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PubMed1981

Preliminary evaluation of the autoSCAN-3, an instrument for automated reading an interpretation of microdilution trays: identification of aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

The autoSCAN-3, an instrument for the automated reading and interpretation of Microscan microdilution trays, was evaluated for its ability to identify gram-negative bacilli. The results obtained by the visual reading of microdilution trays were compared with the results obtained with the machine. A total 387 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenters were compared by both methods. In 369 instances (95%), the identification obtained by visual reading of the microdilution tray agreed with the identification obtained with the autoSCAN-3. In eight instances, the visual identification differed completely from that of the machine, and in nine cases, the machine was unable to provide an identification.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods.

With the Enterobacteriaceae Plus Biochemical Card, the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) is purported to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and seven species of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. maltophilia, P. cepacia, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (saccharolytic and non-saccharolytic). The latter capability was examined in this investigation. Of 410 glucose-nonfermenting rods included in the identification profile, the AutoMicrobic system correctly identified 366 (89.3%). Of 62 glucose-nonfermenting organisms not included in the identification profile, 41 (66%) were correctly reported as "unidentified organism." The usefulness of the AutoMicrobic system-generated identification probability in establishing criteria for acceptance of identification is discussed.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1982

Use of the automicrobic and enteric-tek systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

Studies were performed to evaluate the use of the Enteric-Tek (ET) and the AutoMicrobic system (AMS) for the identification of 201 Enterobacteriaceae freshly isolated from clinical specimens. All test systems were inoculated simultaneously from the same MacConkey agar plate. Organisms were also identified with conventional media. Identifications with the ET and AMS agreed with those made with conventional biochemicals 97% of the time. At a 95% confidence level, the ET was able to identify 75% of the isolates within 18 h without the aid of additional biochemical tests; the AMS identified 92% in 8 h. Technologist time needed for identifications made with the AMS was reduced approximately 57% compared with the ET. In all instances in which the AMS identification disagreed with the conventional, the ET identified the organism correctly. Similarly, organisms misidentified by the ET were correctly identified by the AMS. The data suggest that the AMS and ET identify clinical isolates with comparable accuracy; however, the AMS offers a significant savings in time.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1982

Reliability of early identifications obtained with Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical cards in the automicrobic system.

The AutoMicrobic system (AMS) is capable of identifying most Enterobacteriaceae within 8 h and many glucose-nonfermenting, gram-negative bacilli after 13 h of incubation. Early preliminary results can be readily obtained from the computer as the tests incubate. Data with 1,023 bacterial isolates were reviewed to determine the relative accuracy of 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 13-h identifications. All AutoMicrobic system identifications with probability (P) values of less than 0.80 were considered equivocal responses which needed supplementary tests before a final report could be issued. Analysis of our data suggests that early identifications of Morganella morganii, Acinetobacter sp., Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp. (other than Salmonella typhi), Shigella spp. (other than Shigella sonnei), Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas spp. (other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Pseudomonas maltophilia), Klebsiella spp. (other than Klebsiella pneumoniae or Klebsiella oxytoca), Citrobacter amalonauticus, Serratia liquefaciens, or Vibrio spp. Should be considered nonspecific responses, even when P greater than or equal to 0.80. Other identifications reported after 4 h were 96% accurate. At least half of our isolates (60% of our Enterobacteriaceae) could be identified reliably within 4 h, the remaining isolates required longer incubation.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1982

Monoclonal antibodies for rapid, strain-specific identification of influenza virus isolates.

Monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein permitted rapid, strain-specific identification of influenza A isolates and type-specific identification of influenza B isolates by direct immunofluorescence staining. Identification of H1 influenza A strains could be accomplished by direct immunofluorescence on cell culture fluids lacking sufficient hemagglutinin activity to permit identification by hemagglutination inhibition.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood cultures.

