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PubMed1984

Unexpected inorganic elements in oral lesions: results of X-ray energy spectroscopy (XES) on particulate matter in paraffin sections.

X-ray energy spectroscopy (XES) of all particulate matter found by light microscopy in histological sections of 222 oral lesions revealed a much wider range of elements than expected from dental amalgam. Subsequent XES of a variety of endodontic materials, impression materials and toothpastes indicated possible sources for virtually all elements identified in the histopathological lesions. The range of materials identified is tabulated; histopathological lesions and probable source substances are correlated; light microscopic pointers to the elemental nature of particulate matter in sections are indicated--titanium and bismuth have characteristic appearances; possible implications of local implantation and large scale ingestion of such substances are discussed.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1995

Visualizing taste papillae in vivo with scanning electron microscopy of a high resolution cast.

A method using polyvinylsiloxane (PVS), a high-resolution dental impression material, to obtain negative images of lingual surfaces is described. Epoxy-resin tongue replicas made from these impressions were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This method has been developed to visualize structural details of the tongue surface of living human beings and laboratory animals. The utility of the method is demonstrated with hamster tongues, which have well-defined fungiform papillae with single taste pores, and human tongues, which have more variable surface structures. Replicas made from PVS impressions of tongues of living hamsters were compared with the same tongues after fixation. The replicas contained much of the detail present in fixed tongues. With SEM, it was possible to identify individual fungiform papillae, which contained depressions with the size and the location of hamster taste pores. Individual papillae could also be recognized in human-tongue replicas, but taste pores could not be identified with certainty. These replicas provide permanent, three-dimensional records of tongue topography that could be used to document changes due to trauma, disease and aging.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effect of the use of dental gloves on mixing vinyl polysiloxane putties.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the delay in setting times that occurs with selected brands of gloves or residual powder from those gloves on eight popular brands of vinyl polysiloxane putties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The putties were mixed and rolled into a round 3-inch-long cylinder without gloves on hand, with gloves on hand, and with powder residue on hands, immediately after degloving. The end of a cement spatula was drawn over the putty at various intervals with a force of 3 ounces. The setting time was recorded to be when no permanent indentation of the putty occurred. RESULTS: All materials set within 5 minutes without gloved hands. Eighty-eight percent of the putties set within 5 minutes when mixed with Friction Grip Powder Free and Medical Gloves on hands. When mixed with Pharmaseal gloves on hands, 50% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When mixed with Micro-Touch Latex Medical Gloves, 38% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When the putties were mixed with the residual powders left on ungloved hands, the same results occurred with the above-mentioned gloves. With residual powder on hands from Natraflex and Medical Exam Tex, 25% of the putties set in 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Gloved hands interfered with the setting of more brands of putties than did residual powder on hands immediately after degloving. There are gloves available that do not interfere with the setting of most of the vinyl polysiloxane putties.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1975

Influence of stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubricants on surface hardness and dimension of a dental stone die material.

The influence of different stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubrication methods on the surface hardness of a stone die material has been evaluated. For one impression material the dimensional effect of the mixing agents and lubrication on the dies was also studied. The stone die material was mixed with water or a gypsum hardener and allowed to set on surfaces of glass, agar-agar, polyether, polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The lubrication methods for the stone were mineral oil, water soluble lubricant and mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant. The surface hardness was measured according to the Brinell test. The Brinell test was chosen after a comparative study of the Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness test methods. The results showed that gypsum hardener was preferable to distilled water. The impression materials appear to have influence on the surface hardness of stone. The effect differed on water mixed and hardener mixed stone which emphasizes the importance of the mixing agent. All lubrication decreased the surface hardness of stone. With hardener mixed stone the combination of mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant seemed preferable. Neither the gypsum hardener nor the lubrication influenced the dimension of the stone die material.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting the accuracy of elastometric impression materials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of (1) various impression materials, (2) different storage times and (3) the proportion of inorganic filler on the accuracy and stability of elastometric impression materials. METHODS: The impression materials studied included three alginate impression materials (Algiace Z, CAVEX and Jeltrate), five commercial silicone impression materials (Aquasil, Exaflex regular type, Express, Coltex fine and Rapid liner) and two experimental silicone impression materials designed for this study (KE106A and KE106B). Impressions were made of 10 metal dies that mimicked prepared crowns. After an impression was taken, dental stone was immediately poured into the alginate impressions, while the silicone impressions was poured 30 min later and waited for 1 h for setting. The second and third stone dies were made 1 and 24 h later, respectively. The diameters of the occlusal surfaces of the metal dies and stone casts were determined using photographs of the surfaces taken with a Kodak DC 290 digital camera. The pictures were then measured using a photomicrograph digitized integration system to calculate any discrepancy. Because each impression was used to make three rounds of stone dies, two-factor mixed factorial ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of materials and storage time on the accuracy of the stone casts. The simple effects analysis, combined with multiple comparisons considering the per family type I error rate, was performed following confirmation that an interaction between the two factors was significant. RESULTS: The results showed that: (1) there was a significant interaction effect between materials and storage times on the accuracy of the impressions. (2) Two addition type silicone materials, Aquasil and Exaflex, had the greatest accuracy and stability. (3) The experimental material KE106A had the least accuracy in the first and second rounds and the alginate impression material CAVEX had the least accuracy in the third round. (4) The stabilities of CAVEX and Jeltrate were the least consistent of the 10 materials and decreased significantly with storage time. (5) When the experimental material had a low proportion of filler (KE106A), there was a significantly greater dimensional discrepancy compared to the same material with a higher proportion of filler (KE106B). CONCLUSIONS: The accuracies varied among the 10 impression materials over three rounds. Of all the materials, the addition type silicone materials, Aquasil and Exaflex, had relatively greater accuracy and stability. The discrepancy of the alginate impression materials increased with storage time. The large loading of filler showed less discrepancy.

Alginates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of a scanning laser three-dimensional digitizer for analysis of dental materials.

A scanning laser 3-D digitizer was used to measure dimensions in dental impression materials, and its performance was compared with that of micrometer-based measuring instruments. It was found that the digitizer was precise enough to detect dimensional changes on the order of 40 microns, and it was automated enough to be convenient and almost eliminate operator errors. However, its operation required the services of an engineer for maintenance and a programmer for data analysis.

Algorithms↗