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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Baclofen antagonises intravenous self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in mice.

gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a widely used recreational drug known to exert positive reinforcing effects in animals and humans. The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen has been proved to possess antimotivational effect and to inhibit alcohol, cocaine, heroin and nicotine intake. In the present study we evaluated the effect of baclofen on i.v. self-administration of GHB in drug-naive mice under a fixed-ratio (FR-1) schedule of reinforcement and nose-poking-like response as operandum. Results show that baclofen was able to completely prevent GHB seeking behaviour, decreasing the rate of responding to basal values, without showing any reinforcing properties when made contingent on nose-poking response. Our findings demonstrate that baclofen antagonises GHB i.v. self-administration, supporting an important role for the GABA(B) receptor in reward-related mechanisms underlying addictive behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The corticotropin-releasing factor-hypocretin connection: implications in stress response and addiction.

The hypothalamic neuropeptides hypocretins (orexins) play a crucial role in the stability of arousal and alertness. Recent data have raised the hypothesis that hypocretin neurons are also part of the circuitries that mediate the hypothalamic stress response. In particular, we have recently demonstrated that corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive terminals make direct synaptic contacts with hypocretin-expressing neurons and that numerous hypocretinergic neurons express the CRF-R1/2 receptors. Furthermore, CRF excites hypocretinergic cells ex vivo through CRF-R1 receptors. Activation of hypocretinergic neurons in response to acute stress is severely impaired in CRF-R1 knockout mice. Moreover, the stress response is impaired in hypocretin-deficient mice. We propose that upon stressor stimuli, CRF stimulates the release of hypocretins, and this circuit contributes to activation and maintenance of arousal associated with the stress response and addiction.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1997

Psychology of computer use: XLVII. Parameters of Internet use, abuse and addiction: the first 90 days of the Internet Usage Survey.

While the addictive potential of Internet usage is a topic that has attracted a great deal of attention, as yet little research has addressed this topic. Preliminary data from the Internet Usage Survey shows that most of the 563 users reported instances of Internet use interfering with other aspects of their lives, most commonly problems with managing time. A subgroup of users endorsed multiple usage-related problems, including several similar to those found in addictions. Younger users tended to have experienced more problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Addiction disorders of New Jersey physicians.

The principles of treatment for addictive disorders are simple: Identify the disorder. Find skilled therapists to direct a treatment plan. Pursue the plan. Develop the skills to cope with life after addiction. Seek appropriate support from family and systems in the community.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

Internet addiction: a new type of addiction?

The popular press has discussed Internet addiction as an emerging disorder affecting thousands of people. However, little research has been done in this area. With the media reporting growing numbers of divorce, child neglect and loss of jobs associated with compulsive use of the Internet, professionals and lay persons alike are asking, "Does Internet addiction exist?" The authors review what has been studied to date and make suggestions as to how future research could be beneficial.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HIV vulnerability and the adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse.

The purpose of this article is to sensitize clinicians working in the field of childhood physical/sexual abuse to the connection between untreated childhood traumatization and HIV high-risk behaviors. The characteristic abuse symptoms of chronic depression, sexual compulsivity, revictimization, and substance abuse are identified as barriers to HIV education and intervention for survivors. An overview of the existing HIV/child abuse connection research, an illustrative case history and a discussion regarding the clinical implications of these connections are offered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Injection of oxotremorine in nucleus accumbens shell reduces cocaine but not food self-administration in rats.

