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PubMed2006

The effect of the direction of gaze on the kinematics of the squat exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the direction of gaze influences the kinematics of the squat exercise. Ten men experienced in the squat exercise performed a total of 30 repetitions of the squat in the form of 2 sets of 5 repetitions under 3 different conditions. Conditions varied with respect to the direction of the subjects' gaze as they performed the exercise. Condition D entailed gazing downward at the intersection of the facing wall and the floor throughout the exercise. Condition S required subjects to gaze straight ahead at their own reflection (eyes) in the mirror on the wall directly in front of them. Condition U involved gazing upward at the intersection of the facing wall and the ceiling throughout the exercise. Dependent variables included the linear displacement of the bar and hip, linear velocity of the bar, and the angular displacement/position and velocity of the head, trunk, hip, and knee. The mean data were subjected to a repeated measures analysis of variance, and, where appropriate, pairwise comparisons using Tukey's Studentized Range Test. The results revealed overall similarity in movement kinematics when performing the squat exercise using the 3 different gaze directions. In particular, the upward and straight gaze conditions were not differentiated by the analysis. Conversely, the downward gaze was shown to increase the extent of hip flexion (F[2, 9] = 4.82, p < .05), especially relative to the upward gaze, and possibly trunk flexion as well (F[2, 9] = 3.02, p = .07). In terms of the practical application, because excessive hip and trunk flexion in the squat are contraindicated, cautioning athletes against allowing the head or direction of gaze to drop below a neutral position appears to be warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The isoazimuthal perception of sounds across distance: a preliminary investigation into the location of the audio egocenter.

Evidence indicates that both visual and auditory input may be represented in multiple frames of reference at different processing stages in the nervous system. Most models, however, have assumed that unimodal auditory input is first encoded in a head-centered reference frame. The present work tested this conjecture by measuring the subjective auditory egocenter in six blindfolded listeners who were asked to match the perceived azimuths of sounds that were alternately played between a surrounding arc of far-field speakers and a hand-held point source located three different distances from the head. If unimodal auditory representation is head centered, then "isoazimuth" lines fitted to the matching estimates across distance should intersect near the midpoint of the interaural axis. For frontomedially arranged speakers, isoazimuth lines instead converged in front of the interaural axis for all listeners, often at a point between the two eyes. As far-field sources moved outside the visual field, however, the auditory egocenter location implied by the intersection of the isoazimuth lines retreated toward or even behind the interaural axis. Physiological and behavioral evidence is used to explain this change from an eye-centered to a head-centered auditory egocenter as a function of source laterality.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Impact of visual impairment on measures of cognitive function for children with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for compensatory intervention strategies.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to determine whether visual impairment caused by toxoplasmic chorioretinitis is associated with impaired performance of specific tasks on standardized tests of cognitive function. If so, then we worked to determine whether there are patterns in these difficulties that provide a logical basis for development of measures of cognitive function independent of visual impairment and compensatory intervention strategies to facilitate learning for such children. METHODS: Sixty-four children with congenital toxoplasmosis with intelligence quotient scores > or = 50 and visual acuity sufficient to cooperate with all of the intelligence quotient subscales had assessments of their vision, appearance of their retinas, and cognitive testing performed between 3.5 and 5 years of age. These evaluations took place between 1981 and 1998 as part of a longitudinal study to determine outcome of congenital toxoplasmosis. Children were evaluated at 3.5 or 5 (37 children) or both 3.5 and 5 (27 children) years of age. Cognitive function was measured using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised scale scores were compared for children grouped as those children who had normal visual acuity in their best eye (group 1), and those who had impaired vision in their best eye (acuity < 20/40) because of macular disease (group 2). Demographic characteristics were compared for children in the 2 groups. Test scores were compared between groups using all of the 3.5-year-old visits, all of the 5-year-old visits, and using each child's "last" visit (ie, using the 5-year-old test results when a child was tested at both 3.5 and 5 years of age or only at 5 years, otherwise using the 3.5-year-old test results). The results were similar and, therefore, only the results from the last analysis are reported here. RESULTS: There were 48 children with normal visual acuity in their best eye (group 1) and 16 children with impaired vision because of macular involvement in their best eye (group 2). Ethnicity and socioeconomic scores were similar. There was a significantly greater proportion of males in group 2 compared with group 1 (81% vs 46%). There was no significant diminution in Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised test scores between 3.5 and 5 years of age for the 27 children tested at both of these ages. Verbal intelligence quotient, performance intelligence quotient, full-scale intelligence quotient scores, and all of the scaled scores except arithmetic and block design were significantly lower for children in group 2 compared with group 1. The majority of the differences remained statistically significant or borderline significant after adjusting for gender. However, the difference in overall verbal scores does not remain statistically significant. Mean +/- SD verbal (98 +/- 20) and performance (95 +/- 17) intelligence quotients were not significantly different for children in group 1. However, verbal (88 +/- 13) and performance intelligence quotients (78 +/- 17) were significantly different for children in group 2. For children in group 2, their lowest scale scores were in object assembly, geometric design, mazes, and picture completion, all timed tests that involved visual discrimination of linear forms with small intersecting lines. In the 2 scales scored that did not differ between groups 1 and 2, arithmetic and block design, timing and vision but not linear forms were components of the tasks. Children with monocular and binocular normal visual acuity did not differ in verbal, performance, or full-scale intelligence quotients or any of the subscale tests. Difficulty with sight or concomitant neurologic involvement also seemed to impact the ability to acquire information, comprehension skills, and vocabulary and performance in similarities testing. After controlling for gender, however, these differences were diminished, and there were no longer differences in overall verbal scores. As noted above, results were generally similar when all of the tests for 3.5-year-olds or 5-year-olds were analyzed separately. At the 3.5-year visit there were fewer significant differences between the 2 groups for the verbal components than at the 5-year visit. CONCLUSIONS: In children with congenital toxoplasmosis and bilateral macular disease (group 2) because of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis, scaled scores were lowest on timed tests that require discrimination of fine intersecting lines. Although the severity of ocular and neurologic involvement is often congruent in children with congenital toxoplasmosis, ophthalmologic involvement seems to account for certain specific limitations on tests of cognitive function. Children with such visual impairment compensate with higher verbal skills, but their verbal scores are still less than those of children with normal vision, and in some cases significantly so, indicating that vision impairment might affect other aspects of cognitive testing. Patterns of difficulties noted in the subscales indicate that certain compensatory intervention strategies to facilitate learning and performance may be particularly helpful for children with these impairments. These patterns also provide a basis for the development of measures of cognitive function independent of visual impairment.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

