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Results for “Knowledge Management”

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PubMed1991

ELDAR, a knowledge base system on microcomputer for electrolyte solutions. The factual knowledge of ELDAR.

The knowledge base system ELDAR (ELectrolyte DAta Regensburg), consisting of data base, method base, rule base, and communication manager, classifies the knowledge of electrolyte solutions into factual, algorithmic, and rule knowledge. In this paper information is given on the factual knowledge of ELDAR and the mapping of facts in Codd's relational data model with an extension of its "1st Normal Form" to repeating attributes. ELDAR offers equal user interfaces for all factual knowledge services, such as literature, data, thesaurus, module, parameter, basic data, and rule retrieval.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions of health care providers in Mulago hospital on prevention and management of domestic violence.

OBJECTIVE: To explore knowledge, attitudes and practices of health workers in Mulago hospital towards domestic violence prevention and management, especially violence during pregnancy. METHODS: From 5(th) to 25(th) March 2000, self-administered pre-coded questionnaires were given to a purposively selected sample of 48 health workers identified from staff of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Mulago hospital, Uganda. The questionnaire had 22 statements assessing knowledge, attitudes and practices, to which participants gave responses on a Likert scale ranging from whether they agreed, disagreed or were undecided. Responses were analyzed in terms of frequencies and percentages. To corroborate information obtained, in-depth interviews were conducted with clinic and ward administrators on knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers to survivors' management. RESULTS: Many respondents had poor knowledge of domestic violence management or prevention. Though they believed counseling survivors was necessary, none of the in-depth interviewees had counseling skills or had ever referred patients or survivors for such counseling. Lack of technical competence, negative attitudes and institutional constraints were cited as main barriers to provision of optimal care to survivors. CONCLUSION: Health workers of Mulago hospital lacked knowledge on management, had negative attitudes and provided sub-optimal care to domestic violence survivors.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1997

Sore throat management practices of Canadian family physicians.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A survey was conducted of Canadian family physicians about their usual sore throat management practices. Physician knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and the effect of selected patient factors on variation in practices was assessed. RESULTS: The majority of physicians did not follow North American expert recommendations to usually take a throat culture and wait for culture results before prescribing an antibiotic. Similarly to the practices of family physicians in many countries, they favoured a clinical policy of selective use of throat cultures and decisions about the need for antibiotics based on clinical judgement. CONCLUSIONS: Physician practice site, demographics, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patient factors did not explain differences in approach. The implications for antibiotic utilization in the management of upper respiratory tract infections are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

The management of pelvic abscess.

Pelvic abscess is a relatively uncommon condition in current surgical practice. However, candidates for higher surgical degrees have shown an inadequate knowledge of the management of the various types of pelvic abscess. This observation includes candidates confining their activities to the surgical aspects of gynaecology. It is considered, therefore, that a contribution on the subject of the management of pelvic abscess is justifiable.

Abscess↗

PubMed1991

Management of Soft Tissue Injuries.

This chapter is intended to help primary care physicians and other providers of health care to adolescents to become more knowledgeable about the management of soft tissue injuries. Discussion includes the pathophysiology of injury, the assessment of the degree of injury, and the rationale for the RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation) method of acute treatment. Principles of rehabilitation are also discussed along with objective criteria that can be used to make return-to-play decisions following a soft tissue injury.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Between collegial conversation and controlled trials: hospital-based neurologists' sources of information and their practical knowledge in the treatment of stroke patients].

The application of evidence-based and standardized knowledge is an important basis for coordinated and effective clinical work. A multicenter study, which was conducted in 30 clinical neurology departments and included 99 junior and senior registrars, addressed aspects of practical knowledge of stroke treatment by open structured oral interviews which were analyzed with respect to interphysician and guideline conformity. In addition, the participants were asked to rate the usefulness of various informational sources and describe their informational sources used according to the aspects of practical knowledge addressed. The respective departmental directors were questioned about the sources of medical knowledge accessible in their clinic. In almost all hospitals, physicians had access to a library and the Internet. However, departments differed with respect to their information management (frequency and type of medical education, quality management, participation in research activities). In accordance with other studies, the knowledge sources reported most often were textbooks, journals and clinical studies. For most sources, the usefulness rankings largely corresponded to the rankings of user behavior. Both were only weak predictors for interphysician and guideline conformity. They are more closely related to the within-department homogeneity of practical knowledge than to interdepartmental and guideline conformity. Within-department homogeneity is enhanced by the use of recent, published and evidence-based sources and topical interaction with clinical colleagues. Guideline conformity was related to the use of databases and professional journals. A preference for colleagues from out-patient practices diminished both interphysician and guideline conformity. It seems there is still untapped potential for within-department knowledge management, such as medical education, implementation and use of guidelines and topical discussions, which may enhance the homogeneity and guideline conformity of the practical knowledge that clinicians apply.

