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Peer disapproval contributed most and parental disapproval least to explaining adolescents' drinking behavior. Adolescents' moral commitment to laws and their perception of the certainty of legal sanctions had intermediate effects.
OBJECTIVE: This article presents data on the validity of using self-report of alcohol-induced flushing and actual investigator-observed flushing following alcohol challenge to predict ALDH2 genotype in Asian-American men. METHOD: Men between the ages of 21 and 25 years who were of Chinese, Japanese or Korean descent completed questionnaires about their drinking history and their alcohol-induced flushing history and associated symptoms. Fifty men selected for participation in the study were genotyped for alleles of ALDH2 and individually tested on two separate occasions following oral administration of placebo and 0.75 ml/kg (0.56 g/kg) alcohol. Facial flushing was assessed at baseline and at intervals over a 150-minute period after drinking using observational ratings. RESULTS: By comparing the results of ALDH2 genotype with investigator-observed flushing and with previous self-report of facial flushing, it was found that investigator-observed flushing is both a sensitive (100%) and specific (96%) predictor of ALDH2 genotype, whereas self-report of facial flushing is a sensitive (100%) but not a specific (68%) predictor of ALDH2 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that investigator-observed flushing provides a valid estimate of ALDH2 genotype, but that self-report of facial flushing is biased, giving a substantial overestimate. Due to an increase in error variance, studies that rely solely on self-report of flushing will more often lead to the conclusion that no association exists. This study supports the importance of using ALDH2 genotype, rather than self-report of flushing or ALDH2 phenotype, when examining factors associated with differences in drinking behavior, response to alcohol and risk for alcoholism or alcohol-related disease among Asians.
OBJECTIVE: Research about the role of alcohol-related expectancies in the drinking behavior of young people has two crucial limitations: a paucity of longitudinal studies and questions about the construct validities of extant expectancy questionnaires. This study concerned the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire for Adolescents (AEQ-A) and its relation to drinking among grades 6.7 and 8 students. Objectives were (1) the evaluation of the concurrent and predictive validities of scales of the AEQ-A; and (2) study of the joint covariance structure of the AEQ-A with measures of alcohol use. METHOD: The AEQ-A and measures of drinking and related problems were administered twice within an 8-month period to 408 grades 6.7 and 8 public school students (mean age = 12.1 years; 50% boys; 98% white). All measures were administered in the schools as part of health classes. RESULTS: In regression analyses only one AEQ-A scale-expectation of social enhancement- had clear concurrent and predictive validity. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the entire AEQ-A seems to measure relatively distinct belief areas, but, again, only the social enhancement domain was related to drinking quantity-frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Expectations of social benefit may be a risk factor for higher levels of drinking among junior high school students, but the relative importance of this belief over other possible factors remains to be studied.
OBJECTIVE: The present study used structural equation modeling to test whether prospective relations between prematriculation social influences and alcohol involvement in college were most consistent with peer selection, peer socialization or reciprocal determinism explanations and to determine if observed relations varied according to measurement interval. We tested the hypotheses that "active" (alcohol offers) and "passive" (social modeling, perceived norms) social influences would be uniquely and reciprocally associated with alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences across two and three waves of assessment. METHOD: Prospective undergraduates (N = 388) completed self-report assessments in the summer before matriculation (Wave 1), in the spring of their freshman year (Wave 2) and in the spring of their sophomore year (Wave 3). RESULTS: Reciprocal effects were observed between social influences and alcohol use in both two- and three-wave models. Some evidence was observed for reciprocal associations for social modeling with alcohol use and alcohol problems. Overall, however, only modest support was found for a reciprocal influence conceptualization of social influences in alcohol problems. For alcohol problems, the results were more consistent with selection effects. No significant reciprocal associations were observed for perceived norms. CONCLUSIONS: Findings generally support the Social Learning Theory concept of reciprocal determinism but suggest the relationship between individual drinking behaviors and the social environment varies when distinguishing between alcohol use and alcohol problems. These findings also point to the importance of distinguishing among different types of social influences when delineating processes that result from and lead to heavy drinking in college.
