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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine is immunogenic and safe when administered according to the EPI (Expanded Programme for Immunization) schedule and following hepatitis B vaccination at birth.

New combination vaccines and reliable sources of vaccine components are essential to ensure the success of mass immunisation programmes in the 21st century. We evaluated a new combined diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell-pertussis-hepatitis B vaccine, extemporaneously mixed with a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (DTPw-HBV/Hib) containing 2.5 microg PRP in 913 Philippino infants, administered according to the EPI schedule at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age after a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HBV; trial DTPw-HBV/Hib-001). One month after the third dose of DTPw-HBV/Hib (N = 182), 99.4% and 94.2% of subjects had anti-PRP antibody levels > or =0.15 microg/mL and > or =1.0 microg/mL, respectively. In addition, 95.9%, 100.0% and 87.6% of subjects had seroprotective antibody concentrations against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B, respectively. The seroprotection rate to hepatitis B increased significantly to 94.3% in subjects who received a dose of HBV at birth. The pertussis vaccine response rate was > or =95%. Seroprotection/vaccine response rates to all antigens after DTPw-HBV/Hib were at least as good as those observed after vaccination with GSK Biologicals' licensed Tritanrix HepB/Hiberix (containing 10 microg PRP) which was used as comparator. Although redness >20 mm in diameter and fever > or = 37.5 degrees C (axillary route) occurred more often after the new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine (p < 0.05), other Grade 3 adverse events occurred similarly between the groups. The new DTPw-HBV/Hib vaccine was as immunogenic and well tolerated as the licensed control vaccine when administered according to the immunologically challenging EPI schedule. A birth dose of HBV is important to maximize protection against hepatitis B in endemic regions where the EPI schedule is in place.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Military hospitalizations among deployed US service members following anthrax vaccination, 1998-2001.

Safety concerns have confronted the Department of Defense Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program since inception in 1998. To determine if anthrax vaccination was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, a historical cohort study utilizing pre- and post-anthrax-vaccination hospitalizations was undertaken and analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. The study population consisted of 170,723 active duty US service members who were anthrax-vaccinated and deployed during the time period January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2001. Study outcomes included hospitalizations due to any-cause, 14 broad International Classification of Diseases diagnostic categories, autoimmune organ specific and organ non-specific hospitalizations, and asthma. After adjustment, anthrax vaccination was associated with significantly fewer hospitalizations for any-cause, diseases of the blood and blood forming organs, and diseases of the respiratory system. Comparing anthrax post-vaccination hospitalization experience with the pre-vaccination period resulted in no significant increased hazard for any of the hospitalization outcomes studied. Although there was no apparent increase in risk of morbidity in this study population, the relationship between anthrax vaccine and deployment on health outcomes among US service members needs further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Measles sero-surveillance during mass immunisation campaign in Malawi.

OBJECTIVE: To determine age-specific measles antibody prevalence and serological response to vaccination during the first mass campaign against measles in Malawi. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and a serological particle agglutination (PA) test. SETTING: Two health centres in Salima district, central Malawi during the national measles immunisation week, 1998. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty six under-five year old children. RESULTS: Seventy four per cent of enrolled children (95% confidence interval, 69-80%) were measles PA antibody positive at the vaccination. The antibody positive rate was 17.4% in children aged 8-12 months and gradually increased up to 90% by four years-old, while the age-specific geometric mean titers (GMTs) in 48-59 months-old group were significantly lower than those in 24-35 months-old group, suggesting antibody waning after previous vaccination (p = 0.0047). Two hundred and thirty follow up specimens were obtained eight weeks after the vaccination. The sero-conversion rate was 100% in 58 children sero-negative at the vaccination and the GMTs in 172 children seropositive at the vaccination were significantly increased (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the first national measles immunisation campaign successfully immunised the enrolled children or gave a booster response of antibody levels. It was also confirmed that the PA test was easy to perform and most suitable for the field condition in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of vaccination status of children born in health units and those born at home.

