[Influence of chlorpromazine, prenylamine, imipramine and reserpine on calcium exchange and muscle function (m. rectus and sartorius of frog)].
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Acetylcholine↗
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Divalent cations and temperature dependent block of impulse propagation at the frog neuromuscular junction.
End-plate potentials were recorded from superficial muscle fibers of the frog sartorius nerve-muscle preparation. Exposure of the preparation to a medium containing a high divalent cation concentration, produced a temperature dependent failure of neuromuscular transmission. Failure of transmission developed in an "all-or-none" mode and was reversed by decreasing the bath temperature or divalent cation concentration. This blockage of the neurotransmission is attributed to a presynaptic block of impulse propagation.
Animals↗
The relationship of pinocytosis and synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction.
The fate of the extracellular marker horseradish peroxidase (HRP), following intense transmitter release was studied using identified muscle fibers from the frog sartorius nerve-muscle preparation. The muscle was stimulated indirectly via its nerve at 10 Hz or K+-depolarized for 15 min. Other preparations were also stimulated or K+-depolarized for 15 min and then rested for an additional 15 min. Endings from only identified muscle fibers were photographed with the electron microscope. It was found that in the paradigms studied above, less than 10% of the mean number of synaptic vesicle profiles per section contained the marker. Following electrical stimulation, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean number of synaptic vesicle profiles per section. After a 15 min rest period, the vesicle profile number had returned to the control value. At this time point, the endplate potential was but 25% of the control. K+-depolarization caused no significant change in the mean number of synaptic vesicle profiles per section. Experiments were also performed to rule out any direct effect of the label on the number of coated and synaptic vesicle profiles. The mean number of labeled coated vesicle profiles increased during either electrical stimulation or K+-depolarization, and then fell during the subsequent rest period. Their numbers accounted for less than 2% of the total number vesicles/section. A suprisingly high number of coated vesicle profiles (as high as 41%) contained no label. This finding is inconsistent with the exclusive role of coated vesicles associated with synaptic vesicle membrane recycling. The low level of HRP labeling of synaptic vesicles is also inconsistent with synaptic vesicles undergoing exo- and endocytosis along the presynaptic plasma membrane.
Animals↗
Nutrient supply enhances both IGF-I and MSTN mRNA levels in chicken skeletal muscle.
Nutrient supply may control muscle growth directly and indirectly through its influence on regulatory factors. The present study focuses on its effects on muscle insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) and myostatin (MSTN). Their mRNA levels were quantified by real time RT-PCR in pectoralis major (PM) and sartorius (SART) muscles from broiler chickens submitted to different feeding regimens (fed or fasted for 48 h) between hatch and 2 days of age and at 4 weeks of age. In the PM of 4 weeks old broilers, mRNA levels were also evaluated after a 16 h-fast and a refeeding period (refed 24 or 48 h after a 48 h-fast). In the PM muscle, both IGF-I and MSTN mRNA levels increased between 0 and 2 days of age in the fed group, while they remained low in the unfed one. A comparable trend was observed in the SART, but with lesser amplitude. In both muscles of 4 weeks old chickens, a 48 h-fast induced a significant reduction in MSTN mRNA levels (20% of fed state). In the PM, this effect required more than 16 h of fasting to occur and was fully reversed by only 24h of refeeding. IGF-I mRNA levels also varied with nutritional state. They decreased significantly with fasting in the SART muscle. By contrast, IGF-II mRNA levels did not vary significantly. Our data shows for the first time that two major paracrine regulators of muscle growth, IGF-I and MSTN, are sensitive to nutrient supply in hatching chicks, and also that fasting reduced IGF-I and MSTN mRNA levels in muscles of older chickens.
Aging↗
Selective thigh muscle atrophy in trans-tibial amputees: an ultrasonographic study.