Simultaneous application of the lysostaphin sensitivity test for identification of Staphylococcus aureus and the deoxycholate test for the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae was evaluated for reliability in rapid identification (1 h) of these organisms from blood cultures by using BACTEC 6B and 7C bottles. The procedure was applied to 127 cultures, 74 lysostaphin tests and 53 deoxycholate tests. Lysostaphin-tested organisms included 23 S. aureus, 40 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 Listeria sp., 1 Peptococcus sp., 2 Micrococcus sp., 2 diphtheroids, and 5 mixed cultures. Deoxycholate-tested organisms included 14 S. pneumoniae, 32 Streptococcus spp. (not S. pneumoniae), 1 Listeria sp., 1 Peptococcus sp., 2 diphtheroids, and 3 mixed cultures. Analysis of the data revealed positive and negative predictive values of 95.8 and 94%, respectively, for the lysostaphin test and 100 and 97.4%, respectively, for the deoxycholate test. The combined tests provide rapid reliable identification or elimination of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae in blood cultures.

Blood↗

PubMed1983

Rapid species identification and biotyping of respiratory isolates of Haemophilus spp.

Three commercially available systems, the 4-h Minitek Enterobacteriaceae III, the Haemophilus Trio-Tube, and the Micro-ID, were evaluated for their capacities to identify and biotype 308 respiratory isolates of Haemophilus spp. When compared with aminolevulinic acid test results, the definitive identification method used in this study, these systems demonstrated no significant differences in their capacities to differentiate Haemophilus influenzae from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. They were in agreement with the standard method of species identification approximately 50% of the time. When sucrose was added to the Minitek and Trio-Tube configurations, the efficiency rate of species identification increased to more than 95%. The Micro-ID could not be modified to incorporate this additional biochemical parameter. The performance of the sucrose-supplemented Minitek and Trio-Tube systems, compared to the combined results of Micro-ID and aminolevulinic acid, produced correlations of 94 and 90%, respectively. Rapid and accurate methodologies are available for combined species identification and biotyping of Haemophilus spp.

Haemophilus↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of the rapid strep system for species identification of streptococci.

The Rapid Strep system (API System S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France) was evaluated, without additional tests, in the identification of 209 streptococci. Organisms included 59 beta-hemolytic, 36 group D, 24 Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 90 viridans group streptococci. The Rapid Strep system correctly identified to species level 69.5% of the beta-hemolytic strains, 100% of the group D strains, none of the S. pneumoniae strains, and 84.5% of the viridans group streptococci. The method provided excellent identification rates of groups A, B, and D but failed to differentiate between groups C and G. The method for preparation of suspensions for the Rapid Strep system, as initially recommended by the manufacturer, was responsible for the failure to identify S. pneumoniae. This method was subsequently modified to yield a heavier inoculum; all 10 pneumococcal strains tested with the revised inoculum method were correctly identified. Good identification rates of commonly encountered viridans strains were found. The Rapid Strep system represents a worthwhile advance in streptococcal species identification, especially for group D and viridans strains.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1975

Evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek kit for the identification of medically important yeasts.

The Uni-Yeast-Tek system, a commercially prepared kit and scheme for the rapid identification of medically important yeasts (Corning Medical), was evaluated in comparison with a conventional procedure in the identification of 623 yeasts. The system permitted the presumptive identification of 99.8% of 436 isolates representing 16 common species commonly isolated in the clinical laboratory. Correct biochemical and morphological analyses were obtained with 48 other species, but their specific identification required additional data.

Candida↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of the four-hour rapid 20E system for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

A study was conducted to compare the API Rapid 20E 4-h system (API System S.A., France; commercially available in the U.S.A. under the name DMS Rapid E System; DMS Laboratories, Darts Mill, Flemington, N.J.), the API 20E 18- to 24-h system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), and a conventional media system to measure the ability of each to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Comparison tables rather than simple percentage agreement tables were generated to define the particular strengths and weaknesses of each system and to allow the laboratory to best use the data. The Rapid 20E compared quite favorably with conventional media. It yielded correct identifications with 95.9% of the isolates tested (API 20E, 98% identification rate). In 2.5% of the isolates, the Rapid 20E gave only genus identifications, and in 1.4% the organisms did not correspond to any key in the code book and could not be identified by the manufacturer's computer service. The ease of inoculation and the 4-h capability make the Rapid 20E system an extremely attractive development in the field of bacterial identification.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of the Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems for identification of staphylococci from bovine intramammary infections.