Communication↗

PubMed1997

Self-management of cystic fibrosis: short-term outcomes of the Cystic Fibrosis Family Education Program.

This study tested the efficacy of the Cystic Fibrosis Family Education Program, a cystic fibrosis self-management program, on improving participants' knowledge, self-efficacy, self-management behavior, health, and quality of life. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison group design was employed. Participants made up 104 patient-primary caregiver dyads from the intervention site cystic fibrosis center and 95 from the usual care comparison center. The intervention, a self-paced print curriculum based on social cognitive theory, targeted behavioral capability, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations and was implemented as an integral part of medical care. Parents, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescents received separate materials on respiratory, nutrition and malabsorption, communication, and coping issues. Significant intervention effects were found on the knowledge scores for caregivers, adolescents, and children; caregiver and adolescent total self-management scores; Child Behavior Checklist total score; one parent coping scale score; the modified NIH score; NIH pulmonary factor 1; and the Brasfield total score. Significant interaction effects were evident in the self-efficacy scores for caregivers and children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Fungating and ulcerating malignant lesions: a review of the literature.

This paper presents a review of the literature concerning the care of cancer patients who develop fungating and/or ulcerating lesions. The nature, sites of presentation, prognosis, different therapeutic modalities, incidence among cancer patients and characteristics of the patients affected are discussed. In order to assess the current state of knowledge about wound management and to determine its applicability to malignant lesions, a review of the general wound healing literature was undertaken and is presented here in part. The review demonstrates that there is little published research which deals specifically with this condition. The reports which are available give little indication of the knowledge base and rationale on which nursing management is founded. The authors conclude that an informed and considered choice regarding the use of conventional and non-conventional topical agents and dressings is as pertinent to the nursing management of malignant lesions as it is to other wound types. They also suggest that awareness of and sensitivity to the psychological problems that such patients often present is as important as controlling the physical symptoms associated with this condition.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMed2004

Food safety practices and HACCP implementation: perceptions of registered dietitians and dietary managers.

OBJECTIVE: Assess perceptions of consultant registered dietitians (RDs) and dietary managers about food safety practices and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) implementation in assisted-living and long-term care facilities for the elderly. DESIGN: A mail questionnaire was developed using a modified Delphi process. Respondents were asked to assess food safety concerns in facilities where employed, identify prerequisite programs, rate barriers to implementation of HACCP, and provide demographic information. SUBJECTS/SETTING: The survey was sent to a random sample from national membership in the American Dietetic Association's Consultant Dietitians in Health Care Facilities dietetic practice group (n=1,181) and to all dietary managers who listed assisted living as their employment location as part of membership in the national Dietary Managers Association (n=274). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics were calculated for each questionnaire item for all respondents. Factor analyses and t test comparisons of items and factors determined if significant differences existed between perceptions of RDs and dietary managers. RESULTS: Both RDs and dietary managers identified employee knowledge and experience and food practices as food safety concerns. More than 80% of both RDs and dietary managers agreed that the majority of listed HACCP prerequisites were necessary. Respondents identified the greatest barriers to implementation of HACCP as those related to time. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate a need to develop written policies for food safety, such as access to production areas. To minimize risk of foodborne illness to the elderly, barriers to implementation of HACCP should be addressed, including commitment of time and resources to develop systems, train employees, and retain employees.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Opportunities for sustainable riverine management in the Queensland Murray-Darling Basin.

The RiverReach program has provided significant material, planning and educational resources to communities throughout the QMDB over the last three years. The devolved granting process has proven to be a valuable mechanism for the initiation of on-ground works and as a platform for the delivery of educational and awareness raising activities. The range of riverine management projects developed among riparian communities reflects both the socio-economic and the environmental circumstances. An increasing knowledge of riverine management issues among both the community and practitioners and a growing acceptance of the need for riverine management within the community has increased opportunities for sustainable riverine management in the region. While the range of riverine management issues is diverse, and their integration complex, the combination of all three aspects (financial assistance, technical advice, and awareness raising) has enabled significant management outcomes to be achieved.

