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PubMed1987

Effects of hypoxia on the metabolism of embryos and chicks of domestic fowl.

Oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration were measured in embryos (days 17-20) and chicks (days 0-7) in air and in 7-8% O2. The specific oxygen consumption in air increased up to day 4 after hatching. In 7-8% O2, the consumption decreased for all ages. The reduction was largest in the embryo (19% of normal) and smallest in the newly hatched chick (78% of normal). Blood lactate concentration increased markedly during exposure to 7-8% O2 at all ages. Although the embryo exhibited the largest percentage reduction in aerobic metabolism during hypoxia, the blood lactate concentration increased to the same level as in the newly hatched chick. A positive correlation between reduction in aerobic metabolism and blood lactate concentration was found in chicks. Thus, during hypoxia the embryo seemed to be able to reduce its total metabolic rate to a much greater extent than after hatching.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1987

Effect of two gas mixtures on growth of the domestic fowl embryo from days 14 through 17 of incubation.

Eggs weighing 62.5 +/- 0.5 gm when fresh were incubated in air in a forced-draft incubator for 13 days during which time their shell conductance to water vapor (GH2O) was determined. Eggs whose shells represented the entire range of GH2O values present in the population were then incubated for a further 4 days in either air or an experimental gas mixture. Embryo dry weights were determined after a total of 408 hr of incubation to assess the affect of the experimental gas mixture on embryonic development. Embryo growth was found to be stimulated for all eggshell conductances by 4 days incubation in a 50% oxygen/50% nitrogen mixture. This suggests that the decrease in oxygen within the egg that occurs during development normally limits embryonic growth. Growth of the embryo was unaffected by 4 days incubation in a mixture of 17% oxygen/83% helium. This mixture reduced the carbon dioxide tension in the airspace but did not affect the oxygen tension relative to eggs incubated in air. It is suggested, therefore, that the carbon dioxide that builds up within eggs during incubation does not limit embryo growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Eimeria spp. of domestic fowl: the migration of sporozoites intra- and extra-enterically.

Chickens were dosed orally with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, or E. praecox and the subsequent presence, in various tissues, of parasites capable of inducing patent infections was detected by transferring the tissues to coccidia-free recipients. Similar results were obtained with each of the 4 species studied, irrespective of whether initial development occurs in the superficial (E. praecox, E. brunetti) or crypt (E. acervulina, E. maxima) epithelium. Infection was transferable by gut scrapings and liver homogenates at all time intervals (3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hr postinoculation) studied. Infection was also transferable with blood and with splenic homogenates but not consistently. Transfers made within a short time of the inoculation of donors were more successful in producing patent infections in the recipients. In all transfers the prepatent period was normal for the species. These findings suggest that sporozoites enter the mucosa very shortly after inoculation, and some of them pass to the liver and spleen and then leave these tissues at a somewhat slower rate, possibly to reenter the mucosa. Sporozoites in the lamina propria of the gut were found within host mononuclear cells in all 4 species studied. Most of the cells harbouring E. maxima and some of those with E. praecox were identified as intraepithelial lymphocytes while all others could only be identified as agranular mononuclear cells that were not characteristically macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Structure of the glandular layer and koilin membrane in the gizzard of the adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The koilin membrane is formed by the secretions of gland, crypt and surface epithelial cells. Glands form a continuous layer and are arranged in groups of 10-20. They are straight tubes about 500 microns long and 15 microns in diameter and produce rodlets of hard koilin. Hard koilin rodlets (5 microns diameter) form clusters of five or six as they pass through the crypts and enter the koilin membrane. Each rodlet hardens within its gland and maintains its individuality throughout its entire length. Rodlet clusters have previously been called 'rods'. Most of the softer koilin, which fills the spaces between the rodlet clusters, is produced by the surface epithelial cells. These cells form gentle arches between the cavities of adjacent crypts. Horizontal branches between rodlet clusters ('rods') do not exist. There is approximately twice as much surface koilin as rodlet koilin within the membrane. Abrasion of the koilin membrane is not uniform but occurs in a patchy fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The ultrastructure of the paratympanic organ in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The structure of the paratympanic organ in chickens was investigated by means of the transmission electron microscope. The epithelium lining the lumen of the paratympanic organ consists of sensory and non-sensory components. The sensory epithelium is composed of supporting and hair cells. The hair cells are similar to the type II receptor cells present in the neuroepithelia of the vestibule and of the lateral line organs. The afferent synapses at the bases of the hair cells are also described. The non-sensory epithelium is made up of cells with a clear cytoplasm and arranged in a single layer. It also contains dark, flattened cells which sometimes possess motile cilia. Special emphasis is given to the fact that the results agree with Vitali's theory that the paratympanic organ and the lateral line organs are homologous. It is concluded, therefore, that present knowledge about this structure is not yet sufficient to allow a definitive functional interpretation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructure of Peyer's patches in the domestic fowl and turkey.

