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PubMed2003

Artifacts in T(1rho)-weighted imaging: correction with a self-compensating spin-locking pulse.

Significant artifacts arise in T(1rho)-weighted imaging when nutation angles suffer small deviations from their expected values. These artifacts vary with spin-locking time and amplitude, severely limiting attempts to perform quantitative imaging or measurement of T(1rho) relaxation times. A theoretical model explaining the origin of these artifacts is presented in the context of a T(1rho)-prepared fast spin-echo imaging sequence. Experimentally obtained artifacts are compared to those predicted by theory and related to B(1) inhomogeneity. Finally, a "self-compensating" spin-locking preparatory pulse cluster is presented, in which the second half of the spin-locking pulse is phase-shifted by 180 degrees. Use of this pulse sequence maintains relatively uniform signal intensity despite large variations in flip angle, greatly reducing artifacts in T(1rho)-weighted imaging.

Artifacts↗

PubMed2001

Mandible movements in ants.

Ants use their mandibles for almost any task, including prey-catching, fighting, leaf-cutting, brood care and communication. The key to the versatility of mandible functions is the mandible closer muscle. In ants, this muscle is generally composed of distinct muscle fiber types that differ in morphology and contractile properties. Fast contracting fibers have short sarcomeres (2-3 microm) and attach directly to the closer apodeme, that conveys the muscle power to the mandible joint. Slow but forceful contracting fibers have long sarcomeres (5-6 microm) and attach to the apodeme either directly or via thin thread-like filaments. Volume proportions of the fiber types are species-specific and correlate with feeding habits. Two biomechanical models explain why species that rely on fast mandible strikes, such as predatory ants, have elongated head capsules that accommodate long muscle fibers directly attached to the apodeme at small angles, whereas species that depend on forceful movements, like leaf-cutting ants, have broader heads and many filament-attached fibers. Trap-jaw ants feature highly specialized catapult mechanisms. Their mandible closing is known as one of the fastest movements in the animal kingdom. The relatively large number of motor neurons that control the mandible closer reflects the importance of this muscle for the behavior of ants as well as other insects.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Inter- and intraexaminer reliability in palpation of the "primary respiratory mechanism" within the "cranial concept".

Inevitable subjectivity makes interexaminer reliability of manual assessment procedures a special matter of concern. The cranial concept (CC), one aspect of osteopathy, deals with very subtle changes that have to be palpated. One of the main principles of the CC is the primary respiratory mechanism (PRM), which is hypothesized to be a palpable physiological phenomenon that occurs in rhythmic cycles, called flexion- and extension-phase, which are independent from cardiac and respiratory rates. Palpation of the PRM is one of the first steps in assessment within the CC. An inter- and intraexaminer reliability study design for repeated measures was used in this study. Forty nine healthy subjects were palpated simultaneously twice, once at the head and once at the pelvis. PRM-frequency (f), the mean duration of the flexion phase and the mean ratio of flexion- to extension-phase were used as the main outcome measures. Inter- and intraexaminer reliability and correlations to the respiratory rates were analysed for all three parameters. Inter- as well as intraexaminer agreement could not be described beyond chance agreement, as the range within the 95% limits of agreement (e.g. for f=6.6 cycles/90 s) for all cases resembled the total range of values (e.g. for f=7 cycles/90 s) that were produced. A significant effect of the examiners' respiration was found for both examiners at the pelvis (P=0.004 for one examiner, P <0.0001 for the other examiner), and for one examiner only at the head (P=0.0017). No correlation could be found for the subjects' respiratory rates. In conclusion, PRM-rates could not be palpated reliably and under certain conditions were influenced by the examiners' respiratory rates. These results do not support the hypotheses behind the PRM. The role of PRM palpation for clinical decision making and the models explaining the PRM should therefore be rethought.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of sugar concentration on recombinant human alpha(1)-antitrypsin production by genetically engineered rice cell.