In trans-tibial amputees, PTB (patellar tendon bearing) prostheses provide almost physiological mobility of the knee joint in the sagittal plane. Nevertheless, there are characteristic adaptations of the knee joint muscles. Myosonography is a suitable method for depicting muscle atrophy and hypertrophy due to muscle dysfunction. The present study was intended to assess anatomical alterations of thigh muscles in trans-tibial amputees wearing a PTB prothesis. Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps femoris, sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles were determined ultrasonographically on both limbs in 17 amputees with a PTB prothesis. The gait was analysed using an optoelectronical system, force plates and surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles. Quadriceps femoris and sartorius muscles of the amputated extremity exhibited significant atrophy compared with the contralateral limb (reduction of muscle thickness ranged between 11.7% and 30.4%), whereas the gracilis and hamstring muscles were not significantly affected. Even the quadriceps femoris muscle of the non-amputated limb showed a slight atrophy compared with a reference group. Increased echointensities were found predominantly in the quadriceps muscle on the amputated leg. During gait, electromyographical activity within the amputated limb was reduced in the vastus lateralis and increased in the biceps femoris muscle. Even long-term adaptation to PTB prostheses results in characteristic deviation from normal gait. Atrophy occurs in the ventral thigh muscles, predominantly on the amputated leg, whereas the dorsal thigh muscles are hardly affected, probably due to compensatory hyperactivity.
Adolescent↗
Microvessel density in muscles of dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy.
Due to the abundance of muscle, intravascular administration seems required for efficient gene or cell therapy of muscular dystrophy. Here, we examined the skeletal muscle microvasculature to assess if it is altered with dystrophin deficiency. Image analysis of capillaries was performed in three muscles of one- to ten-month-old golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs and compared with healthy controls. In the gracilis muscle (and in the biceps brachii muscle) of 4- to 10-month-old GRMD dogs, the microvessel density (445+/-47 microvessels per mm(2)), the capillary to fiber ratio (111+/-26 capillaries per 100 myofibers), and the mean intercapillary distance (49+/-3 microm), were similar in affected and control dogs. The sartorius cranialis muscle in GRMD dogs showed microvessel depletion and increased intercapillary distance, but unaltered capillary to fiber ratio, relative to the controls. The mean diameter of microvessels and the total vascular area were higher in GRMD muscles than in control ones. In severely affected GRMD muscles at 7-10 months of age, fibrosis was associated with decreased microvessel density, increased intercapillary distance and microvessel diameter, but normal capillary to fiber ratio and total vascular area.
Age Factors↗
Relative responses of protein turnover in three different skeletal muscles to dietary lysine deficiency in chicks.
1. The effect of lysine deficiency was analysed on muscle protein turnover in 2-, 3- and 4-week-old growing broilers. Protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR, in %/d) were measured by a reliable in vivo technique (flooding dose of L-[4-3H] phenylalanine) in the Pectoralis major (PM), the Anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and the Sartorius (SART) muscles. Protein fractional breakdown rates (FBR, in %/d) were estimated as the difference between the synthesis rates and the growth rates of tissue protein. 2. Lysine deficiency resulted in significant increases in muscle FSR and FBR. When expressed in absolute rates (g/d), tissue protein deposition was reduced whatever the tissue. This phenomenon was accompanied by decreased protein synthesis (ASR). 3. The protein turnover responsiveness to the lysine deficiency appeared to depend on the studied muscle, since the PM muscle was the most sensitive whereas the SART and ALD muscles presented a lower sensitivity.
Aging↗
[Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. Anterior approach].
Minimally invasive surgery aims at reducing soft tissue trauma to reduce blood loss and postoperative pain, to shorten the necessary stay in hospital, to accelerate the rehabilitation and to improve the cosmesis of the scar. The article describes the technique of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty via an anterior approach utilizing the interval between the tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius et minimus muscle laterally and the sartorius and rectus femoris muscle medially. The proposed method is a safe procedure, which allows correct placement of cup and stem. It may be performed within a reasonable time and blood loss is low. The procedure leads to cosmetically pleasing scars. As the patients usually do not suffer from considerable postoperative pain and experience accelerated rehabilitation, they agree to early discharge.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
[Effects of L-carnitine in poultry].
