SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Enterococcus faecalis”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Tigecycline: a novel glycylcycline antibiotic.

Tigecycline, the first-in-class glycylcycline, was developed to recapture the broad spectrum of activity of the tetracycline class and to treat patients with difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. Tigecycline's in vitro spectrum of activity encompasses aerobic, facultative and anaerobic Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical trials involving patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections, including patients infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, demonstrated that tigecycline was bacteriologically and clinically effective with mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal adverse events (i.e., nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) the most commonly reported. Tigecycline is a promising new broad-spectrum parenteral monotherapy for the treatment of patients with Gram-positive and -negative bacterial infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A re-emerging class of antimicrobial agents: streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin) in the management of multiresistant gram-positive nosocomial cocci in hospital setting.

Multiresistant gram-positive cocci, including Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are emerging pathogens in the setting of immunocompromised, hospitalized patients, especially when surgery or invasive procedures are of concern, and patients are admitted in intensive care units. The spectrum of antimicrobial compounds available for an effective treatment of these infection is significantly threatened by the emerging and spread of glycopeptide-resistant strains. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a novel streptogramine association, which represents an effective response to most of these problems, due to its innovative mechanim of action, its maintained activity against multiresistant pathogens, and its possibility of synergistic activity with other compounds. Problems related to the epidemiology of multiresistant gram-positive infection, potential clinical indications of quinupristin/dalfopristin, and updated data on efficacy and tolerability of this compound and its derivatives, are outlined on the ground of a review of available literature evidences.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1997

High incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in 4 intensive care units at a university hospital in Sweden.

The frequency of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in 4 intensive care units (ICUs) at a university hospital in Sweden was investigated annually from 1993 to 1996. An increase in ampicillin-resistant enterococci from 1993 to 1995 was seen which was due to a shift from Enterococcus faecalis to Enterococcus faecium. After a special infection control programme was instituted, the rate of ampicillin resistance among enterococci and the number of E. faecium isolates declined during 1996. The oxacillin resistance rates for Staphylococcus aureus were < or = 2%, while most of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were oxacillin resistant. No vancomycin-resistant enterococci or staphylococci were seen. The ciprofloxacin resistance rate for CNS and Enterococci spp. were high. Relatively, high levels of resistance to cefotaxime and piperacillin/tazobactam among Enterobacter spp. were also seen. During 1995 and 1996 Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed increasing resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. This was due to an outbreak among rather few patients. The overall resistance rates for Gram-negative bacteria were low for aminoglycosides and imipenem. From 1993 to 1996 the total antibiotic consumption decreased by 27% in the whole hospital and 16.5% in the ICUs. However, the reduced antibiotic consumption was paralleled with a 23% decrease in the total number of patients treated in the hospital from 1993 to 1996. In contrast there was an 11.5% increase in the number of ICU patients treated during this period. The conclusion is that all ICUs within a hospital should have a programme for 'on-line' antibiotic resistance surveillance of drugs used in that unit in order to change the empiric treatment when there is an increase in antibiotic resistance. It is also important to survey the antibiotic consumption in the ICUs in order to avoid further selective pressure on bacteria showing increased resistance rates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Towards the establishment and standardization of a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa.

The objective of this study was to establish a repeatable, standardized laboratory procedure for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and food of animal origin in South Africa, with reagents prepared in-house. The emergence of resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria can be limited by implementing a veterinary antimicrobial drug policy, in which inter alia systematic monitoring and prudent use play essential roles. The bacteria included in this study represented three different categories, namely zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella), indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) and veterinary pathogens (Mannheimia haemolytica). Thirty isolates of each species were collected with the aim of standardizing the laboratory methodology for a future national veterinary surveillance and monitoring programme. Susceptibility to ten selected antimicrobial drugs was determined by means of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. The method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was used as the standard. Multi-well plates containing varying dilutions of antimicrobial drugs and prepared in-house for MIC determinations, yielded repeatable results. Storage of plates for 2 months at -70 degrees C did not influence results meaningfully. Within this limited sample of bacteria, MIC results did not indicate meaningful resistance against any of the ten selected antimicrobial drugs. The findings of the study will be used to establish a national veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa. To allow for international comparison of data, harmonisation of the surveillance and monitoring programme in accordance with global trends is encouraged. Ideally it should be combined with a programme monitoring the quantities of antimicrobial drugs used. The aim is to contribute to slowing down the emergence of resistance and the problems associated with this phenomenon by means of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Alive microorganism in the workplace ambient air in plants disposing communal waste].

