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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The Participation Scale: measuring a key concept in public health.

PURPOSE: To develop a scale to measure (social) participation for use in rehabilitation, stigma reduction and social integration programmes. METHOD: A scale development study was carried out in Nepal, India and Brazil using standard methods. The instrument was to be based on the Participation domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), be cross-cultural in nature and assess client-perceived participation. Respondents rated their participation in comparison with a "peer", defined as "someone similar to the respondent in all respects except for the disease or disability". RESULTS: An 18-item instrument was developed in seven languages. Crohnbach's alpha was 0.92, intra-tester stability 0.83 and inter-tester reliability 0.80. Discrimination between controls and clients was good at a Participation Score threshold of 12. Responsiveness after a "life change" was according to expectation. CONCLUSIONS: The Participation Scale is reliable and valid to measure client-perceived participation in people affected by leprosy or disability. It is expected to be valid in other (stigmatised) conditions also, but this needs confirmation. The scale allows collection of participation data and impact assessment of interventions to improve social participation. Such data may be compared between clients, interventions and programmes. The scale is suitable for use in institutions, but also at the peripheral level.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1978

Simple behaviour rating scales for maximum security patients: development and validation.

An outline is given of objective behaviour rating scales developed for use by nurse custodians in the maximum security hospital setting. Four independent scales are described: (a) antisocial belligerence, (b) disorientation, (c) withdrawal and (d) personal hygiene. The scales gave high test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Various indications of validity and potential usefulness of the scales are given. In particular, a probable relationship of the scales (a) and (c) with an impulsivity/overcontrol dimension is suggested-this relating to the type of aggressive offending recorded.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Development of a scale for quality of care management process. A Delphi survey and studies on reliability and validity].

The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement tool for assessing quality in care management and to test its reliability and validity. A Delphi survey was initially administered on 96 experienced community health nurses, to improve the content validity of a questionnaire that was developed after three repeated rounds of data collection and content analysis. A total of 353 community health nurses, from 121 cities and towns across Japan, completed the mailed questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha value was more than 0.8, respectively, for all items in questionnaires, and for each factor, indicating internal consistency in reliability. Five factors were identified through factor analysis using a principal factor method with varimax rotation. These factors were good reflections of components classified by some researchers, indicating construct validity. In addition, care managers were grouped according to such criteria as their age and work experience. The QCM-P (Quality of Care Management-Process Measurement) score of each group was compared, as theoretically differences are expected. The questionnaire's validity was evidenced by significant differences in the QCM-P score among each group. Further studies on criterion-related validity and stability which relates to reliability are required. Thus, although further work is needed, QCM-P was found to have both reliability and validity at a permissible level as a scale for measuring the quality of care management process.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Akathisia in adults with mental retardation: development of the Akathisia Ratings of Movement Scale (ARMS).

We developed an akathisia rating scale for use with persons who have mental retardation and screened for the occurrence of akathisia in three samples: 66 adults receiving maintenance neuroleptic treatment, 20 adults not receiving neuroleptics, and 8 adults undergoing neuroleptic dose reduction. The scale had an acceptable level of interrater reliability and validly measured group differences related to neuroleptic treatment status. Using an empirically derived cut-off-score, we estimated the prevalence rate for akathisia to be 5% in neuroleptic-free subjects, 17% in neuroleptic-maintenance subjects, and 25% in neuroleptic-reduction subjects. Akathisia, dyskinesia, and stereotypy manifested as qualitatively different movement topograhies. The occurrence of dyskinesia stereotyped movement disorder was associated significantly with an increased occurrence of akathisia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Development of a simplified diagnostic scoring method for the school version of the adaptive behavior scale.

