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Results for “Immunity, Humoral”

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PubMed1980

Cellular and humoral immune responses to buffalopox virus in experimentally infected mice and rabbits.

The experiments on protective immunity were conducted in a closely bred population of mice which did not show graft versus host reactions. Simultaneous passive transfer of 0.25 ml rabbit anti-buffalopox virus serum and subsequent challenge with 0.05 ml 10(5) TCID100/ml of buffalopox virus (BPV) showed 57.15 and 47.06% protection with a 1:2 and 1:16 dilutions of buffalopox hyperimmune serum 24 h prior to challenge with BPV showed 87.50 and 75.0% protection, respectively. The passive transfer of normal saline or normal rabbit serum did not protect mice against lethal challenge with BPV. The protection conferred by 5.0 x 10(6) and 15.0 x 10(6) spleen cells obtained from immune donor mice was 37.5, 42.85 and 50.0%, respectively. None of the mice that received spleen cells obtained from donors immunized with normal saline emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant survived lethal challenge with BPV. T- and B-cell levels in the peripheral blood of rabbits during the course of BPV infection revealed transient relative lymphopaenia on the 4th, 5th and 7th days post infection. These values returned to normal on the 14th and 21st days post infection. No marked difference in percentage of B cells or absolute B-cell number between control and infected rabbits was found. This study revealed that both cellular and humoral immunity seem to play a role in recovery from BPV infection in mice and rabbits.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Interferon-induced inhibition of lymphocyte circulation: lack of effect on humoral immune responses to T-dependent or T-independent antigens.

We have previously demonstrated that interferon (IFN) transiently inhibits the number of recirculating thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), while other researchers have demonstrated similar decreases in lymphocytes in peripheral blood. In the present study we examined whether or not this decreased lymphocyte recirculation contributes to IFN's suppressive effects on antibody formation. Immunizing at varying times during the period of maximal decrease in lymphocyte recirculation, there are no significant differences in the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) or antibody titers generated to either a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or a T-independent antigen, Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III). These results suggest that: (i) the suppressive effects of IFN on antibody responses are not related to changes in lymphocyte recirculation and (ii) lymphocyte circulation is not required during the early phases of the humoral immune response to antigens.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of cellular and humoral immunity in men after occupational exposure].

Hundred twenty seven adult men have been examined to determine an effect of the occupational exposure to lead on the immunity. A group of 77 men occupationally exposed to lead absorbed by respiratory has been selected on the basis of the determination of exposure to lead in their working places, detection of lead deposits and its metabolites in the body. Fifty men constituted a control group. They were exposed to lead corresponding to an exposure of general population. Immunological studies have shown that high lead levels in the occupational environment produced significant disorders in all stages of both types of immunological response--a decrease in the cellular and humoral immunity.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Different patterns of neuropathological disease in rhesus monkeys infected by simian immunodeficiency virus, and their relation to the humoral immune response.

The brains of 21 rhesus monkeys inoculated with SIVMAC251 were examined after intervals ranging from 3 to 27 months and compared with five uninoculated controls. Eighteen animals became infected and individually exhibited several distinct patterns of disease. Nine (50%) had largely intramural leptomeningeal venous infiltrates (LMVI) without multinucleate giant cells (MGC) or foamy macrophages. Three (17%) had only MGC lesions, involving the cerebral parenchyma. One had both patterns and five (33%) neither. The controls had sparse and tiny LMVI only, similar to three inoculated animals that did not become infected. Immunohistochemistry showed the predominance of T and B lymphocytes in LMVI and choroid plexus mononuclear lesions but a predominance of macrophages over lymphocytes in the MGC lesions. Specific disease patterns differed in their association with the humoral immune response. Animals with LMVI were all hypergammaglobulinaemic when killed compared to pre-inoculation levels, and the size of the change in serum immunoglobulin concentration was positively correlated with a quantitative index of LMVI density. Furthermore, their post-mortem lymph node histology was hyperplastic. In contrast, animals found at autopsy to have MGC brain lesions were hypogammaglobulinaemic compared to preinoculation. The results are consistent with two phases in SIV-associated disease: one characterized by LMVI and hypergammaglobulinaemia and another featuring MGC and hypogammaglobulinaemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Dimethyl sulfoxide: lack of suppression of the humoral immune response in mice.

Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or sterile saline (controls) for 36 days. The mice received 0.05 ml daily for one week, 0.025 ml every other day for the second week (because the DMSO-treated mice appeared weak), and 0.05 ml daily for 3 more weeks. All mice were immunized twice with sheep red blood cells (days 13 and 24), and bled twice by caudal incision (days 20 and 29). Hematocrits were significantly decreased (P less than or equal to 0.002) but still within the normal range. The primary and secondary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), leukocyte counts, body weight, and the size of the heart, lungs, spleen, thymus, and kidneys were not affected. DMSO treatment resulted in significant liver enlargement (P = 0.02). It is concluded that this dose of DMSO is not deleterious to the humoral immune response in mice responding to a new antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) coadministered with influenza vaccine does not enhance humoral immunity in human volunteers.

Calcitriol, also known as 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3, is a steroid hormone that has been shown to have effects on cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. Coadministration of calcitriol with trivalent influenza vaccine in mice enhanced both mucosal and systemic antibody responses. We studied the effects of calcitriol coadministered with a commercially available influenza vaccine in 175 human volunteers in this double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Subjects that received calcitriol experienced more pain at the injection site compared with placebo recipients. No significant differences in hemagglutination inhibition titers against H1N1, H3N2, or influenza B antigens were detected at 1 or 3 months postvaccination. We conclude that coadministration of 1.0 microg of calcitriol at a site adjacent to influenza vaccination does not enhance humoral immunity in human volunteers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Humoral immunity in smokers].

B-lymphocyte counts, immunoglobulin levels, blood serum antiA and antiB isoagglutinin concentrations and lysozyme activity, and hemolytic activity of the complement were measured in 85 healthy men aged 18 to 42 (mean age 34) smoking 15-25 cigarettes daily for 2-25 years and in a reference group of 49 nonsmokers aged 17 to 50 (mean age 31). Tobacco smoking was found to have no effect on the peripheral blood B lymphocyte count, nor on the blood serum concentrations of group isoagglutinins. In men smoking for 6.5 years on an average the absolute count of lymphocytes was elevated vs. the reference value. In those smoking for 18.5 years on an average IgA, IgG, and lysozyme concentrations were lowered. These results evidence that the mechanism of humoral immunity weakening in tobacco smokers is intricate and related to a deficit of many proteins responsible for immunobiological processes in human body.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Regeneration of humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus following T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

We investigated the adoptive transfer of immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in 61 recipients of T-cell-depleted marrow allografts. Up to 3 months after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), high titres of HSV antibody (Ab) are passively acquired from blood products. This antibody has a half-life of 40.3 days, so that determination of recipient immunity to HSV cannot be made during the early post-transplant period. By 4 months after the allograft, seronegative recipients of seronegative donors had near-background levels of HSV Ab. Seropositive recipients, whether they were excreting virus or not, had high titres of HSV Ab regardless of donor status. Surprisingly, the seronegative recipients of HSV seropositive donors remained seronegative, a result at variance with observations made in the recipients allografts from which T-cells had not been removed. Thus, T-cell depletion modifies the adoptive transfer of humoral immunity to HSV, and an immune donor alone no longer ensures continued antibody production in the recipient.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1992

Humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly.

The relationship between serum immunoglobulins and the severity and risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in the institutionalized elderly was prospectively assessed during the winter of 1989-1990 at a 591 bed nursing home. Forty RSV infections were identified out of 149 respiratory illnesses by isolation of the virus or by a greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in RSV-specific IgG by EIA. Acute serum RSV IgG levels were similar in those with RSV infection and those with non-RSV illness. Additionally, among the RSV-infected elderly there was no correlation between severity of clinical symptoms and level of acute IgG titers by EIA or virus neutralization. The results of this study suggest that humoral immunity does not play a major role in reducing the risk of infection nor modulating the clinical severity of illness in elderly persons with RSV infections.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Effect of various extracts and a polysaccharide from the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice.

In this study, the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. were sequentially extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and ultrasonic water-bath (75 degrees C), and the water extract was further isolated by Sephadex G-100 to afford a petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), ethanol extract (EE), glycoprotein (GP) and a purified polysaccharide (PS). In combination with component analysis, the isolated PS showed d-Glc, d-Man, l-Ara and d-Gal in a molar ratio of 8:90:1:1. The average molecular weight of PS was determined as approximately 8.3 x 10(4). The immunomodulatory potentials of these samples (PE, EAE, EE, GP and PS) at three dose levels on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were studied. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with 100 microg OVA alone or with 100 microg OVA dissolved in saline containing these samples (100, 200 or 400 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibody in serum were investigated. These samples, except for PS, significantly enhanced the Con A- and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA-immunized mice at a suitable dose (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by these extracts and PS compared with the OVA control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001).