This paper presents the results of the identification and determination of alive microorganisms in the air samples collected from the breath zone of workers employed in the waste collection and disposal. Samples were taken during waste collection and in the waste reloading, sorting and composting plants. In addition, samples were taken at stationary sites: in the city and inside flats. Different kinds of species of Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus) and Gram-negative rods (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and other aerobic bacteria) were found. On every work site, there were fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium). The city areas and flats were free from this kind of bacteria. The number of mesophilic bacteria and thread-like fungi exceeding 10(4) cfu/m3 of air was counted on every work site. The largest number of mesophilic bacteria and Actinomycetes were found in the waste composting plant (10(4)-10(6) and 10(3)-10(5) cfu/m3, respectively), whereas the majority of fungal spores were counted during waste collection and sorting. (10(4)-10(5) cfu/m3). On the city streets there were no Actinomycetes and the number of fungal spores (10(4)/m3 of air) was similar to that observed in the waste reloading and composting plants. The amount of mesophilic bacteria in the city and flat samples was below 10(2)-10(3) cfu/m3. As to the number of fungal spores and Actinomycetes there was a limit of determination (10(1)-10(2) cfu/m3). The majority of mesopholic bacteria identified in the air were classified as the second group of occupational risk in the Council Directive 54/2000/EU. Bearing in mind that Gram-negative rods (especially intestinal) were identified in all samples, it is suggested to use endotoxin concentration as one of possible criteria for assessing the hygiene conditions at workplaces.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed2004

[Characteristics of Enterococcus strains isolated from neutropenic patients at the National Bone-Marrow Transplantation Center of Tunis].

The frequency of digestive colonization of neutropenic patients by Enterococci during the phase of pre-transplant and post-transplant of bone marrow is important indeed as 441 Enterococcus spp strains have been isolated from stool-cultures and other specimens whithin a period of 35 months in 80 patients. A quantitative stool culture was done on appropriate media. Simple bile-esculine agar (BE) and bile esculine-agar additionned with 6 mg/l of vancomycine (BEV) were used for detecting Enterococci. These organisms were taken into account, when then numeration was > 10(3) UFC/g of fecal sample on BE and in all cases on BEV. Species isolated were essentially Enterococcus faecalis (39.4%), Enterococcus faecium (34.4%) and Enterococcus casseliflavus (17%). These strains were characterized by a high frequency of high-level resistance to gentamicin (40.8%). Resistance to amoxicillin concerns 40% of E. faecium strains. Seventeen multiresistant strains of E. faecium isolated from 7 patients (colonized during a long period and receiving a gut decontamination treatment) were the subject of a phenotypic analysis (biotyping, antibiotyping and determination of MICs to beta-lactam, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides). This analysis showed that these strains are distinguishable, endogenic and specific for each patient, the common multiresistance trait resulted from the selective pressure of decontamination treatment used for our patient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Prevalence of endodontic yeasts in periapical infections].