The development of a standard scoring procedure by which the factor scores from the School Version of the Adaptive Behavior Scale can be combined was described. Subjects were 1,650 pupils in regular classes, 3,052 pupils in EMR programs, and 828 pupils in TMR classes from California and Florida. Discriminant analysis of the factor scores was computed in order to specify the discriminant coefficients to be used in predicting school classification status. Cross-validation of the discriminant analysis was obtained, and a procedure for creating a composite score was described.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Measuring activity limitations in walking: development of a hierarchical scale for patients with lower-extremity disorders who live at home.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a hierarchical scale that measures activity limitations in walking in patients with lower-extremity disorders who live at home. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Orthopedic workshops and outpatient clinics of secondary and tertiary care centers. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=981; mean age +/- standard deviation, 58.6+/-15.4 y; 46% men) living at home, with different lower-extremity disorders: stroke, poliomyelitis, osteoarthritis, amputation, complex regional pain syndrome type I, and diabetic and degenerative foot disorders. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Fit of the monotone homogeneity model, indicating whether items can be used for measuring patients; (2) fit of the double monotonicity model, indicating invariant (hierarchical) item ordering; (3) intratest reliability, indicating repeatability of the sum score; (4) robustness, addressing the clinimetric properties within subgroups of patients; and (5) differential item functioning, addressing the validity of comparisons between subgroups of patients. RESULTS: Thirty-five of 41 dichotomous items had (1) good fit of the monotone homogeneity model (coefficient H=.50), (2) good fit of the double monotonicity model (coefficient H(T)=.33), (3) good intratest reliability (coefficient rho=.95), (4) satisfactory robustness (within subgroups of patients defined by age, sex, and diagnosis), and (5) some differential item functioning (6 items in amputees compared with nonamputees). CONCLUSIONS: A hierarchical scale, with excellent scaling characteristics, was developed to measure activity limitations in walking in patients with lower-extremity disorders who live at home. The measurements should be interpreted cautiously when making comparisons between amputees and nonamputees.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1997

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of zidovudine (AZT) in the mouse: model development and scale-up to humans.

After having been used in treating HIV infection for a decade, zidovudine (AZT) continues to be an essential component of antiretroviral regimens. Because antiviral responses and toxicity of AZT seem to be related to cells in specific target tissues, being able to understand and predict the distribution of AZT into different pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant tissues is therefore critically important to improving the efficacy and minimizing the toxicity of AZT therapy. This study was designed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to help describe and predict the time course of AZT levels in different tissues. The model was developed in the mouse and then scaled up to predict human situations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[A clinical trial for developing PICU management scale, a tool reviewing the frequency and use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric acute care].

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Medical management in psychiatric acute care involving seclusion and restraint is an intervention of which reasonable use is often required. Regarding such measures, guidelines for seclusion and restraint are important, and also, psychiatric treatment facilities should engage in a continuous quality improvement process that seeks to minimize the use of seclusion and restraint. To review and monitor the existing use of seclusion and restraint, the authors developed a tool, the "PICU management scale", and investigated its usefulness in two functionally different psychiatric wards, a psychiatric emergency care unit (emergency ward) and a psychiatric acute care unit (acute ward) in the Japanese payment system. The PICU management scale is a tool which classifies the status of psychiatric intensive care into six categories by four factors; "S: seclusion", "R: restraint", "N: forced nutrition" and "Ph: physical care", and we evaluated its usefulness by occurrence of variance. In terms of minimizing or optimizing the use of seclusion and restraint, we also analyzed characteristics and risk factors of 1) recurrent application of seclusion and restraint, 2) high PICU management ranking, and 3) prolongation. RESULTS: During the five months of investigation, medical management involving seclusion and restraint was applied in 98 cases at the emergency ward and 50 at the acute ward. The total number of management days was 894 and 950, respectively. The mean management duration per case was 9.1 and 19.0 days, respectively. The variance was 2.5 % and 4.5 %, respectively, and our tool covered most of the statuses and conditions observed in psychiatric emergency and acute care. Analysis of the variance suggested the existence of a trend which is considered to be typical of the status of medical management. Most cases that required recurrent application of seclusion and restraint were diagnosed as F0 or F2 in ICD -10, and hebephrenic cases with a high grade of disability, refractory-paranoid schizophrenic, or drug-resistant cases in F2 were remarkable in this category. In the high PICU management ranking, most cases were related to consciousness disturbance, and the mean duration of intervention was short. Reversal of the therapeutic stage was considered to be a risk factor of prolongation. CONCLUSION: The "PICU management scale" is considered to be a useful tool for minimizing the use of seclusion and restraint, in addition to the guidelines for the use of seclusion and restraint. Contributions to team strategy and consensus by the addition of objectivity or symbolizing are also expected. To verify these findings and make further progress, more clinical trials using this tool in various institutions are required.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Modeling solute diffusion in the presence of pore-scale heterogeneity: method development and an application to the Culebra dolomite member of the Rustler Formation, New Mexico, USA.