Peyer's patches in the fowl and turkey were indistinguishable at the ultrastructural level and were similar in many respects to those found in mammals. They were overlaid by a lymphoepithelium containing undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells with a well developed microvillous border, follicle associated epithelial (FAE) or M cells with short blunt microvilli, lymphocytes and plasma cells. FAE cells had a lightly stained cytoplasm with vacuoles and vesicles. They were similar to mammalian FAE cells. The lymphoid aggregates of Peyer's patches consisted of small and large lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and plasma cells. Macrophages and globule leucocytes were seen among the lymphoid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Vascular pattern of the developing proximal femur in the domestic fowl.

The vascular pattern of the proximal femur and its importance in the aetiology of coxofemoral conditions has been established in many species, including man. In the avian femur, vascular lesions have been associated with pathological conditions. Ninety-six laying strain chicks were reared from day-old until 20 weeks. Birds were killed throughout the growth period and specimens were prepared for study. The origin and nature of epiphyseal vascular canals was established. Three principal stages of development occurred, namely growth plate formation, the growth period and the cessation of growth. Transphyseal vessels are described in the day-old chick to which a nutritive function is ascribed. Anastomosis did not occur between epiphyseal vascular canals. The epiphyseal vascular canals are grouped according to their source.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of chicken growth hormone, triiodothyronine and hypophysectomy in growing domestic fowl.

Hypophysectomy in growing chicks was followed by reduced body and skeletal (shank-toe length) growth. In addition decreases were observed in tibia length and weight (although the proximal growth plate often contained more cartilage and was less uniform in its thickness), the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive-Somatomedin C (IR-SmC) and free fatty acids and weight for the heart, liver, pectoralis, thymus, and bursa Fabricus. The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) and purified chicken growth hormone (GH) on body and other growth was examined in hypophysectomized chicks. Body and skeletal growth (as estimated by respectively the increases in body weight and shank toe length in 24 days) were increased by the administration of T3 (either as injections or in the diet). T3 also increased tibia weight and length and returned the proximal growth plate thickness to that found in intact controls. Similarly T3 administration was followed by increases in the weights of the heart, liver, thymus, and bursa Fabricus. However plasma concentrations of IR-SmC were unaffected by T3 treatment. Chicken GH at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg stimulated aspects of growth somewhat with injections of chicken GH being followed by a slight increase in tibia length and a substantial increase in thymus weight. Chicken GH also increased plasma concentrations of IR-SmC and free fatty acids. Combination T3 and chicken GH treatment did not cause greater growth than observed with T3 alone. An exception to this being the greater weight of the bursa Fabricus in the chicks receiving T3 and GH than T3 alone. Intact male chicks which received injections of chicken GH (10 micrograms) between 1 and 14 day old had slightly greater body weight at 31, 38 and 44 days old relative to vehicle injected chicks.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Variability in respiratory function of the domestic fowl.