BACKGROUND: The Expanded Programme of Immunisation schedule starts at birth, yet a significant number of child births in Uganda occur at home, where there are no vaccines. A child born at home may therefore have less chances of being vaccinated than a child born in a health unit. OBJECTIVES: To investigate vaccination status of the under-fives and to establish whether vaccination status of children born in health units is better than those born at home. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive. SETTING: Paediatrics out-patient clinic of Jinja Hospital, a regional referral health facility in Eastern Uganda. METHODS: Children under five years were enrolled consecutively as they arrived at the registration desk. The child health card and physical examination for BCG scar were used to establish the vaccination status of each child. A structured questionnaire was used for collecting relevant data. RESULTS: Of the 486 children sampled, 79 had been born at home, and 407 had been born in health units. Overall, 68% of the children were fully vaccinated for age. A child born in a health unit was significantly more likely to have a BCG scar (p = 0.0087), and to be up to date with their vaccination (p = 0.0173), compared to a child born at home. Vaccine drop-out rate was similarly high irrespective of whether the children were born at home or in health units. CONCLUSION: Being born at home was found to be a risk factor for incomplete or non-vaccination. Continuation of vaccination was similarly poor in children born at home and those born in health units.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2004

Missed opportunities and inappropriately given vaccines reduce immunisation coverage in facilities that serve slum areas of Nairobi.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify missed opportunities for immunisation, document reasons for their occurrence and evaluate the extent of inappropriately given vaccine doses. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of children under two years of age attending health facilities. SETTING: Six health facilities predominantly serving the slums of Nairobi. METHODOLOGY: Information on vaccination was extracted from child immunisation cards as well as from mothers or guardians of children. RESULTS: Effective immunisation coverage for Bacille-Callmette Guerin (BCG) was 91%. Coverage for the birth dose, first, second, and third doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV0, OPVI, OPV2, and OPV3) was 44%, 83%, 79% and 75% respectively. Effective coverage for first, second and third doses of diphtheria-pertusis-tetanus (DPTI, DPT2 and DPT3) vaccine was 88%, 87% and 85% respectively. Measles coverage was 80%. Immunisation coverage for all antigens except OPV0 and OPV3 would have been increased to over 90% had missed immunisation opportunities and inappropriately administered vaccination been avoided. There would have been an 11% increase in OPV3 coverage to 86%. Increases in coverage for OPVI and OPV2 would have been 16% and 18% respectively. Coverage would have increased by 10% for diphtheria pertusistetanus (DPT) doses DPTI and DPT2, and 7% for DPT3. Measles immunisation coverage would have increased by 19% had missed immunisation opportunities and inappropriately administered vaccinations been avoided. The overall missed opportunities rate was 3%. The proportions of missed opportunities were higher for the OPV series than DPT series. CONCLUSION: Missed immunisation opportunities among clinic attendees in Nairobi occur and routine supervision should be strengthened in these health facilities in order to minimise such missed opportunities and inappropriately administered vaccines.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2005

Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. It has been estimated that there are 350 million chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers worldwide. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies geographically, from high (>8%), intermediate (2-7%) to low (<2%) prevalence. HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (e-CHB) and occult HBV infection are two special clinical entities, and the prevalence and clinical implications remain to be explored. The predominant routes of transmission vary according to the endemicity of the HBV infection. In areas with high HBV endemicity, perinatal transmission is the main route of transmission, whereas in areas with low HBV endemicity, sexual contact amongst high-risk adults is the predominant route. HBV has been classified into 7 genotypes, i.e. A to G, based on the divergence of entire genome sequence and HBV genotypes have distinct geographical distributions. Three main strategies have been approved to be effective in preventing HBV infection. They are behavior modification, passive immunoprophylaxis, and active immunization. The implement of mass HBV immunization program is recommended by the WHO since 1991, and has dramatically decreased the prevalence of HBV infection and HCC in many countries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen as the sole hepatitis B marker in hospital personnel.