Previous studies have revealed the presence of pore-scale variability in diffusivity in the Culebra (dolomite) member of the Rustler Formation, NM. In this study, eight laboratory-scale diffusion experiments on five Culebra samples were analyzed using a methodology for modeling solute diffusion through porous media in the presence of multiple matrix diffusivities, Dp. A lognormal distribution of Dp is assumed within each of the lab samples. The estimated standard deviation (sigma d) of ln(Dp) within each sample ranges from 0 to 1, with most values lying between 0.5 and 1. The variability over all samples leads to a combined sigma d in the range of 1.0-1.2, which is consistent with the distribution of independently determined formation factor measurements for similar Culebra samples. A comparison of our estimation results to other rock properties suggests that, at the lab-scale, the geometric mean of Dp increases with bulk porosity and the quantity of macroscopic features such as vugs and fractures. However, sigma d appears to be determined by variability within such macroscopic features and/or by micropore-scale heterogeneity. In addition, comparison of these experiments to those at larger spatial scales suggests that increasing sample volume results in an increase in sigma d.

Calcium Carbonate↗
PubMed2000

The assessment of functional impairment in fibromyalgia (FM): Rasch analyses of 5 functional scales and the development of the FM Health Assessment Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Functional assessment by self-report questionnaire plays an important role in most rheumatic conditions, but psychometric properties of questionnaires have not been studied in fibromyalgia (FM), particularly by Rasch analysis, which allows for examining adequacy of the questionnaire scale. To assess currently used instruments, we examined the Fibromyalgia Impact Scale (FIQ), 4 versions of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form (SF-36). METHODS: More than 2,500 patients from 4 sites (3 US, 1 Israel) completed the FIQ. The HAQ questionnaires were completed by 1438 patients participating in the US National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases. Seven hundred sixty patients from Wichita, Kansas, completed the SF-36. Rasch analysis was applied separately to each of these data sets. RESULTS: The FIQ systematically underestimated functional impairment by its handling of activities not usually performed. All questionnaires had problems with non-unidimensionality and ambiguous items when applied to patients with FM. In addition, scales were found to be non-linear. Because of these findings we used the 20 item HAQ questionnaire as an item bank to develop a new questionnaire more suitable for use in FM, the fibromyalgia HAQ (FHAQ). This questionnaire fits the Rasch model well, is relevant, is linear, and has a long, well spaced scale. CONCLUSION: No available functional assessment questionnaire works well in FM. A new questionnaire, the FHAQ, was developed. It has appropriate metric properties and should function well in this condition. Since the FHAQ is a subset of the larger HAQ questionnaire, a new questionnaire is not required; only a different method of scoring is needed. Additional studies regarding sensitivity to change are required to fully validate the FHAQ.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2002

[Systematic development of a scale for determination of health-related quality of life in multiple trauma patients. The Polytrauma Outcome (POLO) Chart].

Even years after having sustained multiple injuries patients often suffer from its sequelae. These comprise restrictions in physical function, but also pain, social and psychological impairments. Although the Meran Consensus Conference in 1990 defined the contents of "quality of life" (QoL) measures in surgery, still no instrument is available for the valid assessment of all relevant QoL domains in multiple injured patients. This paper describes the systematic development of a modular instrument for the assessment of health related QoL. Within three phases (phase I: generation of items, phase II: item reduction, phase III: pre-testing in 70 multiple injured and control patients) a questionnaire of 57 items was developed, which measures all relevant trauma-related aspects of QoL after acute hospital care. In combination with the Glascow Outcome Scale (GOS), the EUROQOL and the SF-36, the newly developed instrument builds the Polytrauma Outcome Chart (POLO-Chart) which will also be used as "Part E" for outcome assessment within the "Trauma registry" of the German Society for Trauma Surgery. In phase IV, the POLO-Chart will finally be validated in five trauma centres (Celle, Essen, Hanover, Cologne und Munich).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Development of a self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education.

Self-directed learning is a method of instruction used increasingly in adult education. A scale was developed in response to a need for a valid and reliable instrument to measure self-directed learning readiness. Such a scale will allow nurse educators to diagnose students' attitudes, abilities and personality characteristics, necessary for self-directed learning. This study was undertaken in two stages. In the first, the Delphi technique utilizing a panel of 11 nurse educator experts was used to assess the content and construct validity of a number of items perceived to reflect self-directed learning readiness. Each panel member was asked to independently rate the relevance of each item on a Likert scale. The second stage involved the administration of the questionnaire to a convenience sample of 201 undergraduate nursing students. The questionnaire was analysed using principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation, Chronbach's coefficient alpha, and item-to-total correlations to measure the scale's construct validity, internal consistency (reliability), and unidimensionality, respectively.The resulting self-directed learning readiness scale appears homogeneous and valid. The scale will assist nurse educators in the diagnosis of student learning needs, in order for the educator to implement teaching strategies that will best suit the students. Furthermore the development of this scale will provide valuable data for curriculum development.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of behavioral, affective, and somatic responses to pediatric bone marrow transplantation: development of the BASES scale.