Symmetry types, systems and their multiplicity in the structure of adenovirus capsid. I. Symmetry networks and general symmetry motifs.

Each of the more than 1500 polypeptide molecules of 7 different types building up the adenovirus capsid--probably even those of their amino-acids--are in symmetrical location. Every kind of polypeptide forms a separately also symmetrical network in the capsid distributed according to their functions in the inner and outer side and the inside of the facets and edges, but always in compliance with the icosahedral symmetry. Therefore, each different polypeptide also means a general symmetry motif in the capsid in its own symmetry network. Hexons can be considered as general symmetry motifs in some special association that is because of their environmental position four kinds of hexon types can be found, which are on every facet, next to one another, like three identical groups of four (GOF) according to the three-fold rotational symmetry. Two polypeptides of a peripentonal hexon of each GOF orient toward the penton and the third toward the other penton located further on the same edge. There are two versions of the arrangement of the GOFs: the hexons surround either a polypeptide IX or a polypeptide IlIa. The two versions of GOFs on 20 facets symmetrically recurring 60 times as general hexon symmetry motifs form the capsid in combination with the network of other polypeptides. Ideally, the surface of the hexon trimer shows three-fold rotational and three-fold reflexional symmetries. In the arrangement of hexons in the facets the translational, rotational, horizontal and vertical reflexional symmetry and the combination of these, as well as the glide reflexion and the antisymmetry can be found. Each hexon has six nearest neighbours and every hexon takes part in the construction of three hexon rows. Every facet and every vertex made up of five facets has an antisymmetrical pair located on the opposite side of the capsid. Every triangular facet participates in forming three vertices and every facet has three nearest neighbouring facets. In the facets, the polypeptide subunits of polypeptide IX centered GOF hexons have identical counter-clockwise orientation but the orientation of the neighbouring facets is always opposite compared to each other. On the five-fold symmetry axis, any facet can be "turned on" to the adjacent facet or "rotated" to all the others and will take the symmetry and orientation of the facet it got turned on or rotated to. Thus, every facet together with the polypeptides attached to it shows a twenty-fold symmetry and multiplicity. An other type of symmetry and multiplicity in the capsid is that perpendicular to the 6 five-fold rotation axes run a geodetic (equatorial) ribbon like motif (superfieces) altogether six made up of 10 x 10 triangular facets and bent ten-times with an angle of 36 degrees. A triangular facet participates in forming three ribbon-like motifs, which intersect with each other on the given facet, but the same three motifs intersect repeatedly only on the antisymmetrically located facet.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Symmetry types, systems and their multiplicity in the structure of adenovirus capsid. II. Rotational facet groups of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry axes.