Productivity of recombinant human alpha(1)-antitrypsin (rAAT) with a genetically engineered rice cell using an inducible promoter has been studied by batch-wise and continuous production. A simple model explained the effect of proteases released from the disrupted cells on the rAAT degradation. Glucose concentration in the medium significantly affected the rAAT productivity in the continuous production, because the rAAT was induced by sugar depletion. When the fresh medium containing 5mM glucose was supplied to the continuous bioreactor, induction time was long and the productivity was low, indicating that the glucose concentration in the cells was high enough as to repress the promoter. When the glucose concentration in the fresh medium was reduced to 0.5mM, total amount of rAAT produced in 70h cultivation reached 6.7-7.6mg/g-dry cell, which was two times larger than the control medium without glucose.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Factor structure and ammonia-related modulation of the human retinal oscillatory potentials.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate in man the factor structure of retinal oscillatory potentials (OPs) to full-field luminance stimulation (0.9-9.5 cd.s.m(-2)) and the correlation with the spontaneous fluctuations of plasma ammonia. METHODS: Six male healthy volunteers were studied. Five OP recordings and ammonia determinations (GLDH method) were obtained for each subject at 2 h interval during an 8 h experimental session. A standard factor analysis was applied on the OP latency (time from stimulus to peak) and amplitudes values. RESULTS: Two consecutive factors on latencies and two factors on amplitudes were identified, consistent with reported differences between the earlier and later OP waves. The model explained a large portion of the OP variance. Both factors on latencies and factor 1 on amplitudes were directly correlated to the stimulus intensity and the ammonia plasma concentration in the 15.8-39.5 micromol/l range. Factors 1 and 2 on latencies decreased and factor 1 on amplitude increased at increasing stimulus intensities. The latency factors decreased and the amplitude factor increased with increasing ammonia concentration. Factor 2 on amplitudes did not correlate with the stimulus intensity or ammonia concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The factor structure further supports the evidence of functional differences between early and late OP waves. The observed correlation conceivably reflects a role of ammonia in the modulation of retinal electrophysiology in physiological conditions and potentially accounts for spontaneous variability in otherwise controlled electrophysiological studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evolution of the Old World Arenaviridae and their rodent hosts: generalized host-transfer or association by descent?

Ten scenarios optimizing the number of cospeciation events between the phylogenies of the Old World Arenaviridae (OWA) and their murine hosts are tested while attempting to answer the following questions. Does the coevolutionary model explain their respective distribution? What kind of evolutionary events could have most frequently contributed to the horizontal and/or vertical transmission of the OWA? How to define secondary hosts and to interpret their existence in the evolutionary process? Where are the geographical origins of the OWA? All scenarios support the "diffuse coevolution" hypothesis previously proposed for the OWA, in which parallel phylogeny and/or host switches on closely related hosts can be considered as the most common mechanisms of transmission. The scenarios allow defining more precisely the concepts of principal and secondary hosts. Such scenarios also suggest that the diversity of the viruses and their rodent hosts could be higher than currently expected and that cophylogeny could have been underestimated. The "diffuse coevolution" hypothesis permits to interpret the transfer of the viruses to distant hosts as a result of a disturbance in their regular mode of dispersion, which could match with the periods of emergence as human parasites. The comparison of the viral phylogeny with the host cladogram also suggests that the viruses parasitized the Murinae before several lineages became distinct and spread in Africa. This supposes that the origin of the arenaviruses has to be found out of Africa.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Milk consumption and bone mineral content in Chinese adolescent girls.