Community-Institutional Relations↗

PubMed1987

[Therapeutic and social determinants of the number of blood glucose tests performed at home by the diabetic child].

The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of the use of blood glucose tests by young diabetic children participating in a summer educational program. 425 children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied. The main source of the data was a questionnaire filled by the children and their parents about the use of urine and blood glucose tests during the 8 weeks before the camp and a questionnaire filled in by the Aide aux Jeunes Diabétiques (AJD) doctors about the practical knowledge of the management of the disease. The children were divided into 2 groups according to the level of their practical knowledge, "good" (n = 153) and "less good" (n = 272). In the whole group, the mean number of urine tests per day was 2.8, 75% of the children performing 3 tests per day and 4.3% not doing any urine tests. The number of blood tests is more variable; from 0 to 28 per week, with a mean of 5.6. In the group having "good" practical knowledge, the blood glucose tests were done 6 times per week, in connection with the number of hypoglycemia at home (p less than 0.01), the number of daily insulin injections (p less than 0.01) and the number of insulin supplements (p less than 0.05); there was a partial substitution between blood and urine tests. In the group having "less good" practical knowledge, the number of blood tests was 4 per week; it was not statistically different, but it was performed in the absence of detectable reasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1996

Effectiveness of an Indonesian model for rapid training of Guatemalan health workers in diarrhea case management.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a newly developed method for rapid tiered training of health workers in improving community health worker knowledge and case management skills. The interactive "Kader" method, developed in West Java, Indonesia, was compared with traditional didactic training in a prospective trial with rural health workers ("Tecnicos") and village health promoters ("Promotores") for the Public Health Department in the state of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Twenty-five tecnicos received one day of training concerning diarrhea and dehydration. One group was trained using the interactive Kader method of Indonesia; the other with didactic methods. A sample of these tecnicos then trained 49 randomized promotores utilizing the same training method with which they were trained. The tecnicos and promotores in each group completed a case-based pre-test and post-test before and after their training sessions. Both tecnicos and promotores trained using the Kader tiered training approach demonstrated significantly greater improvement in their ability to correctly diagnose and recommend treatment for diarrhea of varying type and severity. Non-significant differences favoring the experimental groups were found in the tecnicos' and promotores' general knowledge regarding diarrhea prevention practices, signs of dehydration and preparation of oral rehydration solution. This pilot study suggests that the Kader method for rapid tiered training of health workers has applicability to the populations of other developing nations and can be recommended for large scale implementation and evaluation in the training of public health workers, village health promoters and families in Guatemala.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

How competent are obstetric and gynaecology trainees in managing maternal cardiac arrests?

The recent Confidential Enquiry (2000-2002) has emphasised 'emergency drills for maternal resuscitation should be regularly practised in clinical areas in all maternity units'. It was therefore planned to assess the knowledge of airway management and ventilation among obstetrics and gynaecology trainees in the Yorkshire Deanery (Training Region). Questionnaires were given to trainees attending the Modular Training Programme and were collected on the same day. A total of 71 questionnaires were collected which represents 62% of the 113 trainees in Yorkshire region. Replies were received from 39 registrars, 27 Senior House Officers (SHO), four Senior SHOs (SSHO) and one clinical fellow. MRCOG Part 1 was passed by 52% and 36% of trainees had MRCOG Part 2. A total of 69% of trainees did not know that chin lift opens the airway in some 70 - 80% of patients; 50% of trainees were not aware why jaw thrust is preferred over chin lift; 76% of the trainees knew the most common cause of airway obstruction in a patient with an altered level of consciousness--the tongue falls back and obstructs the pharynx ('swallowing the tongue'). Knowledge of the main cause of airway obstruction was good among obstetrics and gynaecology trainees, but their understanding of how to manage this was found to be relatively poor. Attendance at a local Basic Life Support course should be compulsory for obstetric and gynaecology trainees early in their career.

Education, Medical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying risk and resource factors in children with asthma from urban settings: the context-health-development model.