In literature, microbiology results of periapical lesions are limited. Only several types are frequently isolated in rebellious cases. These ones include Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus gram. Recently, a gain of interest is focused on discussion concerning endodontic yeasts that is why we developed our research in this way. From the 81 cases of endodontic culture studied, 20% were positive isolating Candida in which 14% weren't C. albicans, for the rest we identify C. glabrata, C.sp., C. kefyr, C. kruseii. The predominance of Candida albicans was justified by their frequency as commensal oral flora, explaining someway the failure of some intracanal endodontic medication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Drug resistance of infectious pathogens after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Infection in liver recipients is related to high risk of transplantation failure and mortality. Infectious agents isolated from 55 liver recipients from January 2003 through June 2005 were studied to improve the anti-infectious therapy. METHODS: Pathogens were isolated from routine culture. K-B method was used to examine the drug susceptibility. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC beta-lactamase and Van gene in E.coli were examined by the agar-dilution susceptibility test and Nitrocefin test. RESULTS: Thirty-nine of the 55 recipients got infection. The 513 strains of pathogens isolated from 1861 specimens were predominantly Gram negative bacteria and over 40% of them showed resistance to more than 4 drugs. The positive rates of extended spectrum beta-lactamse and AmpC beta-lactamse production in E.cloacae were 32.4% and 36.8%, in E.coli were 33.8% and 10.5%, but the rates of these 2 bacteria producing both lactamses were 24.3% and 7.0%. The beta-lactamse production rates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were 8.8% and 11.1%, and the resistance rates to vancomycin were 11.2% and 18.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious pathogens isolated from liver recipients are potent and multiple drug resistant. ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases are the major factors associated with Gram negative drug resistance. The infection of Enterococcal species presents as a particular challenge.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

High incidence of hemolysin production by Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis strains associated with human parenteral infections.

Hemolysin production, clumping (pheromone) response, transferability of the hemolytic trait, and drug resistance were examined in 97 clinical isolates of Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis. The isolates were derived from various sources (i.e., urine, pus, vagina, sputum, bile, and blood), and approximately 60% were found to be hemolytic. About 85% of the hemolytic strains exhibited a clumping response, compared with about 49% of the nonhemolytic strains. Over 50% of the hemolytic strains carried transferable hemolysin determinants, and in no case were drug resistance genes linked. The hemolytic strains exhibited multiple drug resistance more frequently than did the nonhemolytic strains. In contrast to the high frequency of hemolysin producers among parenteral isolates, strains derived from fecal specimens of healthy individuals exhibited a low (17%) incidence of hemolysin production.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMed2002

[Four cases of non-clostridial gas gangrene with diabetes mellitus].

We report four cases of non-clostridial gas gangrene. All cases were associated with diabetes mellitus as the underlying disease. Case 1: a 60-year-old male developed an ulcerative lesion on the dorsum of his left foot. Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Citrobacter freundii and Staphyrococcus epidermidis were identified in culture from odoriferous pus. Case 2: a 81-year-old female developed a lesion on her vulva spreading to the right lower abdomen. Bacteroides bivius, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus and Streptococcus faecalis were identified in culture of the odoriferous pus. Case 3: a 80-year-old male developed a swollen area with ulcer on the right foot. Bacteroides fragiris, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus faecalis were identified by culture. Case 4: a 52-year-old female developed swelling of her left groin. Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus anginosus were identified in culture from the odoriferous pus. In all patients, a radiological examination revealed the presence of subcutaneous gas in the lesion. Prognosis of non-clostridial gas gangrene is usually poor. These four patients, however, all survived. Once an infectious sign is seen in the diabetic patient, it is important to discover a gas figure by using the radiological examination (plain film or computed tomography). Earlier diagnosis and debridement are the most important for a better prognosis. Because workers with diabetes mellitus are now increasing in number, occupational physicians should always keep in mind that a serious infectious disease like non-clostridial gas gangrene can develop even from minor accidental trauma, and they should control the working environment in the workplace where accidents often happen.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Comparative in vitro activity of daptomycin (LY146032) and vancomycin against gram-positive cocci determined using a pharmacokinetic model.

The activity of daptomycin (LY146032) and vancomycin was compared for methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and for Enterococcus faecalis, using a semi-automated model that allows examination of time-kill curves with diminishing drug concentrations, thus reflecting in vivo pharmacokinetics. Exposure to daptomycin resulted in rapid killing of all strains of staphylococci and Enterococcus faecalis tested. Methicillin-sensitive staphylococcal strains appeared marginally more susceptible than MRSA. By contrast, the activity of vancomycin appeared much reduced. For all strains, greater than 90% kill was not observed within 24 h. Enterococcus faecalis was uniformly less susceptible to both agents than were staphylococci. The results suggest that despite similar values for MICs, the activity of daptomycin against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis is comparable to and may exceed that of vancomycin, although the significance of such differences is uncertain.