A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 649 girls, aged 12-14 years (mean +/- SD: 12.9 +/- 0.6 years), in the Beijing area examined the relationship between diet and bone mineral status. Food and nutrient intakes over the past year were estimated by means of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (BW) at the distal one-third and one-tenth radius and ulna were measured by single-photon absorptiometry. Results showed Beijing pubertal girls had a low mean milk consumption (fresh and powdered milk, vitamin D-fortified milk, and yogurt) at 50 g/day (95% confidence interval [CI] 44-55 g/day whereas one-third consumed no milk at all. Mean calcium intake was 356 +/- 97 mg/day of which only 21% was provided by milk and milk products. Milk intake varied by region (rural, suburban, and urban: 9, 36, and 83 g/day, respectively, p < 0.0005) as did the proportion of milk consumers in the three areas (30%, 64%, and 91%, p < 0.0005). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the distal one-third and one-tenth radius and one-tenth ulna was positively associated with milk consumption (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of BMC on foods and nutrients as well as confounding factors, including weight, bone age, Tanner stage, and School Physical Activity Score (SPAS), showed that milk intake was the only dietary factor included in the models for BMC at the four bone sites measured. The model explained 54%-65% of the variation in BMC, and milk alone accounted for up to 3.2% of the variation. Milk was the only food group with significant partial correlation with BMC. SPAS, weight, bone age, and Tanner stage each accounted for a smaller variation in BMC (<1.8%). The results indicate that milk (presumably as an integrated source of nutrients) had a beneficial effect on bone mass of Beijing pubertal girls and was a better nutritional determinant of BMC than intake of any milk nutrient alone. Promotion of milk consumption should be considered for achieving optimal bone mass in this population group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in predicting mechanical characteristics of rat femur.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), geometrical measurements, and mechanical testing of the rat femoral shaft and neck were performed on both femora of 51 Sprague-Dawley rats to: (i) determine the reproducibility of the DXA, geometrical, and biomechanical measurements of rat femora; (ii) determine linear and power-law (y=ax(b)) associations between the site-specific bone mineral variables and the actual mechanical characteristics of the given sites; (iii) develop, if sufficiently strong associations were found, appropriate prediction equations for the breaking load (F) and flexural rigidity (EI) of the femoral shaft and neck (only for F); and (iv) validate these equations in terms of accuracy of prediction. In the majority of the DXA measurements, the repeatability of the measurements was good, the CVrms varying between 1.2% and 3.9% in the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements and between 1.6% and 13.8% in the bone mineral content (BMC) measurements. DXA also proved accurate in length measurements of the rat femur (measurement error <1%). The manual (digimatic caliper-obtained) geometrical measurements of the rat femora were equally precise, the CVrms values varying between 0.2% and 5.0%. The repeatability of the biomechanical testings of these femora varied between 5.0% and 14.7%. Virtually all of the power-law and linear models explained more than 80% (at best 97%) of the variation in the F of the femoral shaft and neck, and the EI of the femoral shaft. Despite the high group-level correlations between the DXA-based predictions of bone strength and the actual breaking loads of the rat femora, and good precision of DXA, the ability of any DXA-based estimate to predict accurately the actual biomechanical characteristics of an individual bone remained relatively poor. In extreme cases, the prediction error could be tens of percent. Despite this we feel that bone strength-estimating equations can be used in the group-level analyses of experimental and clinical studies. Care must be taken, however, when choosing the most appropriate prediction method for a particular study.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

Factors affecting mouthpiece chamber vacuum in machine milking.

The vacuum in the mouthpiece chamber (MPC) was measured in a factorial trial with two liners (DeLaval 964008-01 and DeLaval 999007-03), two pulsator ratios (60 and 70%) and morning and evening milking over eight milkings of ten cows. Teat length and diameter were measured before and after milking, and maximum milk flow rate and depth of penetration of the teat into the teatcup were also recorded. The MPC vacuum at peak flow rate was classified as stable, at various levels, in 79% of the recordings. In the rest of the milkings the vacuum declined gradually, and this decline was associated with gradually deeper penetration of the teat into the teatcup. The DeLaval 964008-01 liner with the narrower bore and larger mouthpiece opening gave lower MPC vacuum at peak flow rate than did the wider bore DeLaval 999007-03 with the smaller mouthpiece opening. Morning milking gave higher MPC vacuum than evening milking. Increased maximum milk flow rate and increased length and diameter of the teat gave decreased MPC vacuum. The teats were longer before milking in the morning than in the evening. However, during peak flow rate, the teats had penetrated deeper into the teatcup in the evening than in the morning. A marked change in MPC vacuum in the transition to the period of flow rate can be used to identify the start of over-milking of an individual teat. A general model explaining the MPC vacuum as the outcome of the balance between air leakage past the mouthpiece lip and the leakage past the teat in the liner barrel is suggested.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC): immunopharmacological interactions of an anti-filarial drug.

