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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Electrocardiographic changes in the growing Mastín Español.

Serial electrocardiograms were recorded from 70 Mastín Español dogs in right lateral recumbency, aged between one day and three years, in order to observe the changes in the waveform and intervals, QRS morphology, cardiac rhythm and heart rate caused by their growth. Age and bodyweight caused a gradual increase in the duration and amplitude of the P wave, duration of the PR, QT and RR intervals, amplitude of the R wave and duration of the QRS complex and ST segment. Q wave was observed in nearly all the recordings with different amplitudes. The S wave was only significant in one-day-old animals and QRS morphology showed significant important changes from qrS and rS to qR and qRs morphologies during the first two weeks of life. The T wave increased its amplitude until the age of two months and changed its polarity (from negative to positive) from five months of age onwards. The heart rate decreased until the age of seven months, reaching stabilised values of 110 +/- 7.3 beats per minute. Sinus tachycardia was commonplace in animals under one month old and respiratory sinus arrhythmia was found from six months of age. Sex only influenced the duration and amplitude of the T wave. Males had higher mean values than females.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Simulated effects of culling ewes for age and failure to conceive on biological efficiency of an annual lambing production system.

A deterministic computer simulation model was used to estimate the effects of different culling strategies for nonconception and age on the biological efficiency of an annual lambing system. Interaction among culling strategy and genotype for system efficiency was estimated by also varying ewe genetic potentials for fertility, precocity of fertility, and litter size. Biological efficiency was defined as grams of empty body weight equivalent value of market lamb, cull ewe, and wool output per kilogram input of TDN. Pure breeding with random selection of intraflock replacement ewe lambs was assumed. Sheep were fed to maintain normal weight. Maximum allowable ewe age (i.e., time at culling for age) was varied from 2 to 10 yr. The four strategies of culling for nonconception that were simulated ranged from no removal for nonconception to removal of all nonpregnant ewes 15 wk after exposure. During calculation of lamb empty body weight equivalent, relative values per kilogram of output for market lambs, cull ewes, and clean wool were assumed to be 1 to .33 to 2.04 for most simulation runs. In addition, relative value of cull ewes was varied to .01, .16, .50, or .99 for some simulations. The effect of strategy for removal of nonconceiving ewes on system efficiency depended on maximum ewe age and genotype. In general, if relative value per kilogram of cull ewes to market lambs was < or = .50, ewes should be allowed to produce through 4 or 5 yr of age and then be salvaged. Unless salvage value of culled ewes approaches that of market lambs, ewe lambs should not be culled for failure to conceive.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Physical characteristics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid concentrations in obese horses with insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: To compare obese horses with insulin resistance (IR) with nonobese horses and determine whether blood resting glucose, insulin, leptin, and lipid concentrations differed between groups and were correlated with combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) results. ANIMALS: 7 obese adult horses with IR (OB-IR group) and 5 nonobese mares. PROCEDURES: Physical measurements were taken, and blood samples were collected after horses had acclimated to the hospital for 3 days. Response to insulin was assessed by use of the CGIT, and maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations greater than the preinjection value for > or = 45 minutes was used to define IR. Area under the curve values for glucose (AUC(g)) and insulin (AUC(i)) concentrations were calculated. RESULTS: Morgan, Paso Fino, Quarter Horse, and Tennessee Walking Horse breeds were represented in the OB-IR group. Mean neck circumference and BCS differed significantly between groups and were positively correlated with AUC values. Resting insulin and leptin concentrations were 6 and 14 times as high, respectively, in the OB-IR group, compared with the nonobese group, and were significantly correlated with AUC(g) and AUC(i). Plasma nonesterified fatty acid, very low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were significantly higher (86%, 104%, and 29%, respectively) in OB-IR horses, and HDL-C concentrations were positively correlated with AUC values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurements of neck circumference and resting insulin and leptin concentrations can be used to screen obese horses for IR. Dyslipidemia is associated with IR in obese horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and inheritance of and selection for hip dysplasia in seven breeds of dogs in Sweden and benefit: cost analysis of a screening and control program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and changes over time in the prevalence of hip dysplasia; to ascertain whether prevalence or severity of hip dysplasia was associated with sex of the dogs, age at which coxofemoral joint status was evaluated, or ancestral background; to determine the effects of selective breeding; and to conduct an economic evaluation of the hip dysplasia program operated by the Swedish Kennel Club. DESIGN: Analysis of radiographic evaluations of coxofemoral joint conformity. ANIMALS: 83,229 dogs from 7 breeds registered by the Swedish Kennel Club. PROCEDURE: All radiographs were scrutinized by a single radiologist (LA), and coxofemoral joint conformation was classified as normal or dysplastic, with the degree of dysplasia classified as 1,2,3, or 4. RESULTS: Decreasing prevalence of hip dysplasia corresponding to selection of breeding stock and high heritabilities was found. Sex differences were documented in 3 of the breeds. This was interpreted as breed differences in the distribution of genes related to hip dysplasia. Economic analyses showed that costs of screening and registration of coxofemoral joints was less than the value of dogs estimated to have been saved from moderate, severe, or very severe hip dysplasia in 6 of the breeds. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Documented effects of age suggest that all dogs should be screened at the same age, rather than screening a few dogs at an older, more revealing age. In screening and control programs based on an open registry with access to family records, decreasing prevalence of hip dysplasia can be expected, and related to selection of breeding stock.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The protein retention capacity of piglets of different breeds and genotypes].