Anticonflict effects of caffeine and diazepam were investigated by two procedures in water-deprived mice; punishment procedure in which the water drinking was suppressed by an electric foot shock, and hypertonic NaCl solution procedure in which the mouse was given 2% NaCl solution in place of tap water to suppress the drinking. Single administration of caffeine (1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg), and combined administration of caffeine (10 mg/kg) plus diazepam (1 mg/kg) were conducted. The mouse's drinking behavior was measured for 40 min immediately after each drug administration. Diazepam 0.25 mg/kg in the punishment procedure, and caffeine 30 mg/kg and diazepam 2 mg/kg in the hypertonic NaCl solution procedure were ineffective to significantly disinhibit the suppressed drinking. However, the other doses of caffeine and diazepam significantly disinhibited the suppressed drinking in both procedures. When the combined administration of caffeine and diazepam was carried out, no enhancement of the effect was observed as compared with those of the single administration of the individual drugs. The present results suggest that caffeine possesses an anticonflict effect at certain doses, although it is pharmacologically different from benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
The effect of certain steroidal compounds with estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties on voluntary intake of ET by rats with preference to ET of both sexes was studied. The effect of a nonsteroidal antiandrogenic compound and its biologically active metabolite (SCH-16423) on these parameters was also evaluated. The observed behavioral drinking profile of ET was studied in conjunction with determination of L-ADH and L-ALDH as a function of drug treatment in both sexes. Acute administration of estrogenic compounds, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, decreased voluntary drinking of ET by male and female rats, respectively. Short-term administration of the antiestrogenic compound TMX resulted in aversion to ET consumption in the male but not in the female rat. Acute administration of the SCH-16423 but not its parent nonsteroidal antiandrogen compound FL decreased ET drinking from predrug treatment. The biochemical results show an inhibitory action by the steroidal compound on hepatic L-M-ALDH with a lack of biochemical effect of FL and SCH-16423 on these enzymes. The results are discussed in conjunction with those available in literature to propose a hepatic-gonadal link in the preference to ET drinking and indicate that the underlying mechanism is probably related to the inhibitory action of estrogenic compounds used on L-M-ALDH.
A group of behaviorally treated abstainers, controlled drinkers and relapsers who had been followed up for a minimum of 1 year were compared on eight treatment and 11 posttreatment variables. Discriminating characteristics of abstainers were their goal of abstinence at discharge and length of attendance at aftercare facilities. Controlled drinkers had a goal of controlled drinking and were most likely to have had controlled drinking training during treatment. Relapsers were most likely to have been discharged from treatment prematurely, to receive further treatment and to use psychotropic medication. No controlled drinkers attended Alcoholics Anonymous or received residential care during follow-up in contrast to a small proportion of abstainers and relapsers who did. Some aspects of the drinking behavior of controlled drinkers and relapsers were also studied. Controlled drinkers were more likely to have a period of initial abstinence and for a longer period of time. Of the controlled drinkers, 66% drank at least once per week and 86% set themselves drinking limits; average consumption of alcohol was 48 and 32 g/day by men and women, respectively. The majority of controlled drinkers changed their preferred beverage and their social and physical drinking environment after treatment in accordance with therapeutic advice.
Kainic acid (KA) and muscimol were injected into the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the rat to study their effects on drinking behavior. A low dose (5 ng) of KA, which stimulates neurons, decreased the amount of water intake induced by hypertonic saline (IP) and angiotensin II (SC). Injection of 2 ng muscimol, a potent GABAA receptor agonist that suppresses neurons, facilitated drinking responses induced by hypertonic saline, but did not affect angiotensin II-induced drinking. Rats injected with a high dose (150 ng) of KA, which destroys neurons, showed marked polydipsia accompanied by increased urination. One week after the KA lesion, drinking and urine output recovered to normal. During the polydipsia, a small volume of concentrated urine could be excreted if water intake was restricted. After recovery, excessive drinking responses followed water deprivation and hypertonic saline load. The rats normally drank water in response to angiotensin II and to polyethylene glycol solution. The results show that activation of LPO neurons inhibits water intake, and that suppression of LPO neurons facilitates osmotically induced water intake. Therefore, LPO neurons are probably involved in the inhibition of thirst.