Anti-parasitic drugs may achieve their therapeutic effect either by direct activity against the pathogenic organism, or by altering host factors which lead to parasite killing. In this review, we discuss the evidence for an indirect mode of action for one major anti-filarial drug, diethylcarbamazine (DEC). The interpretation most consistent with existing data is that DEC alters arachidonic acid metabolism in microfilariae and in host endothelial cells. These changes may result in vasoconstriction and amplified endothelial adhesion leading to immobilization of microfilarial parasites, enhanced adherence and cytotoxic activity by host platelets and granulocytes. These events would represent activation of the innate, non-specific immune system, independent of the adaptive, antigen-specific, immune response. This model explains the paradox between rapid clearance in vivo and the lack of an in vitro effect, as well as the efficacy of DEC in non-immune animals. It may also account for the inconsistencies in the effects of DEC against different filariae in different host species. In addition, we discuss the significant side-effects often associated with treatment of heavily infected patients, and the longer-term changes in T-cell reactivity and the host-parasite relationship which follow successful treatment with DEC.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The prediction of thoughts of death or self-harm in a population-based sample of female twins.

BACKGROUND: Although suicide is a leading cause of death, few studies have attempted to predict suicidal ideation prospectively using epidemiological samples or multivariate methods. METHOD: Discrete-time event history analysis was used to model the onset of thoughts of death or self-harm (TD/SH) in a population-based sample of female twins (N=2164) using variables from the demographic, psychopathological, childhood adversity, personality and life event domains. Univariate, multivariate-within domain and multivariate-across domain regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Most variables predicted TD/SH in the univariate analyses. However, the only variables to predict TD/SH independently were obsessive symptoms, childhood sexual abuse, rural residence, unemployment, older age, lifetime history of cocaine misuse and low levels of education, personal religious devotion and altruism, as well as divorce/separation, loss of confidant, assault, job loss and financial problems in the previous month. This final model explained 16% of the variance in TD/SH. Lifetime histories of major depression, panic disorder and alcohol misuse had no significant independent effect. CONCLUSIONS: Many variables, from all five domains of risk factors, are associated with the risk of TD/SH, but many of these effects may be mediated by other risk factors. Proximal life events and psychopathology may have more independent effects than other domains. The overall ability of these risk factors to predict TD/SH is modest. We cannot rule out that differences between these analyses and previous reports were due to our use of TD/SH as the dependent variable instead of thoughts of committing suicide per se.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Risk factors for prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia following peripheral regional anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The local anaesthetic prilocaine has a low systemic toxicity mainly because of a high absorption in the lung and a large volume of distribution and thus is associated with a lower risk of neurological or cardiac side-effects. However, the major disadvantage is the formation of methaemoglobin by its metabolite o-toluidine. This prospective observational study was performed to identify factors that are associated with increased prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One Hundred and sixty two patients undergoing major knee surgery under general anaesthesia combined with peripheral nerve blocks (femoral nerve block, combined femoral/sciatic nerve block or lumbar plexus block) received a single bolus injection of 300 or 400 mg prilocaine about 30 min before surgery via a catheter. The proper placement was verified using nerve stimulation via a stimulating catheter. Three hours after prilocaine injection, venous blood samples were drawn and methaemoglobin levels were measured by standard photometric technique. Data was subjected to a stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean methaemoglobin for all patients was 2.7% (range: 0.9-15.4%). A higher dose of prilocaine and younger age were the most important predictive factors for higher methaemoglobin formation. Female sex and to a lesser extent the use of high-concentration/low-volume prilocaine also increased methaemoglobin levels. These four factors of the model explain 36% of the total variance. Other investigated factors, including the patient's height, weight, body mass index, the site of catheter insertion, the anaesthetist's judgement concerning the difficulty of catheter placement, duration of catheter placement or an inadvertent puncture of a venous or arterial vessel, had no significant impact on the concentration of methaemoglobin. CONCLUSION: The use of prilocaine for regional block is safe, since the older patients who might be more susceptible to suffer from clinical symptoms of methaemoglobinaemia usually form less methaemoglobin. However, since prediction of high methaemoglobin levels is difficult, anaesthesiologists performing regional blocks in patients who might be jeopardized by a decreased oxygen transport capacity should avoid high doses of prilocaine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Use of systematic reviews in the development of new provincial public health policies in Ontario.