The icosahedral adenovirus capsid has three rotational symmetry axes of different types. The six five-fold, ten three-fold and the fifteen two-fold axes have two superficial points each, altogether 62. The axes determine the number and location of the identical rotational facet groups and that during the different rotational phases which other regular facets and with what multiplicity shall be covered by them. The number of rotational facets of the five-, three- and two-fold rotational symmetry axes is 4, 6.66 and 10, respectively. In all the three cases, there are two kinds of possible arrangements of the facets. During the rotation--when the facets of the facet group placed on one by one to the neighbouring identical facet groups--at the five-fold axes, the facets of the rotational facet group get into cover position 12 times with all the 20 regular capsid facets, 20 times at the three-fold axes, and 30 times at the two-fold axes in a way that a different facet combination (facet hit) falls to every facet, and the original symmetry is not disturbed. After all, this means 240, 400 and 600 facet combinations, i.e. multiplicity in case of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry axes respectively, and these numbers correspond with that of the theoretically possible variations. The same results can be calculated by multiplying the number of real rotations of the capsid bringing the body into itself, i.e. the number 60 with the number of facets contributing to the five-, three- and two-fold rotational phases. The other way of the determination of multiplicity takes into account that all the facet groups of the capsid rotate simultaneously during all the rotational phases, and this multiplies the number of multiplicity with the number of the rotational types five-, three- and two-fold which result in one and the same multiplicity number in the case of five-, three- and two-fold symmetry, alike 1200. Perpendicular to the five-fold symmetry axes with the line of intersection drawn horizontally in the middle along the 6 geodetic ribbon like motifs a regular decagonal intersection forms and the capsid can be cut into two equal parts, in which the polypeptides show a 72 degree rotation from each other, but with a proper rotation the polypeptides get into a congruent position, which means 300 or 600 specific facet combinations. The capsid similar to the icosahedron has also 15 virtual mirror planes which divide the capsid into two, identically arranged halves, forming six right angle triangles on each facet, altogether 120 smaller rectangular so-called Mobius-triangles on the surface. In the three-fold symmetry axis of the facets, these triangles in two separate groups of three can be rotated symmetrically with 120 degrees according to the orientation of the polypeptide subunits in a way that the hexon and other polypeptides too nearly cover each other. Consequently, the adenovirus capsid is a symmetrically arranged body in which several various symmetry types and symmetry systems can be found and their structural symmetry elements exist simultaneously and covering each other. The icosahedral symmetry types and systems are valid and functional simultaneously and in parallel with great multiplicity, but the existence of more than 1500 structural elements in several depth levels, their order of location and distribution make the symmetry of the capsid richer and more complex.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Photoreaction of skin-sensitizing trimethyl psoralen with lipid membrane models.

The concerted photoreaction between trimethyl psoralen (TMP) and isomeric model compounds of oleic acid methyl ester (OAME) and eadilic acid methyl ester (EAME) are explored using density functional theory. The S(1) surfaces all reveal large barriers (25-31 kcal/mol) to reach the decay channels, whereas the S(2) surfaces differ considerably between the furan and pyrone side adducts. For the pyrone side adducts, a small barrier to reach the intersection between the S(1) and S(2) states is found, followed by a small second barrier on the S(1) surface to the low-lying decay channel. For the furan-side adducts, no such intersection between S(1) and S(2) is seen, which thus prevents these products from being formed in high yields. The photoinduced cycloaddition is more favorable between OAME and the pyrone side double bond of TMP than for any of the other systems, which agrees with the experimental findings that this is formed in the highest yield. The computed UV absorption spectra of TMP and the TMP(pyrone)-OAME cycloadduct agree well with the experimental spectra.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Energetics of cytosine singlet excited-state decay paths--a difficult case for CASSCF and CASPT2.

