. To prevent the absorption of heterologous antibodies and consecutively, also to prevent a possible systemic effect, egg powder for prophylactic purposes in newborn calves should be fed after the first 24, better 48 hour, post natum. Most important for the prophylactic effect of specific antibodies on infectious diarrhea is not their systemic but their high local intestinal availability.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Intraocular availability of topically applied mycophenolate mofetil in rabbits.

The efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA), in high risk keratoplasties and ocular immune-mediated diseases has been shown in recent years. As peroral administration of MMF can cause various side effects, topical application should be considered. This study investigates the intraocular availability of MMF and MPA in the rabbit eye. An eye drop solution (MMF-CD; 1% MMF/10% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD)) or a 1% aqueous suspension (MMF-SP) was instilled into the lower cul-de-sac of the right eye of each rabbit. Rabbits (each group: n = 4) were put down after 30, 60 and 240 min. Aqueous humor, vitreous, cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, iris-ciliary-body, and plasma were isolated. Several extraction procedures were performed in order to quantify the drug by HPLC. The aqueous humor concentration of the active metabolite MPA was 24 microg/mL after 30 min for both preparations. The ratio of the MPA concentrations after 30, 60, and 240 min was 1 : 2 : 0.07 for MMF-CD and 1 : 0.6 : 0.04 for MMF-SP, respectively. MPA levels in the cornea were 90.78 / 56.90 / 4.08 x 10(-6) microg/microg for MMF-CD, whereas MMF-SP resulted in MPA levels of 102.65 / 31.18 / 2.59 x 10(-6) microg/microg at the three time points. As a high concentration of the active drug MPA in cornea and aqueous humor is desired, e.g. following corneal transplantation, the MMF/HP-beta-CD formulation could be an useful topical treatment. Furthermore, the present study shows that MMF-CD is superior to MMF-SP by increasing intraocular availability.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1995

Influence of inhaler systems on systemic availability, with focus on inhaled corticosteroids.

Local treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, is achieved by oral inhalation of the active substance. Drug deposited in the lung may then exert its effects locally before it is absorbed into the systemic circulation. The systemic availability of a drug is made up of the fraction deposited in the lung and the fraction deposited in the oropharynx, which is swallowed and absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For many drugs, the fraction absorbed from the GI-tract is subject to hepatic first-pass metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation, and for the corticosteroid budesonide, hepatic first-pass metabolism is substantial. Since metabolic inactivation of inhaled corticosteroids in the lung has not been demonstrated, the systemic absorption of the fraction deposited in the lower respiratory tract can be assumed to be proportional to lung deposition. The local versus total systemic availability (L/T-ratio) can be used to express the effectiveness of the inhaled formulation. For budesonide inhaled via a pMDI and the dry-powder inhaler, Turbuhaler, the L/T-ratio was 0.59 and 0.84, respectively. The ideal L/T-ratio is 1.0. Thus, for inhaled budesonide it is an advantage for patients to change from budesonide pMDI to budesonide Turbuhaler with respect to the balance between desired and undesired effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1998

Suboptimal zinc status in pregnant Malawian women: its association with low intakes of poorly available zinc, frequent reproductive cycling, and malaria.

A study of 152 rural Malawian women aged 23.2+/-5.5 y (x+/-SD) at 24 wk gestation included measurements of biochemical indexes of zinc (plasma and hair), protein (serum albumin), and infection (serum C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and malaria), and dietary intakes (via three interactive 24-h dietary recalls). Data on health, demographic and socioeconomic status, family characteristics, reproductive history, and anthropometry were also collected. The study revealed a high prevalence of suboptimal zinc status: 36% of the women had low plasma and 46% had low hair zinc values. Median daily intake of zinc (9.0 mg) was low and poorly available: 61% was provided by cereals and 20% by flesh foods. Median intake of animal protein was only 5.6 g/d, and phytate intakes were high (1.4 g/d). Women consuming diets with phytate-zinc ratios > 17 (the median) had lower hair zinc concentrations (1.6 compared with 1.8 micromol/g, P < 0.03), were older (24 compared with 20 y, P < 0.02), and had a higher number of pregnancies (3 compared with 2, P < 0.02) than those consuming diets with a phytate-zinc ratio < 17. Frequent reproductive cycling was related to zinc status; hair zinc was higher for a prima- than for a multigravida (2.0 compared with 1.6 micromol/g, P < 0.01). Malaria prevalence was also associated with hair zinc (P < 0.05) but not with plasma zinc, after the number of pregnancies was controlled for. We conclude that low intakes of poorly available dietary zinc, frequent reproductive cycling, and malaria prevalence are three major factors in the etiology of suboptimal zinc status in these rural, pregnant Malawian women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Interaction of fat availability and sex on postprandial satiety and cholecystokinin after mixed-food meals.