The free-running period is regarded to be an exclusive feature of the endogenous circadian clock. Changes during aging in the free-running period may therefore reflect age-related changes in the internal organization of this clock. However, the literature on alterations in the free-running period in aging is not unequivocal. In the present study, with various confounding factors kept to a minimum, it was found that the free-running periods for active wakefulness, body temperature, and drinking behavior were significantly shorter (by 12-17 min) in old than in young rats. In addition, it was found that the day-to-day stability of the different sleep states was reduced in old rats, whereas that of the drinking rhythm was enhanced. Transient cycles were not observed, nor were there any age-related differences in daily totals of the various sleep-wake states. The amplitudes of the circadian rhythms of active wakefulness, quiet sleep, and temperature were reduced, whereas those of paradoxical sleep and quiet wakefulness remained unchanged.
To assess cross-work-site variation in the general drinking behaviors (on and off the job) of employees, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of managers (n = 7255) at 114 places of work located throughout the continental United States. The work-site mean for the total number of drinks consumed on a typical drinking day ranged from 1.4 to 3.17, a two-fold differential. Regression analysis showed an independent work-site effect, controlling for respondents demographics and type of work. This finding suggests that modifiable work-site characteristics could influence what employees drink on and off the job.
The effects of the NMDA/glycine site antagonist, 7-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenoxy)phenyl-2(1H)-quinolone (L-701,324), and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, diazepam, were examined in the elevated plus-maze and in the Vogel's conflict test. Oral administration of L-701,324 caused a dose-dependent increase (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, -30 min) in the percent time spent in the open arms with no change in the total number of arm entries or in the percent entries into the open arms of the plus-maze. The same doses of L-701,324 increased punished responding in the Vogel's conflict test in a dose-dependent fashion, with no influence on unpunished drinking behavior. The anxiolytic-like effects of L-701,324 were obtained at doses which by themselves had no influence on the locomotor activity of the animals. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, i.p., -30 min) was slightly more effective than L-701,324 in the plus-maze situation, whereas the increase in punished drinking in the Vogel's test was of the same magnitude for both compounds. Our present results suggest that inhibition of NMDA receptor activity via a blockade of the NMDA/glycine-sensitive site at the NMDA receptor is accompanied by a reduction of anxiety-like behavior in both non-conditioned and conditioned conflict behavior situations.
Survivors of patients in a randomized controlled trial of a hospital-based hospice were followed for 18 months after the patient's death. There were no significant differences in the anxiety or depression between hospice survivors (N = 56) and controls (N = 40). Neither were there significant differences in bed days, physician visits or scores on a 6-item health scale, even when the survivor's initial health status was held constant. No clear pattern of differences emerged in social participation, contacts with friends or relatives, smoking or drinking behaviors. We conclude that hospice care did not provide any protective effect for the bereavement period.
Neurokinin A (NKA), which selectively inhibits only cellular dehydration (CD)-induced drinking in adult rats, exerts a more general antidipsogenic effect in pups in which it also inhibits drinking induced by angiotensin II (AII) or suckling deprivation (SD). The inhibition of drinking is precocious (1st-3rd day) and never involves the intake of milk. The inhibition of CD-induced drinking increases with age, while that of AII- or SD-induced drinking progressively decreases and disappears on day 12-15. In the rat, NKA is therefore a precocious and selective inhibitor of drinking behavior and its selectivity is achieved ontogenetically.