The epidemiologic and serologic differences between hospital employees with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) alone or in combination with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were evaluated. Of 105 employees with anti-HBs, 38 (36%) did not have anti-HBc. Sera from employees with anti-HBs alone had significantly lower mean sample ratio units of anti-HBs than sera with both antibodies (15.9 +/- 43.2 as compared to 110.3 +/- 73.9, p less than 0.0005) and more commonly had less than 10 sample ratio units of anti-HBs (32 [84%] of 38 as compared to 9 [13%] of 67, p = 0.0001). The anti-HBs in sera with anti-HBs alone was predominantly IgM as shown by inactivation with 2-mercaptoethanol and the presence of anti-HBs activity in serum IgM fractions. Failure of protection from hepatitis B virus infection in persons with anti-HBs alone and the presence of nonprotective IgM anti-HBs in chimpanzees has been reported. Our data suggest the use of anti-HBs as a single serologic screening test for hepatitis B virus immunization programs may not be reliable in identifying employees with protective antibodies.

Chicago↗
PubMed1982

Nosocomial influenza B virus infection in the elderly.

A hospital-acquired outbreak of influenza-like illness that involved 29 patients during 4 weeks was detected in March 1980. The average age of the patients was 63 years. Eighteen of the 29 patients with symptoms had influenza B virus infection documented by virus isolations, fourfold or greater hemagglutination inhibition antibody increases, or both. The attack rate among all hospitalized inpatients was 20%. Absenteeism of the hospital staff because of influenza-like illnesses preceded the outbreak by several weeks, suggesting staff-to-patient transmission. The patients' sera during acute illness had low hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers (geometric mean titer of 1:21) against contemporary influenza B virus antigens, indicating that the patients were highly susceptible to influenza B virus. Only one patient had received trivalent influenza vaccine during the preceding year. The excess hospital cost resulting from the outbreak was +13 270 or +458 per patient. Our observations show that the elderly are at risk of developing nosocomial influenza B virus infection and that these illnesses are costly. Continued efforts to develop efficient influenza immunization programs for elderly persons and hospital staff are worthwhile.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Managing tetanus.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influenza and pneumococcal disease in the community.

The authors discuss the aetiology, diagnosis and prevention of influenza and pneumococcal disease, identifying who should be vaccinated and those who are at risk. Useful information on how to plan an immunisation campaign is also outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Are measles and mumps vaccinations worth while in Switzerland?].

Cost-benefit analyses have been performed in investigating the usefulness of general vaccination against measles and mumps in all children. Even by a conservative reckoning the cost of general measles immunization for all children in the second year of life is much lower than the financial effects of the disease. In the case of general mumps vaccination, cost-benefit analyses fo not give so significant an outweight of financial benefit as for measles vaccination. If only for economic reasons, however, general immunization against mumps is recommended for all children in the second year of life. From the economic viewpoint, general immunization programs for teenagers do not pay either with regard to mumps or measles. Such vaccinations may of course be recommended on an individual basis, especially for teenagers with a negative measles history.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Don't volunteer for trouble.

Gone are the days when volunteer activity was limited to delivering flowers and mail to inpatient rooms. Today's volunteers extend the capacity of health care organizations to provide compassionate and caring service by staffing immunization programs, conducting health screening activities and more. With increased reliance on volunteers and increased responsibility placed on volunteers, it is important that they are protected from any personal liability that may be incurred while working on behalf of your organization. It is equally important that the organization is protected from liability incurred by the acts or omissions of its volunteers.

Hospital Volunteers↗
PubMed1997

Draft guideline for infection control in health care personnel, 1997--CDC. Notice.

This notice is a request for review of and comment on the Draft Guideline for Infection Control in Health Care Personnel, 1997. The guideline consists of two parts: Part 1. "Infection Control Issues for Health Care Personnel, an Overview" and Part 2. "Recommendations for Prevention of Infections in Health Care Personnel", and was prepared by the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), the National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), the National Immunizations Program, and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