This two-year longitudinal study examined concurrent and across-time associations between characteristics related to context, health, and development (i.e., neighborhood disadvantage, knowledge related to asthma management and asthma management behaviors, and self-competence) and children's asthma-related functioning. Thirty-one 8- to 12-year-old children with asthma and their primary caregivers were interviewed for the baseline of this study, and 29 of these dyads were interviewed for the 1-year follow-up. All participants resided in urban neighborhoods, and most were members of ethnic minority (African American and Hispanic) groups. Cross-sectional support was found for significant inverse relationships between neighborhood disadvantage and children's asthma knowledge. Lower levels of self-competence were consistently cross-sectionally associated with lower levels of asthma knowledge. A combination of higher levels of asthma knowledge, more optimal asthma management strategies, and self-competence was associated with fewer school absences across the study period. These results suggest an interdependence between aspects of children's sociocultural context, health, and developmental characteristics. This multidimensional model provided preliminary support for the risk function of neighborhood disadvantage and the resource functions of asthma knowledge, asthma management, and self-competence for asthma-related functioning among urban children.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2001

Correlates of knowledge of one's blood pressure and cholesterol levels among older members of a managed care plan.

We examined factors predicting knowledge of one's blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL) among older persons who reported a recent blood pressure or cholesterol test. Data come from a self-administered, health risk assessment that was mailed to health plan members, age 55 and older, in a Santa Barbara, California medical group. Despite their universal access to health care and high levels of reported compliance with preventive health care screening practices, 41%, 49%, and 77% of respondents reported that they did not know their blood pressure, cholesterol, or HDL levels, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, age and low income were inversely associated with the respondents' ability to report each level. In addition, current smoking and obesity were inversely associated with self-reported knowledge of both cholesterol measures. Persons taking medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia were much more likely than those not taking medication to be able to report their blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Except for persons currently undergoing treatment for related conditions, these results suggest that a substantial proportion of the older persons at high risk for cardiovascular disease do not know their levels of these important biological risk factors. This lack of knowledge has important implications for public health education, and may hinder risk-reduction efforts among the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Management of rheumatic chorea: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic chorea (RC) has recently been linked to an antibody-mediated immune mechanism. OBJECTIVE/METHOD: To verify if this knowledge reflected in management changes we conceived a descriptive study. RESULTS: The medical charts of 20 children (13 females) aged 6 to 12 years (mean 8 years), diagnosed as RC from June 1996 to June 1999, were reviewed. All patients received some medical treatment. Haloperidol was the most prescribed medication (15 patients - 75 %). Sulpiride, diazepam and valproate were also used as symptomatic treatment. Immune-modulating therapy with prednisone was prescribed for seven children. The shortest course of chorea (16 days) occurred in a patient treated with prednisone. CONCLUSION: Prednisone has been prescribed for rheumatic chorea besides the traditional symptomatic approach. A great variety of antichoreic drugs are being employed.

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents↗

PubMed1986

Management of complicated ptosis with contralateral levator recession.

We describe a unique approach to complicated unilateral minimal ptosis. Three cases of unilateral ptosis were successfully managed with the technique of contralateral levator recession. Contralateral levator recession is a useful procedure heretofore undescribed, to our knowledge, for the management of ptosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Evaluation results of the CDC/ASPH Institute for HIV Prevention Leadership: a capacity-building educational program for HIV prevention program managers.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to evaluate changes over time in the capacity of participants of the CDC/ASPH Institute for HIV Prevention Leadership (Institute), a capacity-building program for HIV prevention program managers in minority-based, community-based organizations. Capacity was defined as the application of new skills and knowledge to participants' jobs and confidence in using those new skills and knowledge to strategically manage and apply "best practices" to their HIV prevention activities. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study involving measuring scholar capacity at three points in time: pre-Institute, post-Institute, and 6 months' post-Institute. Only responses from participants who completed all three surveys are included in this final analysis of the data (N = 94). RESULTS: Results indicate that participants from 3 years of the Institute (2002-2004) increased their capacity in HIV prevention programming and strategic planning and management. Significant changes were seen in the frequency and self-efficacy with which participants conduct several HIV prevention programming activities. Participants also reported conducting strategic planning activities at more appropriate intervals and were significantly more confident in conducting these activities. CONCLUSION: The Institute has positively and significantly increased the capacity of participants to conduct more effective HIV prevention programs on a national level.

Administrative Personnel↗