The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) were compared with conventional methods for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Adjunct testing by colony morphology, pigmentation, and biochemical tests was conducted to resolve discrepant identifications. The initial accuracies of the conventional scheme and Staph-Ident were 92.1 and 89.2%, respectively. Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes could not be identified by means of the Staph-Ident test, but the addition of pigment production as a key character permitted identification of most strains. The final accuracy of the Staph-Ident was 94.3%. The STAPHase system was as accurate as the conventional tube coagulase method. The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems are acceptable alternatives to conventional methods for identification of staphylococcal species isolated from bovine intramammary infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of the Quantum II and Rapid E identification systems.

A total of 492 clinical isolates from the family Enterobacteriaceae were tested in the API 20E, Rapid E, and Quantum II identification systems. Discrepant identifications among these three systems were resolved by repeat testing in the identification systems or use of conventional biochemical tests. Of these isolates, 94.1% were correctly identified with the API 20E and Rapid E systems, and 97.0% were correctly identified with the Quantum II system. An additional 48 non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates were tested with the Quantum II system, and 83.3% were correctly identified. The majority of incorrect identifications with the Rapid E and Quantum II systems were caused by a single aberrant biochemical reaction. Reproducibility of the biochemical reactions obtained with these two systems was evaluated by testing 40 organisms in triplicate. Identical biocodes for all three tests were obtained for 10 organisms with the Quantum II system and for 19 organisms with the Rapid E system. Reproducibility of the Quantum II test results was improved with a subsequent modification of the photometer of this system. Both the Rapid E and Quantum II systems were inexpensive and were technically easy to inoculate and interpret.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of three commercial agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

Three commercially available rapid slide agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated with 354 recent clinical isolates (165 strains of S. aureus). The test results of two latex agglutination products, SeroSTAT Staph (Scott Laboratories, Inc.) and Staphylatex (American Micro Scan), and one hemagglutination product, Staphyloslide (BBL Microbiology Systems), were compared with the results of the tube coagulase test, which was read at 4 h (4-h tube coagulase test) and, if negative, again after overnight incubation at room temperature (24-h tube coagulase test). Discrepancies between agglutination and tube coagulase identifications were resolved by use of the thermonuclease, mannitol fermentation, and slide coagulase tests. All sensitivities, specificities, predictive values of a positive result, and predictive values of a negative result for the three agglutination tests were at least 98.8% and comparable with the 4-h tube coagulase test. Best results were obtained with the 24-h tube coagulase test, which yielded one false-negative and no false-positive tests. Agglutination identifications may be performed on organisms taken directly from a primary plate when sufficient growth is present. Kit agglutination procedures yield rapid and reliable identifications and are easy to perform. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of the 24-h tube coagulase test.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1985

Supplementary rapid biochemical test panel for the API 20E bacterial identification system.

The API 20E Analytical Profile Index typically suggests three or four conventional biochemical tests to complete the identification of strains either identified to genus only or that have multiple genera consistent with the profile number. We compiled a simple panel of eight rapid (4-h) tests that can substitute for the supplementary biochemical tests recommended by Analytab Products (Plainview, N.Y.). The rapid test panel (RTP) consisted of adonitol, cellobiose, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, and xylose utilization, lysine decarboxylase activity, and motility. A total of 114 consecutive clinical isolates that required additional tests to complete the identifications were each tested with the complete RTP, as well as with the recommended conventional biochemicals. All discordant identifications were resolved by using an expanded series of conventional biochemical tests. Overall, 110 (96%) strains were identified to the correct genus, and 109 (95%) strains were identified to the correct species by using the RTP, as compared with 105 (92%) identified to the correct genus and 90 (79%) identified to the correct species with the recommended tests. The identifications based on the two supplementary test systems did not agree for 7 (6.1%) strains. Four discrepancies were resolved in favor of the RTP, and three were resolved in favor of the recommended tests. We were unable to identify five (4.4%) strains with the recommended tests and only one (0.9%) with the RTP. A majority (86%) of the test strains were identified to the species level with the RTP after only 4 h of incubation.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1986

