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Results for “Movement Disorders”

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[Eye movement disorders in hereditary degenerative ataxia. Electro-oculographic study of 11 cases].

An electro-oculographic study has been performed in 11 patients affected by hereditary degenerative ataxias (5 Friedreich's ataxias, 4 olivopontocerebellar atrophies and 2 late onset cerebellar ataxias). Electrooculographic records were obtained during saccades, pursuit movements and fixed gaze. Saccadic latency, saccadic speed and morphologic features were studied. In Friedreich's ataxia ocular motility was less accurate than in olivopontocerebellar atrophy and in late onset cerebellar ataxia.

Cerebellar Ataxia↗

PubMed1977

Influence of dorsal column stimulation (DCS) on spastic movement disorders.

Dorsal column stimulation in two spastic patients with upper motor neurone disease showed the following effects: 1. The subjective feeling of stiffness decreased. During DCS patients were able to walk longer distances without rest. 2. The ability to perform fast alternating or synchronous "pedal-pressing" foot movements improved by 15%. 3. The threshold of H-reflexes was enhanced up to 12%, and outlasted the end of stimulation by two minutes. 4. The H-reflex amplitude was depressed in relation to intensity and duration of DC-stimulation up to 10 minutes after the end of DCS. 5. A late second facilitatory wave at 300 msec in the curve for H-reflexes conditioned by a short tibial stimulus was inhibited during DCS. Although the hyperexcitability of the H-reflex was dampened significantly during DCS the whole motor disturbance improved only slightly.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Cyclizine-induced chorea. Observations on the influence of cyclizine on dopamine-related movement disorders.

Cyclizine was observed to induce generalized chorea in a patient with mild lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias. The mechanism for this action was shown to be cyclizine's central anticholinergic activity. This was consistent with previous findings that acetycholine antagonists can lower the threshold for appearance of abnormal choreatic movements related to dopaminergic mechanisms by alteration of the dopamine/acetylcholine balance in the corpus striatum. Furthermore, our study was supportive of the hypothesis that spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly may be the mildest manifestations of senile chorea.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Hereditary myoclonus and chorea: the spectrum of hereditary nonprogressive hyperkinetic movement disorders.

We report three members of a single family who developed a newly described combination of myoclonus and chorea in association with mild ataxia. The occurrence of this and related syndromes suggests that inherited, slowly progressive myoclonus, chorea, and dystonia, alone or in combination, should be viewed as a spectrum of hyperkinetic involuntary movements, and that each motor component may represent variable expression of the same genetic defect.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

L-deprenyl confers specific protection against MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease-like movement disorder in the goldfish.

Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to the goldfish causes a reversible, Parkinson's disease-like syndrome which includes loss of noradrenaline and dopamine from the brain, accumulation of the toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium species (MPP+), and substantial reduction in movement. L-Deprenyl, a selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, protects the goldfish from loss of movement, but clorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, has no such protective action. L-Deprenyl and clorgyline primarily inhibit goldfish brain monoamine oxidase-B and monoamine oxidase-A, respectively. The mechanism by which MPTP causes reduced movement in goldfish is to cause an increase in resting time. Otherwise normal average velocity occurred during periods of movement. L-Deprenyl protection results in entirely 'normal' levels of resting time and average velocity during times of movement. Equivalent observations regarding l-deprenyl and clorgyline have been made in primate models of MPTP toxicity, and l-deprenyl is used for treatment of Parkinson's disease in humans. Therefore it is suggested that the evolutionarily equivalent subcortical circuitry and neural density of the goldfish brain may provide a useful model upon which to search for drugs relevant to human Parkinson's disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Electromyographic analysis of movement disorders in epilepsy].

The authors studied EMG features in epileptic patients during conditions of an exacerbation of the disease and in remissions. A wide spectrum of motor disorders was detected during the intraparoxysmal period in the stage of an exacerbation of the disease: along with changes of the tonic muscle activity in calm conditions there is a disturbance of the tonic reaction in preparing voluntary movement. The accomplishment and completion of the motor function is also altered. Changes in the relationships of muscles antogonists in an isometric tension depends upon the lateralization of the epileptical focus. In left-side foci there is an asymmetry of the EMG with expressed changes of its parameters on the contralateral right hand, while the right side foci led to symmetrical disturbances of the EMG on both sides, but less expressed. In patients with therapeutical remissions ther are no constant changes of the EMG, although according to the EEG the focus of convulsive activity remains.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The eye movement disorders of progressive supranuclear palsy.