Three deactivation paths for singlet excited cytosine are calculated at the CASPT2//CASSCF (complete active space second-order perturbation//complete active space self-consistent field) level of theory, using extended active spaces that allow for a reliable characterization of the paths and their energies. The lowest energy path, with a barrier of approximately 0.1 eV, corresponds to torsion of the C5-C6 bond, and the decay takes place at a conical intersection analogous to the one found for ethylene and its derivatives. There is a further path with a low energy barrier of approximately 0.2 eV associated with the (n(N),pi*) state which could also be populated with a low energy excitation. The path associated with a conical intersection between the ground and (n(O),pi*) states is significantly higher in energy (> 1 eV). The presence of minima on the potential energy surface for the (n,pi*) states that could contribute to the biexponential decay found in the gas phase was investigated, but could not be established unequivocally.

Cytosine↗

PubMed1982

Pedestrian jaywalking under facilitating and nonfacilitating conditions.

Each year, thousands of pedestrians are killed or injured while crossing streets in the United States. Pedestrians who jaywalk across busy intersections increase their risk of being injured by an automobile. The present series of studies investigated pedestrian jaywalking behaviors under temporal conditions which appeared to control noncompliance and compliance with pedestrian walk signs. An intersection involving three major streets was the target site of the studies. The timing of walk and no-walk light sequences was different in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction and produced differential delays. In three separate studies, significantly more pedestrians jaywalked when walking in the long-delay as opposed to short-delay direction. Traffic planners might use these findings to establish safer pedestrian signal systems.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Altering contingencies to facilitate compliance with traffic light systems.

The effects of altering light pattern sequences on driver compliance at a busy, urban intersection were explored. The baseline light timing sequences resulted in only 46.8% of drivers stopping at the yellow or red lights. Using an A-B-C design, we altered light pattern sequences that increased the probability of drivers stopping at the signals to 88.8% and 98.8%. These findings indicate that traffic light contingencies have potent effects in influencing driver behaviors at busy intersections. Following completion of the study, the traffic engineer approved the permanence of the light timing pattern that increased traffic rule compliance. Accident data collected before and after the light timing changes indicated a reduction in automobile accidents.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1971

Color-naming functions for the pigeon.

Six pigeons were trained to match wavelengths in a three-key matching-to-sample paradigm. Test trials were occasionally presented, where probe wavelengths appeared on the center key and choices were made to the training stimuli presented on the side keys. Color naming functions were obtained by plotting the percentage of test trials that each training stimulus wavelength was chosen for each center key probe wavelength. The wavelength where the functions intersected was interpreted as a transition point between pigeon hues. Three experiments employed different wavelengths as training stimuli. The first two experiments demonstrated that the intersection of the color-naming functions occurred in all cases at 540 nm and 595 nm. The third experiment employed 540 nm and 595 nm as two of the three training stimuli, and the relatively slow acquisition, together with the resulting color-naming functions, supported the proposition that 540 nm and 595 nm may be transition point wavelengths between pigeon hues.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Periodontal regeneration of human infrabony defects. III. Diagnostic strategies to detect bone gain.

Assessment of actual treatment outcome by simple and available diagnostic tests represents an important aspect in the evaluation of periodontal regenerative procedures. This report focuses on the diagnostic accuracy of different strategies to detect the original extent of bone loss and bone gain in deep vertical defects following guided tissue regeneration. Characteristics of probing attachment level and radiographic bone linear measurements were compared to a gold standard obtained as intrasurgical clinical measurements at baseline and at the 1 year re-entry operation. Radiographic linear measurements underestimated bone loss (CEJ-BD) in 55% of cases while the estimate was within 1 mm in 25% of cases. The goodness of agreement could be significantly described by a general linear model incorporating measures of defect morphology. The original level of bone loss could be best detected by an approach which consisted of adding 1.5 mm to the measured attachment level loss. Such an approach correctly estimated bone loss within 1 mm in 85% of sites. In terms of ability to detect bone gain, radiographic measurements underestimated bone gain in 55% and overestimated it in 15% of sites. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed at different threshold values of true gain. The sensitivity and specificity plots intersected at a threshold value of 2.7 mm bone gain. Conversely, measures of probing attachment level gain agreed with the gold standard within 1 mm 45% of times. Intersection of the specificity and sensitivity plots occurred at 3 mm. Classification tables are presented for both diagnostic tests at different threshold values.2+é

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Histology near periodontitis osteoclasts.