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1996

Poliovirus recombinants expressing hepatitis B virus antigens elicited a humoral immune response in susceptible mice.

Expression of foreign antigens in the context of poliovirus vectors may provide a plausible approach to vaccine development. Poliovirus recombinants were constructed by fusing preS surface or core HBV proteins to the poliovirus polyprotein as previously described (Andino et al., Science, 265, 1448-1451, 1994). All recombinant viruses replicated with near wild-type efficiency in tissue culture cells and stably expressed high levels of the HBV antigens. The kinetics of recombinant RNA synthesis were indistinguishable from that of wild-type poliovirus. Exogenous proteins were not incorporated into the poliovirus particles, but HBV core proteins self-assembled into 100S particles composed of free HBV core proteins and fusions with poliovirus capsid proteins. Mice susceptible to poliovirus infection were inoculated with recombinant virus and elicited humoral immune responses against the HBV antigens.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1986

Increased resistance towards two systemic experimental infections by tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex. Possible implications of cellular and humoral immunity.

The tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex (TCDO, Oxoferin) given intravenously 1 h after intravenous infection of mice with Candida albicans increased the host's resistance gradually in doses up to 3.1 mumol/kg body weight (b.w.). Above this level, the stimulatory effect decreased, turning to an inhibition at a dose of 18.6 mumol/kg b.w. TCDO. Repeated applications of the optimum single dose had no cumulative effect. In experimental infections with the strictly anaerobic Peptostreptococcus intermedius, TCDO ameliorated the course of the infection not only at a dose of 3.1 mumol/kg b.w. but also at a higher dose of 12.4 mumol/kg b.w. TCDO, which in the Candida sepsis model fell into the range of defence inhibition. A single dose of 3.1 mumol/kg b.w. TCDO also revealed to be the optimum dose to increase the humoral immune response evaluated by the number of immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG forming spleen cells after sensitization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The same results were obtained, regardless of whether TCDO had been given at the time of immunization or thereafter. The higher single dose of 18.6 mumol/kg b.w. TCDO did not show this effect but was not inhibitory either. Cellular immune reactions evaluated by the footpad swelling test and SRBC as antigen were found considerably enhanced whether TCDO was given once or repeatedly at a dose of 3.1 mumol/kg b.w., whereas single doses of 18.6 mumol/kg or repeated doses of 9.3 mumol/kg induced a certain inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Development of an immunoassay to measure the humoral immune response of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis.

Hybrid striped bass (HSB) were immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the specific anti-BSA immunoglobulin (Ig) was affinity purified from the resulting serum by means of an agarose gel-BSA column. The native Ig had an apparent molecular size of 893 KDD, by size exclusion chromatography, and when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) under denaturing conditions, resolved to heavy (H) and light (L) chains of 76 and 27 KDD, respectively. Affinity purified native HSB Ig was used to immunize a goat which produced specific anti-HSB Ig antibody (Ab). Purified native HSB Ig was also used to produce two murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with specific affinities for H and L chain moieties of the HSB Ig molecule. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies could be used individually in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure specific anti-BSA Ig in HSB serum. These antibodies could also be used in combination to measure total Ig in a capture ELISA format. Using both assays, the kinetics of the humoral immune response of HSB was measured for 98 days following two injections of BSA.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Role of the humoral immune response in resistance to Theiler's virus infection.

Theiler's virus, a murine picornavirus, persists in the central nervous system of susceptible strains of mice, causing chronic inflammation and demyelination in the white matter of the spinal cord. Resistant strains, however, clear the virus and do not develop late disease. In this study, we compared the characteristics of T and B lymphocytes in C57BL/6 (resistant) and SJL/J (susceptible) mice 1 week after intracerebral infection. We detected a marked increase of the number of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting cells in the spleens of C57BL/6 detected a marked increase of the number of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting cells in the spleens of C57BL/6 mice (but not in those of SJL/J mice), which correlated with higher levels of serum IgM antiviral antibodies. The role of the humoral response in virus clearance and resistance was demonstrated by a marked decrease in the number of infected spinal cord cells in SJL/J mice after passive transfer of serum from infected C57BL/6 donors. The B-cell response was found to be partly T cell independent. These results suggest an important role of the early humoral immune response in resistance to Theiler's virus-induced disease.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mechanisms involved in the prolonged humoral immune response: behavior of aphthous fever virus].