Daptomycin↗

PubMed2005

[Bacterial flora and mycosis of the vagina in women with symptoms of vaginal inflammation].

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the microbiological profile of vaginal flora in 30 women with gynecologic problems and 20 pregnant women complaining about pathological symptoms {pruritus, burning, vaginal discharge}. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The discharge from posterior vaginal vault was examined microbiologically on the Columbia Agar with sheep blood, MacConkey and Sabourand cultures incubated of 48 hours in the temperature of 37 degrees C. RESULTS: Bacterial infections were detected in 33 cases (66%), 12 of these women (24%) lived in urban, 21 (42%) in rural environment. From bacteria isolated from the vagina, most often because at 14 women stepped out Streptococcus agalactiae, at 11 Enterococcus faecalis at 8 Escherichia coli. In 5 cases bacterial inflammation was caused by two kinds of bacterium. At two women stepped out both Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. In single cases it was Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. In all cases of inflammation mycosis was called out by from Candida albicans. One ascertained it at 14 among all given an examination women. Mixed inflammations called out both by mycosis and bacterial stepped out in 3 cases in age of 21-30. At two women it was Candida albicans and Streptococcus agalactiae, at one inflammation mycosis accompanied Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSIONS: The common reason of vaginitis are bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, E coli. Both, place of living and women' s age influence the type of etiological factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Evidence for clonal spread of a single strain of beta-lactamase-producing Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis to six hospitals in five states.

Beta-lactamase-producing (Bla+) enterococci have been reported in three state and two countries. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to compare 14 Bla+ Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis isolated from hospitalized patients in seven states and three continents. The restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of isolates from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Lebanon, and Argentina were all markedly different, indicating that these were different strains. However, isolates from Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia and Pittsburgh), Florida, and Virginia were similar, indicating that these isolates were derivatives of a single strain. This conclusion was supported by hybridization using individual fragments as probes. Spread of Bla+ enterococci within the hospital setting was also demonstrated. These findings illustrate the value of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for epidemiologic analyses and support the importance of identifying and containing organisms with new resistance properties in an effort to decrease their transmission to and from, as well as within, hospitals.

Argentina↗

PubMed1997

[Adhesive properties of bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection to the urinary bladder].

BACKGROUND: Clinically isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis KK3-75, Enterococcus faecalis SMU-14, and Escherichia coli TF6-27 were subjected to test for bladder lodgments. METHODS: Experimental cystitis on mice was investigated pathologically by light, confocal laser, and electron microscope after intravesical injection of cell suspensions of the strains. Bacterial affinities with bladder mucosal proteins and with extracellular components were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Pathological findings of experimental cystitis revealed prominent infiltration of neutrophils except for those that were challenged with Enterococcus faecalis SMU-14. Capsule-like structures were demonstrated for the other two strains. Each strain showed histological tropism within the tissue sections, which correlated with the capability to bind the respective extracellular matrix components tested. Type I collagen bound only to cellular extracts of Enterococcus faecalis SMU-14 and Escherichia coli TF6-27, whereas fibronectin and type IV collagen bound only to those of Staphylococcus epidermidis KK3-75 and Enterococcus faecalis SMU-14. Bladder mucosal proteins had a variety of ability to bind cell surface proteins of each strain. Bacterial cell surface binding of all except for two of the bladder mucosal proteins detected was inhibited by extracellular matrix components. CONCLUSION: These experimental results suggest that the bacterial affinity of the bladder restricted by strain specific cell surface properties may be important for explanation in the difference of occurrence and progression of urinary tract infections caused by each strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Resistance of enterococci to ampicillin and glycopeptide antibiotics in Italy. The Italian Surveillance Group for Antimicrobial Resistance.

We report the results of the monitoring of resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin in enterococci by an Italian network of clinical microbiology laboratories. A total of 16,226 strains were analyzed; 9,169 of these strains were Enterococcus faecalis, 913 were Enterococcus faecium, and 6,144 were Enterococcus species. The average rate of resistance to ampicillin was 1.9% (range, 0-6.5%) for E. faecalis and 70% (range, 33.3%-98.7%) for E. faecium; the average rate of resistance to vancomycin was 1.1% (range, 0.1%-2%) for E. faecalis and 8.5% (range, 0-36.1%) for E. faecium; and the average rate of resistance to teicoplanin was 0.8% (range, 0-2.4%) for E. faecalis and 8.7% (range, 0-36.1%) for E. faecium.