In addition to the gross disturbances of vertical gaze, patients with progressive supranuclear palsy may show abnormalities in the saccadic and pursuit subsystems of horizontal gaze. Saccades are slower and smaller than normal. An attempt to elicit a large amplitude saccade will often result in a series of "fractionated" saccades. Pursuit eye movements become saccadic. The quick phases of vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus are of low amplitude. In the study presented, eye movements of 13 patients were recorded clinically and by electro-oculography, and data from the two methods, compared.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been regarded as an important modulator of basal ganglia output. It receives its major afferents from the cerebral cortex, thalamus, globus pallidus externus and brainstem, and projects mainly to both segments of the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, striatum and brainstem. The STN is essentially composed of projection glutamatergic neurons. Lesions of the STN induce choreiform abnormal movements and ballism on the contralateral side of the body. In animal models of Parkinson's disease this nucleus may be dysfunctional and neurons may fire in oscillatory patterns that can be closely related to tremor. Both STN lesions and high frequency stimulation ameliorate the major motor symptoms of parkinsonism in humans and animal models of Parkinson's disease and reverse certain electrophysiological and metabolic consequences of dopamine depletion. These new findings have led to a renewed interest in the STN. The aim of the present article is to review briefly the major anatomical, pharmacological and physiological aspects of the STN, as well as its involvement in the pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Stereotactic Vim-Vo-thalamotomy for choreatic movement disorder.

Two cases with hemichorea and dopa induced dyskinesia (DID) were successfully treated with Vim-Vo thalamotomy. The findings of MRI and PET of these cases were variable because of the difference of their underlying disease processes. In the patients with hemichorea, high electrical activities with irregular bursts of discharge were recorded in Vo and Vim. These may be related to dysfunction of Vo underlying choreatic movement. Regardless of the causes, their choreatic movement was abolished by Vim-Vo thalamotomy affecting mainly Vo after physiological identification of Vim.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Periodic limb movement disorder in neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

We recorded all-night polysomnograms of four schizophrenic patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) before and during treatment with clonazepam. Also, four non-akathitic schizophrenic patients were recorded all-night polysomnograms as control subjects. Daily treatment with 1.5 to 3 mg clonazepam improved subjective complaints of all the 4 patients with NIA. Three of 4 patients with NIA exhibited periodic limb movements (PLM) on bilateral legs, but none of 4 control subjects showed PLM. Total number of PLM and PLM per hour decreased during clonazepam treatment. Moreover, mean inter-movement intervals of PLM of 3 patients were prolonged on bilateral legs. NIA might change its feature as PLM during night sleep.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Eye-movement disorders and visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm: a clinical evaluation.

The visual-motor behaviour of 15 preterm diplegic children and 50 control children (age range 4 to 7 years) was recorded on video as they performed a visual-perceptual task (an adaptation of the Animal House subtest of the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence). The following parameters were analysed and scored: time to perform task; omissions; figure-colour association; sequence direction; sequential scanning order; accuracy of fitting target; and number of anticipatory saccadic movements to next target. The ability of the control children to perform the task improved significantly with age, as measured by performance time, mistakes in sequence direction and scanning order, accuracy of target fitting, and number of anticipatory saccadic movements. The scores of children with diplegia were not related to age and were poorer overall than those of the control group. Children with diplegia made significantly more mistakes of sequence direction and scanning order, and significantly fewer anticipatory saccadic movements than the control group. These results indicate that visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm is not attributable only to sensory visual loss and to fine manipulation difficulties but is also related to difficulties in eye movements and in using anticipatory control to process information.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1997

Eye movement disorders in bone marrow transplant patients on cyclosporin and ganciclovir.

After 582 allogeneic bone marrow transplants, we have encountered four patients (0.7%) who developed transient unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsies. Three of the four patients also had bilateral ptosis. These signs resolved 24-48 h after cyclosporin and ganciclovir were discontinued. One patient had MRI T2 abnormalities compatible with cyclosporin neurotoxicity. We postulate that cyclosporin, possibly together with ganciclovir, can produce transient brain stem or neuromuscular dysfunction with eye movement abnormality in occasional patients.

Abducens Nerve↗

PubMed1997

[A pilot investigation into the effects of extracorporeal shock waves on muscular dysfunction in children with spastic movement disorders].