The genetically caused intensity of growth from piglets (barrows) of four breeds and two crossbreeds was evaluated by estimation of maximum daily capacity per LW 0.67 kg of N-balance plus N-maintenance-requirement (A) on the basis of a total of 130 N balance measurings on 66 piglets in the live weight range between 10 and 20 kg. The estimation was realized by using the N utilization model by Gebhardt (1963) and of its further development. In comparison with Landrace (A = 2575 mg) the breeds Edelschwein (A = 3,242 mg) and Leicoma (A = 3,038 mg) had a higher A in the midst of the piglet period (9th and 10th week of life), but not so the breed Schwerfurter (A = 2,350 mg). The capacity of the following N balances during growing and fattening stages is not derivable from these values. The experimentally evaluated A of crossbreeds is in good agreement with the calculated A on the basis of the used races for breeding. The product A.b = 1.15 is characterizing the quality of the feed protein (a mixture of wheat and casein in the relation 2.2:1), independently of the live weight and also of the breed or the genotype of the pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Changes in some egg components and analytical values due to hen age.

The influence of hen age on some egg characteristics was studied. Two commercial breeds of brown hens, namely Warren and Hy-Line, were considered at seven different ages. The variables analyzed were the weights of yolk and thick and thin albumen, pH, and the concentration of glucose, uridine, and uric and pyroglutamic acids of separated yolk and albumen. Albumen and yolk average weights and the proportion of yolk in the edible part of egg increased with hen age, whereas the average ratio of thick to thin albumen was not influenced by the progress of the laying cycle. Glucose, uridine, and uric acid were also not influenced by hen age. Pyroglutamic acid, which is detectable in yolk and not in the albumen of a fresh egg, showed a characteristic trend in yolk. Its concentration dramatically increased in the middle of the laying cycle and then decreased to values close to those observed in eggs of the young layers.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Migrational capacity of Fennoscandian populations of Venturia tremulae.

Genetic variation in three multiallelic loci was analysed with Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis in order to assess the genetic population structure of Venturia tremulae var. tremulae in order to understand the evolutionary potential of the pathogen against resistance breeding. Also the identification of the fungus was verified with molecular analysis of reference isolates. The Fst and Gst values were very low indicating no substructuring or restrictions to gene flow between Fennoscandian populations of V. tremulae. The results imply high epidemiological efficiency of the fungus and therefore continuous breeding programme should be implemented for Venturia resistance of aspen.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2004

[Pattern of plasma sex steroid hormone levels during the breeding season of male and female skink: Eumeces chinensis].

Changes in gonadal activity and plasma sex steroid hormone levels in male and female Eumece chinensis during the breeding season were described. The results showed that: The vitellogensis of follicles of female Eumeces chinensis needed the stimulation of 17beta-estradiol (E2). As ovary masses reached peak values between late April and mid-May, E2 levels rose to the top value by late March, and then sharply declined but went up again before preovulation; The physiological functions of plasma progesterone (P) consisted in its oviductal egg retention, embryo development, and eggshell formation. P levels fluctuated near the basic value between mid-March and late April. In mid-May, with the onset of ovulation, plasma P levels rose rapidly, reached peak value by late May and declined sharply after ovulation. Plasma E2 levels declined as plasma P levels rose, showing an inverse relationship between them; In males, plasma Testosterone (T) levels were closely correlated with the maintenance of spermatogenesis activities, male and male combat, sexual display, and mating. Plasma T levels tended to rise after the termination of hibernation, and reached peak value by mid-April. After mid-May, with the testis aggressing, plasma T levels gradually went down and reached bottom value by late June.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of heterogeneity of serum albumin in heterosis-hybrid chickens].