A new measure to assess behavioral, affective and somatic outcomes in the acute phase of bone marrow transplant is described. The Behavioral Affective and Somatic Experiences Scale (BASES) is a 38 item nurse-report instrument, with five subscales labeled Somatic distress, Compliance, Mood/Behavior, Interactions, and Activity. A series of pilot studies were conducted to refine the content of the BASES scale and to establish its psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and validity. Internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha) for the subscales ranged from .742 to .902. Inter-rater reliability was good, with a median correlation between paired nurse observations of .866. A parent report version of the BASES scale has also been developed, and the finding of significant parent-nurse correlations provides preliminary evidence of the validity of the measure. Potential uses of the BASES scale in the pediatric BMT setting are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Development and initial validation of a scale to measure emotional abuse among school children aged 13-15 years in Sri Lanka.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale to measure emotional abuse among school children aged 13-15 years in Sri Lanka that can be used in field settings. METHOD: Emotional abuse was defined based on available literature. Review of literature and discussions with a panel identified 85 items indicating abusive behaviors. Content validity and social acceptability were achieved by getting the views of this same panel and parents, respectively. Item analysis and assessment of validity were carried out based on the responses to the draft instrument by 105 children aged 13-15 years attending a school in an urban slum area. The test-retest reliability of the scale was assessed using the responses from 144 students from a different school. Criterion validity was established by comparing the independent assessments of a psychiatrist for the presence or absence of emotional abuse with the respective scores of the children on the scale. RESULTS: The scale developed to assess emotional abuse included 46 items having a Cronbach alpha of .89. The test-retest reliability was .73. A cutoff score of 95 was identified at a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 51.4%. CONCLUSIONS: A scale that had a satisfactory level of reliability and validity was socially acceptable, which could be used in school settings in Sri Lanka was developed to enable identification of emotional abuse among school children aged 13-15.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Quality of life measurement in bone marrow transplantation: development of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) scale.

We developed a 12-item bone marrow transplant subscale (BMTS) for the general Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) measure. The subscale combined with the FACT, (FACT-BMT) is a 47-item, valid and reliable measure of five dimensions of quality of life in bone marrow transplant patients. The three-step validation process involved the generation and selection of BMT-specific items and the testing of the overall measure. Items were selected from a list produced by seven oncology experts and 15 patients and were designed to assess content not represented in the general FACT items. A total of 182 patients completed the FACT-BMT at baseline, prior to BMT. An analysis measuring sensitivity to change was performed with 74 patients after transplantation and 60 patients over the three time-points of baseline, hospital discharge and 100 days. The FACT-BMT and all subscales were correlated, sensitivity to change was measured, and the internal consistency for each scale was calculated. Coefficients of reliability and validity ranged from 0.86 to 0.89 for the entire FACT-BMT and 0.54 to 0.63 for the BMTS. The BMTS was able to discriminate patients on the basis of performance status rating and also demonstrated sensitivity to change over time. The FACT-BMT has good psychometric properties for use in assessing quality of life in bone marrow transplant patients. The addition of the bone marrow transplant subscale to the general FACT measure makes it an excellent choice for use in BMT clinical trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale.

The development and use of a new scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), is described. This is a simple, self-administered questionnaire which is shown to provide a measurement of the subject's general level of daytime sleepiness. One hundred and eighty adults answered the ESS, including 30 normal men and women as controls and 150 patients with a range of sleep disorders. They rated the chances that they would doze off or fall asleep when in eight different situations commonly encountered in daily life. Total ESS scores significantly distinguished normal subjects from patients in various diagnostic groups including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. ESS scores were significantly correlated with sleep latency measured during the multiple sleep latency test and during overnight polysomnography. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ESS scores were significantly correlated with the respiratory disturbance index and the minimum SaO2 recorded overnight. ESS scores of patients who simply snored did not differ from controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Image of aging scale.

The development of the Image of Aging Scale is described. It ineludes positive and negative images of elders within nine domains. The scale showed good 1-wk. test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity.

Aged↗