Ampicillin Resistance↗

PubMed1992

Use of the E test to predict high-level resistance to aminoglycosides among enterococci.

The E test and the reference agar dilution methods were compared for detecting high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) among 71 selected clinical isolates, including 62 Enterococcus faecalis and 9 Enterococcus faecium isolates. High-level gentamicin resistance alone was found in 11% (5 E. faecalis and 3 E. faecium strains) and high-level streptomycin resistance was found in 42% (28 E. faecalis, 2 E. faecium strains) of the strains tested, and 31% of the strains demonstrated high-level resistance to both antimicrobial agents (21 E. faecalis and 1 E. faecium strains). The E test detected all HLAR populations, but the streptomycin strip may require recalibration to achieve absolute MIC comparisons with the reference value (twofold less) or the use of an alternative interpretive resistance breakpoint, e.g., > 1,000 micrograms/ml. By the E test, MIC results indicate that ampicillin, imipenem, penicillin, piperacillin, and vancomycin remain active against the HLAR E. faecalis isolates; however, these tested drugs were less effective on the HLAR E. faecium isolates (< 50%).

Agar↗

PubMed2004

Persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New Zealand broilers after discontinuation of avoparcin use.

Large amounts of tylosin, zinc-bacitracin, and avilamycin are currently used as prophylactics in New Zealand broiler production. Avoparcin was also used from 1977 to 2000. A total of 382 enterococci were isolated from 213 fecal samples (147 individual poultry farms) using enrichment broths plated on m-Enterococcus agar lacking antimicrobials. These isolates were then examined to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Of the 382 isolates, 5.8% (22 isolates) were resistant to vancomycin, and 64.7% were resistant to erythromycin. The bacitracin MIC was > or =256 microg/ml for 98.7% of isolates, and the avilamycin MIC was > or =8 microg/ml for 14.9% of isolates. No resistance to ampicillin or gentamicin was detected. Of the 22 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates, 18 (81.8%) were Enterococcus faecalis, 3 were Enterococcus faecium, and 1 was Enterococcus durans. However, when the 213 fecal enrichment broths were plated on m-Enterococcus agar containing vancomycin, 86 VRE were recovered; 66% of these isolates were E. faecium and the remainder were E. faecalis. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates were found to have heterogenous pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of SmaI-digested DNA, whereas the PFGE patterns of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates were identical or closely related, suggesting that this VRE clone is widespread throughout New Zealand. These data demonstrate that vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis persists in the absence and presence of vancomycin-selective pressure, thus explaining the dominance of this VRE clone even in the absence of avoparcin.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1996

Relevance and risk factors of enterococcal bacteremia following liver transplantation.

To analyze the clinical characteristics of and identify specific risk factors for enterococcal bacteremia following liver transplantation, we performed a study in 405 consecutive liver transplantation recipients prophylaxed with a selective bowel decontamination regimen. Seventy enterococcal bacteremias in 52 patients were identified. Enterococcus faecalis (50) outnumbered Enterococcus faecium isolates (18), and 49% of enterococcal bacteremias were polymicrobial. Biliary tree complications were present in 34% of enterococcal bacteremias. Of the 15 deaths (29%) among the patients with enterococcal bacteremia, 4 were directly associated with enterococcal bacteremia. In a multivariate analysis, Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (P=0.005), a cytomegalovirus-seropositive donor (P=0.013), prolonged transplantation time (P=0.02), and biliary stricturing (P=0.016) were identified as significant risk factors. Other risk factors identified in a univariate analysis included primary sclerosing cholangitis (P=0.009) and symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection (P=0.008). Enterococcal bacteremia is a frequent infectious complication in liver transplantation recipients receiving selective bowel decontamination. Its association with cytomegalovirus and biliary tree abnormalities suggest specific areas for prophylactic intervention.

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