OBJECTIVES: The study determined whether the results of recently completed systematic reviews evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions were used in the development of new provincial policies for public health practice. METHODS: This telephone survey included all members from five review groups who updated the Ontario Mandatory Health Programs and Services guidelines for Public Health in 2000. Independent variables included characteristics of the systematic reviews, organization, and the individual. Outcomes included the use of the reviews in developing new policies and the extent to which the reviews led to new recommendations for practice. Descriptive summaries as well as multiple linear regression were conducted. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of decision-makers agreed to participate in the study. Ninety-six percent of respondents reported that the systematic reviews played a part in developing the new guidelines, while 47 percent indicated that the reviews contributed a great deal to the development of new recommendations for practice. The multiple linear regression model explained 42 percent of the variation in use of the reviews for developing new recommendations for practice. Significant predictor variables included the importance of the reviews in comparison to other sources of information and relevance of the reviews to the policy decisions. CONCLUSION: Public health decision-makers in Ontario have very positive perceptions of the usefulness of systematic reviews in policy development. Therefore, ongoing efforts to promote the usefulness and relevance of systematic reviews to public health decision-makers should remain a priority for health services researchers.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1993

A model for autumn outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease associated with cooling towers, linked to system operation and size.

Cooling towers have been demonstrated to be amplifiers and disseminators of legionella, the causative organism of Legionnaires' disease. Community outbreaks associated with cooling towers have been reported with several common factors. Small towers (< 300 kW) have predominantly been implicated in outbreaks. Cooling tower-associated outbreaks are most frequent in autumn, and frequently implicated systems have been operated after a period of shutdown. This paper reports field study data relating system operation to legionella colonization of systems. Operating systems have been shown to be more frequently colonized by legionella than shutdown systems. In some cases operation of systems after periods of shutdown raised legionella concentrations from below detection limits to between 50 and 950 c.f.u./ml within 10 min. These data and previously reported data relating to biofilm and sediment colonization of the systems, and community outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease, have been used to develop a model explaining the seasonal nature of outbreaks associated with irregularly operated, small cooling tower systems.

Air Conditioning↗

PubMed2001

Excess hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza in persons > or = 65 years associated with influenza epidemics in three English health districts: 1987-95.

OBJECTIVES: To study the association between community influenza activity and acute hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza among elderly persons. DESIGN: Multiple regression analysis of acute hospital admissions against community influenza activity, air temperature and seasonal and long-term trends. SETTING: Three English health districts: 1987-95. SUBJECTS: Persons aged > or = 65 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: Acute hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza (ICD9: 480-487); excess hospital admissions during epidemic periods. RESULTS: The final regression model explained 70% of the total variation in hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza, including 14% due to community influenza activity. However, most variation was explained by long-term and seasonal changes unrelated to influenza. In the large influenza epidemic of 1989/90 a typical health district (500,000 total population) experienced 56 excess admissions for pneumonia and influenza attributable to epidemic influenza among persons aged > or = 65 years, requiring 672 additional bed-days. However the figure varied widely between seasons and over the whole study period, the average winter excess was 17.5 admissions per health district, requiring an additional 210 bed-days. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza epidemics exert a variable impact on acute hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza among elderly persons, which in the past have been poorly quantified. Although the absolute numbers of excess admissions is modest, their impact on bed availability may be considerable because of the duration of hospital stay in elderly persons.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Understanding burden differences between men and women caregivers: the contribution of care-recipient problem behaviors.