Because of the well established function of carnitine possible effects of carnitine were studied in poultry. In trial I it was investigated if carnitine and its precursors (lysine, methionine) reduce the formation of abdominal fat in broilers. Chickens (10 groups of 10 chickens each) were fed different diets (control, lysine and methionine in excess and deficient, respectively, with or without 5% fat supplement, L-carnitine and DL-carnitine supplement, respectively). Performance (body weight gain, feed conversion), amount of abdominal fat and carnitine concentration in blood, muscles (M. sartorius, M. pectoralis superficialis, cardiac), liver and kidney were determined. Performance and abdominal fat were influenced by dietary fat, lysine and methionine as expected and were not altered by carnitine. Excess and deficiency of lysine and methionine did not influence, fat supplement reduced and carnitine supplementation significantly increased tissue concentration of carnitine. In trial II it was studied if supplementation of a commercial layers' ration with either 500 mg L-carnitine or 500 mg nicotinic acid or both per kg reduces the cholesterol concentration in yolk. Influence on body weight, feed intake, laying performance, serum and yolk cholesterol concentration could not be observed, but yolk concentration of carnitine was significantly increased in supplemented groups. Trial III should clarify if the L-carnitine content in broiler parent stock ration influences hatchability. Four groups of 1350 hens each were fed a commercial all-mash supplemented with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mg L-carnitine, respectively. Hatching rate was increased from 83% to 87% and from 82.4% to 85.3% in groups supplemented with 50 and 100 mg L-carnitine, respectively, and in randomly sampled eggs of these groups carnitine concentration in yolk was higher.
Animal Feed↗
The nature of gentamicin-induced neuromuscular block.
Gentamicin in concentrations of 0.05--0.2 mmol litre-1 blocked neuromuscular transmission in the toad sartorius nerve--muscle preparation by decreasing the release of transmitter. In concetnrations of 0.5--1 mmol litre-1 it decreased the amplitude of the miniature end-plate current by a curare-like action, without affecting the mean open channel lifetime.
Animals↗
An electromyographic investigation of the sartorius and tensor fascia latae muscles.
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Electromyography↗
Pyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, has dual effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors of hippocampal pyramidal cells: agonist and noncompetitive antagonist.
Electrophysiological and biochemical studies demonstrated that pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase and a proposed therapeutic agent for treatment of alcoholic intoxication, activated and blocked the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and did not interact significantly with the end-plate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Pyrazole, at concentrations as low as 0.5 microM, applied to outside-out patches excised from the membrane of cultured rat hippocampal neurons, elicited single-channel currents of 48 pS which were blocked by DL-2-amino-5-phosphorovaleric acid, a competitive antagonist of NMDA. In addition, binding studies showed that pyrazole displaced 1-(cis-2-carboxypiperidine-4-yl)methyl-1-phosphoric acid from the agonist recognition site of the NMDA receptor in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced the binding of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H- dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine to this complex. These data indicate that pyrazole is an agonist at NMDA receptors. However, at higher concentrations, open and burst times as well as the frequency of single-channel currents activated by pyrazole were reduced significantly, a finding which suggests that this compound is also an open channel blocker. In agreement with these results, it was shown biochemically that pyrazole was able to stimulate influx of Ca++ into rat brain microsomes via NMDA receptors and on the other hand to block the influx of Ca++ induced by NMDA. Pyrazole was unable to affect the neuromuscular transmission of frog sartorius muscle-sciatic nerve preparations. Additionally, pyrazole did not interact either with the agonist recognition site or with noncompetitive sites of the AChR. However, this drug had a very weak agonist-like action on the AChR of the Torpedo electric organ, most likely via binding sites different from those described previously for acetylcholine. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy of pyrazole may be related at least in part to its effects on the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, this compound, because of the small size and rigidity of its molecular structure, becomes a promising drug for the study of the NMDA receptor. Indeed its use may allow a better understanding of the physiological and pathological processes involving this receptor.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
[Repetitive firing in motor nerve endings: modulation by divalent cations, rhythmic activation and cholinergic agents].
The phenomenon of repetitive firing (RG) in motor nerve endings induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was studied in cut sartorius frog muscle under the voltage clamp conditions. In the presence of 4-AP (1.10(-4) mol/l) one stimulus applied to the nerve induced two end plate currents (EPC) in half of cells studied (n = 35). The elevation of calcium ion concentration up to 5.4 mmol/l or magnesium to 5-9 mmol/l or rhythmic activity (0.05 Hz and above) abolished RF. Substitution of calcium by strontium or barium enhanced RF (the number of EPC during the burst of RF). EPC with very slow time course were observed in some cells in the presence of barium, that disrupted to the burst of RF by repetitive nerve stimulation. Neostigmine, an anticholinesterase agent, increased the number of EPC in the burst of RF, but alpha-bungarotoxin exerted no effect on the RF. The role of calcium and calcium-activated potassium currents in generation and termination of RF in motor nerve endings is discussed.