Comparative evaluation of the new Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE-RAS) for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

The Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE-RAS; Flow Laboratories, SpA, Milan, Italy), a new semiautomated system for the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, was compared with the API 20E system (API System P.A., Montalieu Vercieu, France) by using 284 clinically isolated strains that were previously identified by conventional methods. Six strains from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) were included to evaluate the reproducibility of identification by both systems. Correct identifications at the species level were 93.7% with TTE-RAS and 96.1% with API 20E. Although some of the features of the TTE-RAS data base were not satisfactory, we consider this new miniaturized system to be a very valuable tool for the rapid identification of the most frequently isolated opportunistic bacteria.

Enterobacteriaceae↗

PubMed1987

Premarket evaluation of IDS RapID SS/u system for identification of urine isolates.

A total of 170 fresh clinical urine isolates were tested with a premarket configuration of the RapID SS/u system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.), a qualitative micromethod for the identification of selected organisms commonly isolated from urine specimens. Results were compared with those obtained with conventional methods of identifying gram-positive isolates and with the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), utilizing Gram-Negative Identification cards for the identification of gram-negative rods. Organisms representing 12 taxa were included in the study. Of the 170 isolates, 163 (95.9%) were correctly identified. A total of 144 strains (84.7%) were correctly identified without additional testing, whereas 19 isolates (11.2%) required further testing. Seven isolates (4.1%) were incorrectly identified. The SS/u system required minimal hands-on time inoculate and interpret reactions. Discrepancies most often occurred with regard to misinterpretation of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. as Citrobacter sp. The IDS RapID SS/u system may indeed prove valuable for the rapid manual identification of urine isolates.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of modified Minitek system with Staph-Ident system for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

A modified Minitek system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci was compared with the Staph-Ident system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). The conventional method of Kloos and Schleifer (J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:82-88, 1975) was used as the reference method for identification. When tested with 78 coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from 63 children with cancer. Minitek concurred with the conventional identification in 67 (86%) isolates and Staph-Ident concurred in 61 (78%) isolates. Identification of species other than Staphylococcus epidermidis was better with Staph-Ident (19 of 23 isolates) than with Minitek (14 of 23 isolates). Concordance of results was likewise high, 88% (7 of 8) for Minitek and 100% (8 of 8) for Staph-Ident in studies with eight coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.). We conclude that the modified Minitek system is a practical and reliable test for identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical microbiology laboratories. Its versatility and larger repertoire of biochemical tests may offer advantages over the Staph-Ident system.

Coagulase↗

PubMed1988

Evaluation of several commercial biochemical and immunologic methods for rapid identification of gram-positive cocci directly from blood cultures.

To develop laboratory methods for the rapid identification of gram-positive cocci from blood cultures, several commercial immunological and biochemical tests for identifying staphylococci and streptococci from two different blood culture systems (Thiol/TSB, Difco Laboratories; BACTEC, Johnston Laboratories, Inc.) were evaluated and compared with conventional identification methods. A total of 44 cultures contained Staphylococcus aureus as determined by conventional methods. Commercial immunological methods (six tested) ranged in overall sensitivity from 38.6 (Staphyloslide; BBL Microbiology Systems) to 77.3% (Staphaurex; Wellcome Diagnostics). All methods tested had 100% specificity. A total of 30 isolates of group D streptococci were tested with immunological and biochemical identification systems. The overall sensitivity ranged from 14.2% (Phadebact Group D; Pharmacia Diagnostics) to 100% with Streptex (Wellcome; immunological) and Identicult A-E (Scott Laboratories, Inc.; biochemical). The results of this study suggest that some reagents can be used to provide rapid identification of gram-positive cocci from blood cultures 24 h earlier than standard methods.

Catalase↗