Histologic evaluation of periodontal tissues generally has included only areas adjacent to the gingival crevice, without knowledge or quantitation of alveolar crest osteoclastic (periodontitis) activity and infiltrate. The purpose of this study was to use human autopsy material to quantitate collagen and cell types adjacent to presumed periodontitis activity and quiescence, each in the same individual. Thirteen subjects contributed 4 sites each, 2 exhibiting alveolar crest periosteal osteoclasts in resorption lacunae/periodontitis activity (OC/PA) and 2 with no osteoclasts or resorption lacunae/ periodontal quiescence (NOC/PQ). Tissue and cell morphotypes were quantitated by 2 evaluators at 100 intersects in 0.06 mm2 fields progressing from the alveolar crest toward the gingival crevice. Cell morphotypes/tissue components were compared between groups and fields using a general linear model with repeated measures. OC/PA fields adjacent to the alveolar crest contained significantly more intersects with macrophage-like cells (10.7+/-1.1 versus 5.3+/-0.6%, P=0.0003), lymphocytes (4.6+/-1.1 versus 0.7+/-0.2%, P=0.0013), plasma cells (13.3+/-2.7 versus 2.1+/-0.6%, P=0.0004), and less with collagen (48.9+/-3.5 versus 75.0+/-2.0%, P=0.0001) than NOC/PQ fields. Numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells increased (P=0.0006 and P=0.0002, respectively), and fibroblasts and collagen decreased (P=0.0024 and P=0.0001, respectively) in fields up to 1 mm closer to the gingival crevice. However, apparent osteoclastic activity in periodontitis subjects is associated with a significant inflammatory cell infiltrate, especially macrophages and plasma cells.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed2025

Systematic acupuncture explains acupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) targeting the inflammatory response to regulate migraine.

OBJECTIVE: To take Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) targeting inflammatory response to regulate migraine as an example to describe a new method for studying the mechanism of stimulating acupoints. METHODS: The target information of Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) was retrieved, and after intersection with migraine, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome, and UniProt Keywords were used for functional enrichment. After selecting the main pathway, rats were selected and nitroglycerin was used for modeling, and the behavioral scores, inflammatory factors, heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), protein kinase B (AKT1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (P-ERK1/ERK2) and other states of the rats in the acupuncture, twisting, and electroacupuncture groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 135 Baihui (GV20) targets and 27 Fengchi (GB20) targets were collected. A total of 73 target information were obtained after the intersection of these targets in migraine. These 73 targets have three main pathways: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, signaling by interleukins and inflammatory response. The main targets in the pathway were verified and found that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and HMOX1, AKT1, STAT3, P-ERK1/ERK2 can be regulated by Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20). CONCLUSION: Baihui (GV20) and Fengchi (GB20) can regulate migraine by regulating inflammatory factors and HMOX1, AKT1, STAT3, P-ERK1/ERK2 and other changes in HIF-1 signaling pathway, Signaling by Interleukins and Inflammatory response pathways. Based on systems biology and network pharmacology, and with the model of "acupoint-target-disease", explore the research methods of systematic acupuncture and moxibustion. We believe this is a usable research direction for exploring the mechanism of acupuncture stimulation.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed2026