A comparative study was performed for isoelectric and electrophoretic spectra blood serum albumin of parental breeds of chickens and their heterosis hybrids --broiler cocks. The method of isoelectric focusing within the surcrose density gradient and pH 4-6 created by the gradient of sucrose, mannitol and boron-borate buffer (pH 8.5) concentrations was applied. The electrophoretic spectrum of the serum albumin fraction homogeneous in the agar gel was obtained by electrophoresis in 7% polyacrylamide gel. The isoelectric spectrum of heterosis hybrid albumin is established to be more heterogeneous and during isoelectric focusing it is divided within a range of pH 4.6-5.2 into seven fractions against four-five components of the parent breed albumin. Among them it is possible to distinguish the fraction involving more than 50% of the total protein (the great component) and some small components with different protein content and belonging wither to a more acid or more basic region as compared to pI of the great component. The pI value of the great component for hybrid albumin is shifted towards the acid region (4.76 against 4.85 and 5.07 in albumin of the parent breeds). Small component of hybrid albumin are characterized by an increase in their amount, but pI of the fraction is within the range of values peculiar to albumin of the maternal and paternal lines. The albumin preparations of all the studied chicken breeds isolated from blood serum by electrophoresis in the agar gel manifest multiplicity of the protein bands in a 7% polyacrylamide gel. The electric spectra of hybrid albumin and parent breeds albumin differ in the distribution pattern of the components and their quantitative composition. A relative electrophoretic mobility of the intensively stained dense band which represents the main electrophoretic component is increased in hydrid albumin with the respect to albumin of the maternal line but is identical to the paternal line.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Normal concentrations of some blood constituents in young Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male Najdi (Saudi) camels. The mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 mumol/l, urea = 6.6 +/- 1 mumol/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 mumol/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 mumol/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 + 7.3 mumol/l, AST = 12 +/- 5 IU/l ALT = 9 +/- 4 IU/l and ALP = 42.6 + 21.3 IU/l. These values were compared with those reported by other investigators in camels with different ages, sexes and breeds as well as with blood constituents in true ruminants.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2000

Technical note: covariance adjustment in beef cattle research.

In randomized experiments, analysis of covariance is used to increase precision of treatment comparisons. However, for factors that are observational (e.g., breed) or for covariates measured after treatments are applied, it may not be biologically meaningful to calculate treatment means adjusted to a common value of the covariate. For example, in beef cattle trials, it may not be meaningful to compare hot carcass weights of medium- and large-framed breeds adjusted to a common weaning weight because the breeds have naturally different mean weights at weaning. If done, this would typically result in an undesirable downward adjustment of mean carcass weight for the large-framed breed and upward adjustment of the mean carcass weight for the small-framed breed. However, it is desirable to evaluate the mean carcass weight for two diets, adjusted to a common weaning weight. Because of randomization, the expected weaning weights of animals on the two diets are equal and hence the only effect of covariance adjustment is to increase precision of the diet comparison. This paper presents the statistical methodology for estimating covariance adjusted means (termed partially adjusted means) when the levels of some of the factors are compared at a common value of the covariate but the levels of other factors are compared at differing values of the covariate. The methodology is extended to include several covariates, several factors, and arbitrary interactions among covariates, among factors, and between factors and covariates. These methods can be implemented using existing statistical software for linear models. Data are presented from an experiment in which hot carcass weight was recorded for beef cattle. Analyses of these data illustrate that adjusted means, partially adjusted means, and unadjusted means may differ substantially in magnitude, significance, and in the ranking of treatments.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

[Causes of death in chicks in the 1st days after hatching].

Scientific and productional experiments and complex investigations were carried out on breeding eggs, chick embryos, newly hatched birds, and ecologic habitats of two broiler dressing combines. It was found that the basic reasons for the morbidity and mortality of chicks in the first days following hatching were: the eggs chosen for hatching were of a lower biologic value due to deficient feeding (1); the veterinary, sanitary, and hygiene requirements with regard to the production, shipping, storing, and hatching of breeding eggs were overlooked (2); the little birds were offered feed mixtures of low value, along with admission of other drawback in their feeding (3); during the first days of raising the birds were kept at lower temperatures and lower relative humidity on the premises.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Organochlorine insecticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in some fish species].