Mesencephalic dopamine neurons form synapses with acetylcholine (ACh)-containing interneurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Although their involvement in drug reward has not been systematically investigated, these large aspiny interneurons may serve an important integrative function. We previously found that repeated activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors enhanced cocaine intake in rats but the role of muscarinic receptors in drug reward is less clear. Here we examined the impact of local changes in muscarinic receptor activation within the NAcc on cocaine and food self-administration in rats trained on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Animals were given a minimum of 9 continuous days of drug access before testing in order to establish a stable breaking point (BP) for intravenous cocaine infusions (0.75 mg/kg/infusion). Rats in the food group acquired stable responding on the PR schedule within 7 days. On the test day, rats were bilaterally infused in the NAcc with the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine methiodide (OXO: 0.1, 0.3 or 1 nmol/side), OXO plus the M(1) selective antagonist pirenzepine (PIRENZ; 0.3 nmol/side) or aCSF 15 min before cocaine or food access. OXO dose dependently reduced BP values for cocaine reinforcement (-17%, -44% [p<0.05] and -91% [p<0.0001] for 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 nmol, respectively) and these reductions dissipated by the following session. Pretreatment with PIRENZ blocked the BP-reducing effect of 0.3 nmol OXO. Notably, OXO (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 nmol/side) injection in the NAcc did not affect BP for food reward. The results suggest that muscarinic ACh receptors in the caudomedial NAcc may play a role in mediating the behavior reinforcing effects of cocaine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Neuroadaptive effects of active versus passive drug administration in addiction research.

Increasing knowledge of the genome sequences of several organisms and the development of genome-wide, high-throughput screening techniques for gene expression are likely to generate a vast amount of data aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of addiction. These findings are likely to have potential for future addiction pharmacotherapies. However, it is important to employ animal models that dissociate the molecular and cellular consequences of the direct pharmacological effects of addictive drugs from those that result from the cognitive processes associated with self-administration of these drugs. In this article, we suggest that the short-term and long-term neuroadaptive effects of addictive drugs in the brain depend crucially on the drug-exposure paradigm used [i.e. passive (non-contingent) drug exposure and active (contingent) self-administration]. This has important ramifications for future molecular and cellular studies of drug addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The virtual cutting edge: the internet and adolescent self-injury.

The 2 studies reported here use observational data from message boards to investigate how adolescents solicit and share information related to self-injurious behavior. Study 1 examines the prevalence and nature of these message boards, their users, and most commonly discussed topics. Study 2 was intended to explore the correlations between content areas raised for discussion. Both studies were intended to shed light on the role of message boards in spreading information about self-injurious practices and influencing help-seeking behavior. More than 400 self-injury message boards were identified. Most are populated by females who describe themselves as between 12 and 20 years of age. Findings show that online interactions clearly provide essential social support for otherwise isolated adolescents, but they may also normalize and encourage self-injurious behavior and add potentially lethal behaviors to the repertoire of established adolescent self-injurers and those exploring identity options.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors.

Dopamine receptors have been implicated in the behavioural response to drugs of abuse. These responses are mediated particularly by the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway arising in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to the limbic system. The rewarding properties of opiates and the somatic expression of morphine abstinence have been related to changes in mesolimbic dopaminergic activity that could constitute the neural substrate for opioid addiction. These adaptive responses to repeated morphine administration have been investigated in mice with a genetic disruption of the dopaminergic D2 receptors. Although the behavioural expression of morphine withdrawal was unchanged in these mice, a total suppression of morphine rewarding properties was observed in a place-preference test. This effect is specific to the drug, as mice lacking D2 receptors behaved the same as wild-type mice when food is used as reward. We conclude that the D2 receptor plays a crucial role in the motivational component of drug addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The role of brain emotional systems in addictions: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new 'self-report' animal model.

The evolutionary significance of neurochemical events in the brain has received minimal attention in the field of addiction research. Likewise, the general failure of neuroscientists to postulate how basic brain circuits might mediate emotional urges has retarded the development of scientific perspectives that could inform new inquiries into the underlying dynamics and treatment of addictions. In this paper, we revisit the argument that prototypically abused substances activate or alter specific emotional brain systems that were evolutionarily designed to signal potential increments or decrements in fitness. We then discuss two distinct emotional systems (reward seeking and separation distress) which may track different types of potential changes in fitness. Based on this evolutionarily inspired approach, we illustrate how a mammalian model of emotion (i.e. rodent ultrasonic vocalizations) may enable scientists to predict drug-related phenomena such as abuse potential, anatomical location of mediating neural substrates, and the psychological impact of withdrawal. We conclude by discussing some therapeutic and social implications of examining drug addiction processes with multiple emotional brain systems in mind.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes and perceptions toward smoking: smokers' views of themselves and other smokers.