4-Aminopyridine↗
[2 variant treatment methods in dislocated femoral neck fractures. I. With muscle pedicled ilial crest (m. sartorius). II. With vascular pedicled ilial crest (a. circumflexa ilium profunda)].
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Adolescent↗
The effect of suxamethonium on the spindles of frog sartorius and ilio-fibularis muscles.
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Animals↗
Effects of dimorpholamine on frog sciatic nerve-sartorius preparation.
The present study describes the potentiating effect of dimorpholamine on twitch contraction of skeletal muscle and its mechanism on a cellular basis. Low concentrations (about 2 x 10(-5) g/ml) of dimorpholamine potentiate the twitch contraction of frog sartorius muscle. In relatively high concentrations of 10(-4)--10(-3) g/ml, however, the potentiation was followed by depression. Endplate potential was not affected by the drug. Dimorpholamine depolarized slightly the muscle membrane. The contracture tension vs. membrane potential relationship was hardly affected by the drug in the presence of 2 x 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin. Action potentials recorded from muscle fibers treated with ethylene glycol showed marked and progressive increases in duration during exposure to the drug, and were finally blocked. It was concluded that twitch potentiation caused by dimorpholamine is due to the prolongation of the action potential. A likely molecular mechanism of this drug is discussed in terms of the kinetic model proposed by Adrian et al. (J. Physiol. 208, 607--644, 1970) for the excitable membrane of frog sartorius muscle.
Action Potentials↗
Muscular uptake of Tc-99m MIBI and TI-201 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Lack of dystrophin, a protein localized to the inner surface of the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, is the cause of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. Plasma membrane damage of the muscular fiber occurs, followed by Ca++ influx into the fibers. There is severe mitochondrial damage in dystrophic but still viable fibers. Five children aged 5-7 years were studied with MRI, TI-201, and Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy of the thighs. These three methods showed that the sartorius is the least damaged muscle in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. MRI showed mild damage of adductors and quadriceps; TI-201 scintigraphy showed a marked reduction of radioactivity in the same muscles; Tc-99m sestamibi uptake occurred only in the sartorius muscle; the quadriceps was not imaged and adductors showed a faint image. A decrease of water in muscular fibers as well as fatty fibrous substitution, occurs after death of the fibers, whereas plasma membrane and mitochondrial damage reduced the uptake of tracers when the fiber is still viable. The interesting mismatch between sestamibi and TI-201 can be explained by considering that the cellular mechanism of uptake and retention of Tc-99m sestamibi involves both plasma membrane and mitochondria, whereas the uptake of TI-201 is only affected by plasma membrane damage.
Child↗
The mode of neuromuscular blocking action of chlorpromazine.
The inhibitory action of chlorpromazine on skeletal muscle has been studied with isolated preparations. In the nerve-muscle preparations of the frog sartorius and the rat diaphragm, the twitch responses to indirect stimulation are much more strongly depressed by chlorpromazine than those to direct stimulation. The conductivity of the nerve trunk is unaffected. The contractures of the frog rectus abdominis muscle caused by acetylcholine are depressed by chlorpromazine,but the contractures due to KCl are not influenced. Larger doses of chlorpromazine cause contracture by themselves, and this cannot be prevented by tubocurarine. In the sartorius muscle of the toad, the depolarization due to acetylcholine is reduced by chlorpromazine. The paralysing action of chlorpromazine adds to that of tubocurarine, and is antagonized to some extent by eserine or neostigmine. Muscles treated with chlorpromazine do not completely recover on washing. High concentrations of chlorpromazine depress the release of acetylcholine by motor-nerve stimulation, although they do not affect the enzymic synthesis of acetylcholine by acetone-dried powder of guinea-pig brain. The differences between the neuromuscular block produced by chlorpromazine and that by tubocurarine are discussed.
Acetylcholine↗