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to determine why women caring for men report more burden than other caregivers, and to further examine the role of care-recipient problem behaviors as determinants of burden. METHOD: A sample of 557 primary caregivers of community-dwelling individuals referred to a memory clinic was used. All care-recipients had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (NINCDS-ADRDA). Data on care-recipient function, caregiver attributes, external supports and caregiver burden were obtained on the first visit. Hierarchical regression models were used to determine the contribution of gender, after controlling for care-recipient status, caregiver attributes, and external supports. RESULTS: This model explained 46% of the variability in caregiver "role burden", with care-recipient problem behaviors and dependence in instrumental activities of daily living. The caregiver/care-recipient gender interaction explained an additional 4% of the variance (p = 0.001); women caring for men scored 5.61 higher on the burden scale than other caregivers. Specific problem behaviors (e.g., anger) were more problematic for women caregivers than men. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the experience of men and women caregivers may be different despite seemingly identical circumstances, and highlight the need for interventions geared to the specific needs of women caregivers.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Loneliness in older persons: a theoretical model and empirical findings.

BACKGROUND: This study examines predictors of loneliness among low-income older adults through a framework named MODEL (Model of Depression and Loneliness), which we developed to address the need for a comprehensive and intervention-oriented theory of loneliness in old age. The framework is rooted in a cognitive-behavioral theory that conceptualizes behaviors as resulting from an interaction of cognitive processes and environmental events. METHODS: 161 residents of five independent-living buildings for low-income older adults in Maryland were interviewed individually. The assessments were based on the theoretical framework, MODEL, which describes the influences that environmental resources, health, and psychological factors have on loneliness and depression. RESULTS: MODEL explained a large percentage of the variance of both loneliness and depressed affect. Of all the barriers examined in the present study, our findings suggest that psychosocial factors/barriers have the strongest influence in the etiology of loneliness. CONCLUSION: In this population of low-income older persons, the importance of new contacts, mobility, and financial resources in predicting loneliness suggests that preventive social services should target these factors in developing opportunities for socialization.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Mechanism of free radical-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes: hemolysis by water-soluble radical initiator.

Hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by free radicals initiated from water-soluble, 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) has been investigated. The formation of the radical detected as DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) adduct depended on temperature and AAPH concentration in a similar manner as hemolysis. The curve for the formation of DMPO--radical adduct, however, did not correspond directly to the hemolysis curve. The product of thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials, which reflect the extent of lipid peroxidation, could not be related directly to the hemolysis curve, too. During the hemolysis, the fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane did not change in appearance. To study whether band 3 proteins participate in the hemolysis or not, eosin-5-maleimide (EMI)-labeled ghosts were incubated in the presence of AAPH. High molecular weight band 3 was formed, and the induced circular dichrosim spectrum of the bound EMI was changed, indicating a conformational change of band 3. It was observed that ascorbic acid suppressed the hemolysis and the oxidation of band 3 dose dependently to produce an induction period. This result shows that specifically blocking band 3 oxidation inhibits the hemolysis, despite lipid peroxidation. Further, it was observed that the EMI-labeled erythrocytes revealed distinct clusters by incubation with AAPH. This means a redistribution of band 3 proteins to form hemolytic holes in the membrane. However, the time course of the conformational change of band 3 during the redistribution was not also correspondent to the hemolysis curve. These results indicate that either lipid peroxidation or redistribution of oxidized band 3 is not attributed only by itself to the hemolysis. Thus, the hemolysis was interpreted by a simple competitive reaction model between lipid peroxidation and redistribution of oxidized band 3. This model explained well the hemolysis curves.

Amidines↗