During the past decade, the concerns of psychological research within alcohol studies have been far ranging and even within the areas of personality and neurocognition, the literature is voluminous and many faceted. This chapter focuses on aspects of the personality system that appear to increase vulnerability to excessive alcohol or other drug use or the experience of use-related problems as well as issues related to temporal stability and change in intrapersonal development and drinking behaviors. The bulk of the neurocognitive literature reviewed deals with the impairments that accrue as a direct or indirect consequence of excessive alcohol consumption. While the individual empirical studies are often, by necessity, narrow in focus, the import of intrapersonal sources of vulnerability and the processes and mechanisms through which these may drive and moderate alcohol and other drug use behaviors and outcomes will be more fully understood within the context of conceptual models and research approaches that are complex, multilevel, and integrative.
The effects of a primary prevention social norm intervention on binge drinking among 1st-year residential college students were examined. Six hundred thirty-four students attending a medium-sized public university in the South were randomly assigned to receive a two-phase social norm intervention or the standard campus psychoeducational prevention program. At posttest, no differences were found between intervention and control group students on any of the alcohol use and alcohol-use risk factor measures. Significant subgroup differences were found by stage of initiating binge drinking behaviors, for frequency of alcohol use, F(3, 507) = 3.69, p = .01; quantity of alcohol use, F(3, 507) = 2.51, p = .05; and social norms, F(3, 505) = 2.53, p = .05. These findings suggest the need for tailoring social norm binge drinking interventions to students' stage of initiating heavy drinking and carefully monitoring for potential negative, as well as positive, effects of norm-based prevention messages.
The C57BL/6, DBA/2, and recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from them (BxD RIs) are the most frequently studied mouse strains with regard to genetic regulation of voluntary ethanol consumption (YEC). We have studied VEC in an alternate genetic model provided by the LSxSS RIs. These RI strains exhibit phenotypic extremes in VEC comparable to the C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice and genotype-dependent sex differences in drinking behavior. A correlational analysis between various ethanol-related behaviors suggests genetic independence of VEC from high-dose neurosensitivity (sleep time), acute ethanol tolerance, hypothermia, and low-dose locomotor activity. A search for quantitative trait loci identified a number of putative quantitative trait loci (QTL), three of which are identical to those previously reported for 10% ethanol drinking in the BxD RIs. We also find a significant correlation between low-affinity neurotensin receptor densities (NTRL) in the frontal cortex and VEC, and more common QTL between these two phenotypes than expected by chance. This suggests a role for frontal cortex NTRL in regulating voluntary ethanol intake.
A 72-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with a 2-year history of polyuria, prosopagnosia and aphasia. He showed characteristic clinical features of Pick's disease such as stereotyped verbal output and behavior and personality changes. CT and MRI scans showed marked atrophy in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes mild atrophy of the bilateral frontal lobes. SPECT scans revealed perfusion abnormalities in corresponding areas. A 6-hour-water deprivation test resulted in decrease in the urine volume and in concentration of the urine, suggesting abnormality of his secondary drinking behavior. Polyposia resulting in polyuria as a clinical manifestation may be due to stereotypic behavior which is often seen in Pick's disease.
Destruction of the maternal suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) early in gestation disrupts maternal communication of time-of-day information to the rat fetus. In the present study, we demonstrated that periodic feeding (food cue) to SCN-lesioned pregnant rats entrains the fetal biological clock. The phase of the drinking behavior rhythm was examined in pups reared in constant darkness, beginning at weaning. In several control (uncued) litters, pup phases at weaning were scattered. In other control litters where within-litter coordination of phase was observed, the average litter phase was unpredictable. In contrast, drinking rhythms of pups whose dams had received food cue during gestation were synchronized within- and between-litters, suggesting that prenatal food cue entrained the fetuses. The effect of food cue occurs prenatally, as similar results were obtained when offspring of SCN-lesioned, cued dams were fostered to lesioned, uncued dams on the day of birth. The present results, along with data from this and other laboratories, suggest that redundant mechanisms communicate time-of-day information to the fetus.