Network pharmacological and experimental validation of the mechanism of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang decoction regulating T helper cell 17/regulatory T cell balance to improve autoimmune hepatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang decoction (, CGGD) in autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: CGGD components and potential target genes were extracted from previously published databases. The autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-related regulatory genes were obtained from the DisGeNET database. Intersections were taken, and enrichment analyses were performed on the extracted data. Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced AIH model mice were treated with CGGD via gavage. The results of network pharmacological analysis were experimentally validated. RESULTS: Network pharmacology revealed 228 genes at the intersection of AIH and CGGD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that CGGD primarily regulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and cellular metabolism in AIH. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that CGGD modulates inflammation through transcription factor-mediated signaling pathways. As predicted, CGGD attenuated ConA-induced AIH in a dose-dependent manner by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Histopathological assessment confirmed the protective effects of CGGD against ConA-induced AIH. Further investigation revealed that CGGD regulated the T helper cell 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) balance by modulating the PI3K/Akt/ nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the therapeutic effect of CGGD on AIH through a combination of network pharmacological prediction and experimental validation. Its mechanism of action involves PI3K/Akt/ NF-κB-mediated regulation of Th17/Treg cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Validating the potential mechanism and therapeutic effect of Qinlian Jiangxia decoction in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hyperlipidemia through network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, andexperiments.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of action of Qinlian Jiangxia decoction (, QLJXD) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated by hyperlipidemia using network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and in vivo experiments. METHODS: Drug components, targets and disease targets were identified using databases such as TCM systems pharmacology database and analysis platform and GeneCards. The intersecting targets were subjected to protein-protein interaction analysis using the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins database. Subsequently, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the intersecting targets were conducted using the Metascape platform to identify core components and targets. The results were validated using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: QLJXD contains 76 active ingredients and 136 disease targets. The core ingredients are quercetin, β-sitosterol, wogonin and baicalein, while the core targets are fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the core ingredients bound well to the core targets. Animal experiments demonstrated that QLJXD effectively inhibited the expression of FABP4 and increased the expression of PPARG, thereby enhancing disorders of glycolipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: The putative therapeutic efficacy of QLJXD in the management of T2DM complicated with hyperlipidemia may be ascribed to the synergistic actions of multiple components, such as quercetin, β-sitosterol, wogonin, and baicalein, which collectively modulate FABP4 and PPARG molecular targets.

Molecular Docking Simulation↗

PubMed2001

Crash and injury reduction following installation of roundabouts in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated potential reductions in motor vehicle crashes and injuries associated with the use of roundabouts as an alternative to signal and stop sign control at intersections in the United States. METHODS: An empiric Bayes procedure was used to estimate changes in motor vehicle crashes following conversion of 24 intersections from stop sign and traffic signal control to modern roundabouts. RESULTS: There were highly significant reductions of 38% for all crash severities combined and of 76% for all injury crashes. Reductions in the numbers of fatal and incapacitating injury crashes were estimated at about 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent with numerous international studies and suggest that roundabout installation should be strongly promoted as an effective safety treatment.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2002

Reductions in injury crashes associated with red light camera enforcement in oxnard, california.

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the impact of red light camera enforcement on motor vehicle crashes in one of the first US communities to employ such cameras-Oxnard, California. METHODS: Crash data were analyzed for Oxnard and for 3 comparison cities. Changes in crash frequencies were compared for Oxnard and control cities and for signalized and nonsignalized intersections by means of a generalized linear regression model. RESULTS: Overall, crashes at signalized intersections throughout Oxnard were reduced by 7% and injury crashes were reduced by 29%. Right-angle crashes, those most associated with red light violations, were reduced by 32%; right-angle crashes involving injuries were reduced by 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Because red light cameras can be a permanent component of the transportation infrastructure, crash reductions attributed to camera enforcement should be sustainable.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting physical and chemical water properties from relationships with watershed soil characteristics.

The Surface Waters component of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAPSW) was developed by the USEPA to evaluate the extent and condition of lakes and streams over national and regional scales. Realistically, chemical or physical water properties (WPs) such as acidity or turbidity can be field-sampled for only a small portion of all lakes and streams. However, soil characteristics (SCs) affect WPs and broad-scale soil survey data have become available in the State Soil Geographic Data Base (STATSGO). We developed models relating observed WPs to SCs to extrapolate the sampled WPs to a region, potentially reducing extensive monitoring needs. Our study region consisted of 13 northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states and contained 882 STATSGO soil map units. We used map units as the spatial component of WP analysis. The WPs were sampled in 721 randomly selected EMAPSW study sites. The watersheds of these sites represent 7.1% of the region's total area and spatially intersect 400 of its soil map units. Each intersected map unit was assigned the weighted average WPs from the corresponding watersheds. Conditional expectation models were used to extrapolate sampled WPs to 882 map units. The relative standard errors ranged from low for pH (0.8%), intermediate for total P (12.1%), and very high for chloride (54.8%). The high extrapolation errors indicate outlier conditions from natural, non-soil, or anthropogenic sources.

Ecosystem↗