BACKGROUND: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is associated with fat-induced satiety. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the present study was to determine, in an acute meal setting, whether the availability of dietary fat for alimentary processing, and hence the stimulation of CCK, affects the postmeal satiety response in men and women. DESIGN: In a within-subjects design, subjects (8 men, 7 women) consumed 1 of 3 isoenergetic mixed-food test meals 1 wk apart in random order. The test meals contained 30% of energy from fat, of which more than two-thirds was derived from whole almonds, almond oil, or a mix of safflower and corn oils. Visual analogue scales were used to assess indexes of satiety at defined time points up to 6 h after meal consumption. Blood was sampled at corresponding time points for measurement of CCK, glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerol. Subsequent food intake was also assessed. RESULTS: All meals suppressed hunger and induced a pattern of satiety that was sex-specific and corresponded with the CCK response. Women had higher plasma CCK concentrations and experienced greater satiety after the almond oil and control meals (fat as oil) than after the whole almond meal (fat in whole food structure). Men showed no differential response among meals for CCK and satiety. Plasma triacylglycerol differed by time among meals but not by sex, and no significant differences in glucose and insulin were found. CONCLUSIONS: The satiety response to dietary fat provided in oil or whole food form is influenced by sex and is dependent on the availability of fat to stimulate CCK release in women but not in men.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Iron availability and free radical induced injury in the isolated ischaemic/reperfused rat heart.

OBJECTIVE: A proposal that injury in ischaemic/reperfused rat heart is critically dependent on the availability of free iron rather than on the efficiency of O2-. and H2O2 production was examined. METHODS: Isolated working rat hearts from 152 male Wistar rats (200-250 g weight), subjected to 20-40 min of global ischaemia and reperfused for 30 min, were perfused with 10 mumol.litre-1 Fe[III] or Fe[II] and/or 0.6 mmol.litre-1 desferrioxamine, 10 mmol.litre-1 dimethylthiourea, and 1 mmol.litre-1 allopurinol. Curves relating the recoveries of haemodynamic functions and the reperfusion lactate dehydrogenase release to the duration of the preceding ischaemic period were constructed. Morphological examination was also performed. RESULTS: In the untreated hearts, the duration of ischaemia resulting in 50% loss of cardiac output was 29 min. This time was decreased to 24 min and 20 min by Fe[III] and Fe[II], respectively, and was increased to 36 min and 37 min by desferrioxamine and dimethylthiourea, respectively. Desferrioxamine prevented the effect of Fe[III] but not that of Fe[II], whereas dimethylthiourea prevented the effect of Fe[II]. Neither the effect of Fe[III] nor that of Fe[II] was prevented by allopurinol which, however, proved to be beneficial in the untreated hearts. CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effect of desferrioxamine and dimethylthiourea suggest that it is intensification of the Fenton reaction by iron which accounts for iron induced aggravation of the reperfusion injury. Thus we speculate that the availability of free iron, rather than O2-. and H2O2, is a limiting factor in the development of injury in an ischaemic/reperfused rat heart. What remains unclear is why allopurinol is unable to prevent iron induced changes.

Allopurinol↗

PubMed1980

Availability of selenium in fish meal in comparison with soybean meal, corn gluten meal and selenomethionine relative to selenium in sodiumselenite for restoring glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-depleted chicks.

We assayed the availability of selenium in feeds and selenomethionine relative to selenium in sodium selenite for restoring blood serum glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-depleted chicks. The contents of total selenium (determined by neutron activation analyses) were for eight samples of capelin fish meal, 1.34, two samples of mackerel fish meal, 6.17, one sample of solvent-extracted soybean meal, 0.42, and one sample of corn gluten meal, 0.54 ppm in dry matter. The availability of the selenium (relative to selenium in selenite=100%) in capelin fish meal was 48.0 (38.5--60.0), mackerel fish meal, 34.1 (32.3--35.8), soybean meal, 17.5, corn gluten meal, 25.7, and in selenomethionine, 78.3%.

Animal Feed↗