A sample of American smokers completed a questionnaire regarding their motivations for and opinions about smoking. The subjects also indicated their perceptions of how other smokers feel about the same issues. The results indicated that the subjects perceived psychological addiction as the primary reason for their own smoking. The subjects perceived differences between their own motivations and opinions and those of the other smokers'. The subjects were likely to be more critical of their own smoking. The longer the subjects had been smoking, and the more cigarettes they smoked, the more likely they were to say that smoking is psychologically and physically addictive and that quitting would be difficult.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Smoking addiction among university students in Istanbul.

In this study, we investigated smoking addiction and some risk factors among university students in Istanbul. A questionnaire survey of 236 university students studying in Istanbul Medical Faculty (n: 148) and other faculties (n: 88) was performed with cross-sectional and responding-under-observation methods in March-May 1999. Thirty-six per cent of the university students with mean age 24.0 (2.9 were addicted to smoking (n: 85): 41.3% males and 26.7% females; 67.5% were using imported and 32.5% were using local product cigarettes. Of the subjects, 18.1% were smoking 1-10 cigarettes a day, 61.4% 11-20 cigarettes a day and 20.5% more than 20 cigarettes a day. When alcohol and smoking addiction were compared with logistic regression analysis, with respect to gender, age, school, parents' educational levels, living style and the sources of income, the risk factor for alcohol addicts was found to be more 2.54 times than smoking addicts (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.38-4.67; p = 0.003). The study has emphasized the association of alcohol and smoking addiction in university students and the prevalence of smoking addiction among adolescent females.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Changes in HIV-related risk behaviors following drug abuse treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To measure changes in HIV-related injection drug and sexual risk behaviors following drug treatment in a therapeutic community program. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 261 drug users, randomly assigned to day or residential treatment. Participants were interviewed 2 weeks after entering treatment and 6, 12 and 18 months later (follow-up rate: 83%). RESULTS: Greater reductions in injection risk behaviors were associated with more time in treatment and the later waves of measurement. Wave was also associated with a reduction of sexual risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Drug abuse treatment was associated with a decrease in HIV-related risk behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Benefit-cost analysis of addiction treatment: methodological guidelines and empirical application using the DATCAP and ASI.

OBJECTIVE: To provide detailed methodological guidelines for using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program (DATCAP) and Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in a benefit-cost analysis of addiction treatment. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: A representative benefit-cost analysis of three outpatient programs was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and value of the methodological guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: Procedures are outlined for using resource use and cost data collected with the DATCAP. Techniques are described for converting outcome measures from the ASI to economic (dollar) benefits of treatment. Finally, principles are advanced for conducting a benefit-cost analysis and a sensitivity analysis of the estimates. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: The DATCAP was administered at three outpatient drug-free programs in Philadelphia, PA, for 2 consecutive fiscal years (1996 and 1997). The ASI was administered to a sample of 178 treatment clients at treatment entry and at 7-months postadmission. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The DATCAP and ASI appear to have significant potential for contributing to an economic evaluation of addiction treatment. The benefit-cost analysis and subsequent sensitivity analysis all showed that total economic benefit was greater than total economic cost at the three outpatient programs, but this representative application is meant to stimulate future economic research rather than justifying treatment per se. CONCLUSIONS: This study used previously validated, research-proven instruments and methods to perform a practical benefit-cost analysis of real-world treatment programs. The study demonstrates one way to combine economic and clinical data and offers a methodological foundation for future economic evaluations of addiction treatment.

Ambulatory Care↗