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a widespread infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals with severe economic consequences. Animals infected with FMD virus (FMDV) develop an immunological status of immunity characterized by high titers of virus serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) which persist for at least 18 months. In contrast, currently inactivated virus vaccines elicit lower antibody response for shorter periods. Protection against FMDV infection has been commonly related to the level of NAb in serum. The new generation vaccines are immunologically poor, and for this reason it is important that the immunological mechanisms are activated during the infection to potentiate the action of these vaccines. The objective of this review is to present the possible mechanisms involved in the long lasting humoral immune response after FMDV infection. The necessity of the Ag for the initiation of the response is well known, although its role in maintaining and regulating the immune response is still unclear. The continuous role of the Ag in maintaining the response was demonstrated in experiments in which Abs with different specificities for long periods of time without the administration of exogen Ag were detected. The capture and retention of Ab-Ag complex by dendritic follicular cells seems to be a important factor in the increase of the Ag production and in the generation of B memory cells. The genomic persistence is strongly related to the Ag persistence. During a persistent infection, in which the genome is maintained and able to synthesize proteins, the immune system would be continuously stimulated. The continuous liberation of soluble Ag, as a productive persistent infection, induces the B cells memory for its differentiation in Abs producing cells. The antigen presenting cells (APC) are cells which present the Ag to lymphocytes in the class II MHC context. Langerhans islets, dendritic, B and phagocytic cells form the APC group. The modulation of the function of the APC cells is very important in the self regulation of the immune system. The function on the immune response depends on the capacity of generating signals for the stimulation of T cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Inefficient humoral immune response of lymphoma-prone wild mice to persistent leukemia virus infection.

Adult wild mice (LC) from a natural colony with a high incidence of spontaneous lymphomas had free infectious virus in their seara (average 10(3.5) infectious units/ml) and parenchymal organs (average 10(5.2) infectious units/g tissue). They did not have detectable levels of free virus-specific antibodies that could be demonstrated by virus neutralization or immunofluorescence at higher than a 1:10 dilution. Only 5 of 28 animals had free antibodies detectable by radioimmunoprecipitation assay, and tissues of 4 mice also had nondetectable levels of virus determined by infectivity assay. Formalized vaccine from the indigenous virus did not induce production of virus-neutralizing antibodies or protect against naturally occurring disease. The animals with persistent leukemia virus infection, however, elicited good humoral immune responses to virus-unrelated antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A recombinant measles virus expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen induces humoral immune responses in genetically modified mice.

It has been shown previously that measles virus (MV) can be successfully used to express foreign proteins (M. Singh and M. A. Billeter, J. Gen. Virol. 80:101-106, 1998). To develop an inexpensive MV-based vaccine, we generated recombinant MVs that produce structural proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV). A recombinant virus that expressed the HBV small surface antigen (HBsAg) was analyzed in terms of its replication characteristics, its genetic stability in cell culture, and its immunogenic potential in genetically modified mice. Although this virus showed a progression of replication slightly slower than that of the parental MV, it appeared to stably maintain the added genetic information; it uniformly expressed the appropriately glycosylated HBsAg after 10 serial passages. Genetically modified mice inoculated with this recombinant MV produced humoral immune responses against both HBsAg and MV proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV on the anti-HCV specific humoral immune response.

The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HCV replication is controversial, with some studies reporting no effect and others increases, reductions and even clearances of HCV RNA after treatment. In this study, the effect of HAART was investigated on the titre of anti-HCV specific antibodies and on the relationship between these antibodies and HCV RNA level in a cohort of 24 patients with inherited bleeding disorders. A significant inverse correlation between antibodies to both total HCV proteins and HCV RNA (R = -0.42, P = 0.05) and between antibodies to HCV envelope glycoproteins and HCV RNA (R = -0.54, P = 0.01) was observed pre-HAART. The relationship disappeared or was obscured after therapy (R = 0.24, P = 0.30 and R = 0.16, P = 0.50, respectively). Thus, we show that HAART affects the HCV specific humoral immune responses without affecting the HCV RNA level.

Animals↗