Several respiratory parameters were measured in five groups of hens to estimate the variation in respiratory function of the general hen population. A non-invasive technique was used to measure respiratory flow, with computer-aided analysis of the data, and the results were examined statistically. Using different groups of hens, additional information was obtained regarding possible sources of variation between individual hens, such as egg laying condition, age and health. Significant differences between individuals within the groups were observed, but there were also changes in breath-to-breath variation for individual hens. While some changes in the variation between birds were observed from one group to another, variation within individual birds made interpretation of the results difficult. Repeated measurements made on one group revealed significant changes in minute volume with time, but the changes were not related to learning. Significant interactions between hens and time of measurement occurred for certain parameters, showing that the individuals' responses changed with time in different ways. The groups of hens were compared to observe whether they represented the same or distinct populations, and were found to overlap to varying extents for different respiratory parameters. Single respiratory variables and weighted combinations of certain variables were also used to separate the groupings, as a possible diagnostic method for partitioning groups of hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental stimulation of eosinophil production in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

A method has been devised to produce eosinophilia in birds experimentally. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) produced a greater response than horse serum in young adult fowls, and injections of 2 ml BSA were more effective than injections of 0.2 ml. The highest eosinophilic responses were obtained with injections of BSA together with aluminium hydroxide. Thymectomy had little effect on eosinophil numbers following horse serum injections but irradiation produced a depressed response. Horse serum that had been heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement and to denature proteins, including possible horse IgE, induced an eosinophilic response in 50 per cent of birds compared with only 14 per cent with unheated horse serum. Furthermore, when the former birds were reinjected after a rest period of 13 weeks, the eosinophilic response followed a similar curve as before but a higher proportion of birds responded. Birds aged over two years did not give a good eosinophilic response after horse serum stimulation. There was no consistent correlation between raised IgE levels and eosinophil numbers. Tolerance to horse serum was detected in some birds using a radial immunodiffusion technique. Analyses of blood plasma from birds with eosinophilia showed a significant increase in total amino acids compared with normal birds.

Agar↗
PubMed1986

The gastrocnemius tendon of domestic fowl: histological findings in different strains.

Vascular and histological studies were performed on normal gastrocnemius tendons from male birds considered susceptible (broiler breeding) and insusceptible (laying strain) to noninfectious tendon rupture. Structural differences between strains were noted at the site where rupture usually occurs. This site contains a hypovascular region which develops at an earlier age in broiler type fowls. Histological sections revealed that vessel occlusion had occurred in birds with hypovascular tendon segments. Chondrocytes and chondroid cells adjacent to occluded vessels accumulated lipid and died. This finding was particularly apparent in broiler fowls where cartilaginous plaques were larger and thicker than in laying strain fowls. The presence of occluded vessels, cartilage death and chondroid infiltration of collagen bundles in broiler type fowls are interpreted as structural changes which may predispose to noninfectious tendon rupture. Indeed they may also predispose to tendon lesions associated with pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the spinal cord of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus: lumbar region.

In Nissl stained and silver impregnated transverse sections of the chick spinal cord it is possible to subdivide the gray matter of the lumbar region into ten cytoarchitectonically discrete regions or laminae. The laminae are basically similar in both brachial and lumbar regions of the chick cord, with minor exceptions in the dorsal horn. The laminar scheme postulated for the chick cord is , with the exception of the glycogen body and orientation of laminae 1, 2 and 3 in the dorsal horn, similar to the laminar scheme proposed by Rexed (1954) for the cat.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on plasma histaminase activity in the domestic fowl and the involvement of caeruloplasmin.

The injection of four-to nine-week-old fowls with Escherichia coli O111:B4 endotoxin (0-1 and 1-0 mg/kg) produced a two to eight fold rise in the histaminase activity of the plasma 24 h afterwards. In some cases this increase was still detectable after 48 h. This activity was strongly correlated with the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Electrophoretic studies with 7-5 per cent polyacrylamide gels indicated that fowl caeruloplasmin also was histaminase and putrescinase activity and that the release of this protein from the liver by endotoxin is largely responsible for the increase in the activity of the plasma. In untreated fowls this activity was lower than published values for several mammals and does not explain the relative resistance of the fowl to the acute effects of endotoxins and large doses of histamine.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