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal shock waves (ESW) are being used increasingly frequently for the treatment of narrowly localized pain in the musculoskeletal system. Pain is normally associated with muscular dysfunction. Beginning with the observation that not only is the pain soothed by treatment with ESW, but that the muscular dysfunction itself is relieved, an attempt has been made to treat the impaired function in cases of infantile cerebral palsy with ESW. METHOD: In 35 children and young people with mainly spastic disturbances of movement, the bellies of those muscles producing the flexion contracture of the lower limb were each treated with 500 non-focused pulses of low-energy ESW. The focus (focal pressure 10 MPA=0.06 mJ/mm) of the shock waves itself was placed either within the coupling cushion of the therapy source (Minilith, Storz Medical, CH-Kreuzlingen) or obliquely outside the patient's body. In this way ESW could be dispersed throughout the muscles and the risk of undesirable effects was minimized. The energy used amounted to about 30% of the threshold value at which cellular damage from focused treatment with ESW had been observed in the endothelium of the human umbilical cord. RESULTS: The degree of movement at the hip joint increased after one treatment by an average of 17 degrees, at the knee joint by 12.3 degrees and at the ankle joint by 7.1 degrees, each increase being statistically significant. Muscular stiffness, spastic co-contractions, and myofascial viscoelasticity, as well as dyskinetic and ataxic symptoms, decreased. It appeared as if a systemic action had entered into the motor control. Together with an increase in general proprioception, there was an improvement in body image, in economy of movement and also in the limbs that had not been treated. A few patients showed euphoric reactions for about 2 days after treatment. No undesirable effects were observed during a follow-up of 12 months. The treatment was painless and is therefore suitable for children. The biomechanical improvement remained for several weeks and this time could be used for initiating an improved pattern of movement. CONCLUSION: ESW is suitable for use as an additional instrument for physiotherapeutic treatment of infantile cerebral palsy. The effective action of ESW on disturbed peripheral muscles has been discussed in terms of positive pressure and tensile wave forces and/or forces acting by cavitation. The results obtained in this pilot investigation showed particular a decrease in muscle stiffness. A controlled investigation with gait analysis and psychological control is to be undertaken.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1979

Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder.

Dr Samuel Johnson was noted by his friends to have almost constant tics and gesticulations, which startled those who met him for the first time. He also made noises and whistling sounds; he made repeated sounds and words and irregular or blowing respiratory noises. Further, he often carried out pronounced compulsive acts, such as touching posts, measuring his footsteps on leaving a room, and performing peculiar complex gestures and steps before crossing a threshold. His symptoms of (a) involuntary muscle jerking movements and complex motor acts, (b) involuntary vocalisation, and (c) compulsive actions constitute the symptom complex of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (Tourette's syndrome), from which Johnson suffered most of his life. This syndrome is of increasing interest recently because it responds to haloperidol, and because there are new insights into a possible biochemical basis for the tics, vocalisations, and compulsions.

Famous Persons↗

PubMed1992

[Movement disorders in the spinal joints of the lower back and abnormal EMG findings of the back muscles associated with frequent back pain].

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Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Etiology and dental treatment of severe involuntary orofacial-cervical movement disorders.

A number of electromyographic studies have demonstrated evidence of the effects of dental sensation on stomatognathic muscle function. Dental occlusal imbalances have been shown to affect markedly altered EMG patterns: asynchronism, hyperactivity, and loss of bilateral balance have been noted. In most patients, distorted dental occlusions affect muscle function so that the changes remain observable only on EMG recordings. In some patients, however, the asynchronism, hyperactivity, and loss of bilateral balance may become distressing to the patient and clinically observable. Dental occlusal therapy in two patients reduced involuntary dyskinetic movements involving the face, mouth, and neck. Sustained improvement has been noted for over 8 years.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

[Functional magnetic resonance tomography of movement disorders in patients with schizophrenia].

UNLABELLED: Neurological soft signs (NSS), which are minor motor and sensory deficits, e.g., during finger-to-thumb opposition, are frequently found in schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the cerebral activation pattern in ten schizophrenic patients and ten healthy volunteers using functional MRI. METHODS: fMRI was performed using a modified FLASH sequence (TR/TE/alpha = 100/60/40 degrees) and a conventional 1.5 T MR scanner. Color-coded statistical parametric maps based on Student's t-test were calculated. Activation strength was quantified using a 5 x 6 grid over-lay. RESULTS: The volunteers showed a higher activation strength during left hand movement compared to right hand movement. This lateralization effect was reversed in patients who showed overall reduced activation strength. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbed interhemispheric balance in schizophrenic patients during motor task performance can be demonstrated using fMRI. These findings support the hypothesis that changes in the sensorimotor cortex may be involved in the development of NSS.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Treatment of movement disorders in children with cerebral palsy].

The author describes the results of the treatment of motor disorders in 909 children with cerebral paralyses (aged 3-7 years) carried out in the health resort "Saulute" in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. A complex of methodological techniques elaborated in this health resort is most optimal for ensuring the possibility of unassisted standing and walking with the maintenance of balance without any auxiliary devices (crutches, walking sticks, etc.). The method proposed by the author is based on the simultaneous involvement of all functional systems of the brain into the activity ensuring the possibility of active normal movement. Of the 909 children with motor cerebral paralyses unable to walk, 30% began to walk after the course of treatment, 70% were able to stand up and stay on their feet keeping balance without any support.

Balneology↗