Studies were carried out on 7 kinds of fish--Black Sea scad, Aegian sardine, ocean mackerel, white hake, Danube red-fin fish, carp and trout, from fish breeding-ponds, with a purpose of finding residual quantities of chloroganic compounds. The average values found for hexachlorcyclohexane, alpha and gamma, DDT and the metabolites, the dildrine and the polychlorinated biphenyls were considerably lower than those established by other authors about the same or similar kinds of fish: sigma DDR--0.150--4.739 ppm, hexachlorcyclohexane--0.083--0.304 ppm, dildrine--0.044--0.175 ppm and polychlorinated biphenyls--1.346--7.424 ppm. The results were evaluated on the basis of fat. The lowest quantities of chlorogranic insecticides were proved in fish from breeding-ponds (carp and trout) which did not contain dildrine and polychlorinated biphenyls. A correlation was established between the lipid contents and the quantity of polychlorinated biphenyl [(r) = 0.57] in the fish. The accumulation of chlororganic compounds in the fish was in connection with the way of feeding them and depends on (scad, white hake) the season. The quantities of sigma DDT found in the fish were under the admissible norms of WHO/FAO--7 ppm on the basis of fat for fish, polychlorinated biphenyl--under the temporarily existing norms in the Federal Republic of Germany--10 ppm on the basis of fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Use of the skin test in the evaluation of true levels of cellular immunity and levels after experimental administration of glucan and levamisole in feed-lot bulls].

Applicability of a skin test induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to quantification of the actual level of cellular immunity (CI) in vivo and its level after an experimental immunomodulation intervention were evaluated in two breeds (40 animals in each) of fattening bulls (10-11 months old). At the selected methodical procedure of intensity determination of the delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH), its average value reached 4.5 +/- 1.5 mm in 80 animals, while in 77.5% of bulls its level ranged from 3.6 to 9.6 mm, in 18.7% from 2.0 to 3.5 mm and in 3.8% remained less than 2.0 mm. Evident expression of the reaction points to the possibility of application of the used methodical procedure of the skin test using DNFB to quantify the level of CI response in vivo in cattle. Percentual representation of animals according to the intensity of skin reaction (Tab. I) and concentration of total serum immunoglobulins (Cs-Ig) and serum IgG (Tab. II) indicates the different cellular and humoral state of animals in investigated breeds. This is also confirmed by the recorded average values of mentioned parameters which were significantly lower (P less than 0.01; or 0.05) in animals of the first breed (4.0 +/- 1.3 mm; 28.3 +/- 4.4 U ZST, 18.4 +/- 3.5 g.l-1) than in breed 2 (4.9 +/- 1.6 mm; 32.5 +/- 3.8 U ZST; 20.3 +/- 3.5 g.l-1). The animals of each breed were divided into four experimental groups with the approximately equal actual levels of DTH (Tab. III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[DNA-diagnosis of congenital diseases in companion animals and the role of the practicing veterinarian].

The knowledge on the impact of gene defects on the development of disease in companion animals is increasing rapidly. The gene defects may be differentiated in an initiating defect, which is the cause of illness, and a promoting defect, which enhances the chance on illness. Up till now only initiating defects are known in dogs and cats. All this is of great importance for breeding purposes, because within a breed there is narrow relationship which means the genetic diversity is small, and with all the disadvantages thereof. The identification in good time of gene defects in breeding animals, so that these animals being excluded from breeding, is of utmost importance in preventing congenital diseases. For that reason more and more the owners will appeal to veterinary surgeons to cooperate in procedures to screen potential breeding animals, or to declare the animals free from gene defects. The problems with regard to the diagnostic tests, including the DNA-tests, and their predictive values are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Genetic-economic evaluation of traits in a goose meat enterprise.

1. Goose can be considered as an additional and inexpensive meat source, provided that the marketing age does not exceed 8 weeks. Using the ability of geese to eat grass may reduce the intake of concentrated food up to 30%. 2. According to an equation developed, growth rate accounts for about 58% of the annual breeding gains, egg number 28%, feather yield 10%, fertility and mortality about 2%. These values are about the same for a wide range of food prices. 3. Employing realistic values for expected annual genetic gains reveals that the customary practice of keeping breeders for 5 to 6 years should be replaced by a much shorter cycle of 3 years because the economic gain from the shorter generation interval of selection exceeds the replacement costs.

Animals↗