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PubMed1990

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to Y chromosomes in decondensed human sperm nuclei.

Human sperm nuclei were isolated with mixed alkyltrimethylammonium bromide and dithiothreitol (MATAB/DTT) and decondensed by treatments with lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS), sodium chloride, or Tris salts. Concentrations as low as 1 mM LIS induced measurable nuclear swelling compared to 600 mM required for the other two salts. As measured by image analyses, the projected nuclear area increased linearly up to approximately fivefold with LIS concentrations up to 10 mM. Swollen nuclei also maintained the elliptical shapes characteristic of the human sperm head. Expanded sperm nuclei of three men were hybridized with a fluorescently labeled 3.4 kb Y chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probe; 50.1% of the nuclei of each semen sample showed fluorescent labeling over a part of the nucleus indicating presence of the Y chromosome. In comparison, unswollen sperm did not yield reliable hybridization signals. This procedure is suitable for determining the proportion of human sperm with Y chromosomes and can be used to evaluate sperm separation techniques. The availability of probes specific for most human chromosomes suggests that this procedure may find general application in studies of sperm chromosomal constitution.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1977

The permeability of aconitine-modified sodium channels to univalent cations in myelinated nerve.

1. Ionic currents through the sodium system of nodes of Ranvier treated with aconitine were measured under voltage clamp conditions in a Ringer solution containing Na+ or an equimolar amount of various test cations. 2. Average shifts in reversal potentials in nodes of Ranvier treated with aconitine with NH4+, Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ in place of Na+ in the Ringer solution are 7.6, --6.8, --25.0, --41.0 and --51.5 mV at 13--14degrees C. At 20--22degrees C the sequence of shifts is 7.5, --5.5, --13.5, --29.0 and --41.0 mV. For Tl+ the the average reversal potential shift is +3 mV at 20--22degrees C. 3. The slope of the instantaneous current-voltage relation at the reversal potential in nodes treated with aconitine changed with the various cations tested. The ratios are NH4+/Na+/K+/Rb+/Cs+/Li+ = 1.14 : 1.0 : 0.80 :0.67 :0.53 : 0.53. 4. Using a three energy barrier model some of the parameters for the aconitine-modified Na+ channels were estimated (Chizmadgev, Yu. A., Khodorov, B.I. and Aityan, S.Kh. (1974) Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1, 301--312).

Aconitine↗
PubMed1984

The effects of lead administration during development on lithium-induced polydipsia and dopaminergic function.

Previous studies have demonstrated that postnatal (days 2-29 of life) administration of lead (200 mg/kg/day by gavage) to Long-Evans rats caused permanent increases in lithium-induced polydipsia (LIP). These lead-induced increases in LIP were apparently not of renal origin, did not occur in animals treated with lead after day 30, and persisted for at least 6 months. The present studies have narrowed the dose-time window for lead-induced increases in LIP. The first study showed that continuous administration of lead (200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in the form of lead acetate during days 2-9 of life caused increases in LIP (P = 0.022). Although lead-induced increases in LIP were not statistically significant (P = 0.084) for the group administered lead from days 9 to 19, the lack of a significant difference between the 2-9- and 9-19-day groups suggested that lead treatment during either of these time periods would result in LIP increases. Lead administration between days 19 and 29 of life was not effective in increasing LIP (P = 0.8). In the second study, a single dose of lead (200 mg/kg/day) was administered either on day 5 or 15 of life. Concentrations of lead in the blood on day 30 of life averaged 23.2 micrograms/100 ml for treated rats versus 4.8 micrograms/100 ml for controls. When tested at approximately 90 days of age, both groups showed significant increases in LIP (P = 0.028). The rats from this second study were also examined for changes in nigrostriatal dopamine function, since this pathway is known to be essential for LIP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Role of dopamine in manganese neurotoxicity.

Manganese chloride increased cell mortality when added to human fibroblast cultures. The toxicity of the metal was greatly enhanced by dopamine; this effect was antagonized by the presence in the culture medium of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. Manganese chloride also caused a marked decrease of striatal dopamine concentrations when infused into rat substantia nigra. Manganese neurotoxicity was lowered by pretreating the animals with drugs that reduced striatal dopamine turnover rate. Administration of an antioxidant, such as vitamin E, also partially prevented striatal dopamine decline induced by intranigral manganese infusion. Therefore, the decreased availability or autoxidation of dopamine attenuated manganese neurotoxicity. These findings are in agreement with previous observations suggesting that manganese increases toxic products originating from dopamine catabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Synthesis of racemic 2,4-dimethyltetradecanoic acid from Mycobacterium kansasii.

A known intermediate, (3 R, S; 5 R,S)-3,5-dimethyl-6-triphenylmethyloxyhexanal gave, in a Wittig reaction with 1-octyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and n-butyl lithium in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, a mixture of olefininic compounds. Trityl deprotection and hydrogenation of the double bond afforded the (2 R, S; 4 R,S)-2,4-dimethyltetradecanols. Oxidation of the alcohol functionality using pyridinium dichromate in anhydrous N,N'-dimethylformamide gave racemic, (2 R, S; 4 R,S)-2,4-dimethyltetradecanoic acids, which were converted to their methyl esters. 2,4-Dimethyltetradecanoic acids are constituents of glycolipid antigens from Mycobacterium kansasii.

Mycobacterium↗
PubMed1991

The effects of substrates, products and other ligands on the susceptibility of inositol monophosphatase to proteolysis by endoprotease lys-C.

Inositol monophosphatase is cleaved by endoprotease lys-C at a single site (Lys36-Ser37). The rate of proteolysis is greatly reduced in the presence of substrate (D,L-Ins(1)P) and Mg2+, and less so in the presence of Pi and Mg2+, consistent with protection of the susceptible bond in the E-P or E-Pi states of the enzyme. Potentiation by Li+ of the protection afforded by a substrate analogue, 1S-phosphoryloxy-2R,4S-dihydroxycyclohexane, and Mg2+ supports the idea that Li+ binds to the E-P state.

Cyclohexanols↗
PubMed1994

Complementary chromatographic analysis of free diacylglycerols and potential glycerophospholipid precursors in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells following incubation with lithium chloride.

We performed detailed chromatographic analyses on the molecular species of the major glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and free sn-1,2-diacylglycerols (DAGs) from SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells following incubation with or without LiCl. For this comparison the inositol, choline, ethanolamine and serine GPLs were dephosphorylated with phospholipase C and the released sn-1,2-diacylglycerols along with the DAGs were subjected to high-temperature GLC on polar and non-polar capillary columns as their trimethylsilyl and tert.-butyl-dimethylsilyl ethers. A 30-min incubation with 10 mM LiCl increased the total amount of human neuroblastoma DAGs by 32-58% (P < 0.05) to 2.6 pmol/micrograms cell protein. This was accompanied by a limited qualitative shift in the molecular species pattern, the most obvious of which was the increase (13%) in the major saturated-polyunsaturated molecular species and the ca. 46% increase in the minor 18:1-18:1 species over control levels. The DAGs originated mainly from the inositol GPLs (IGPLs), as indicated by the high levels of the characteristic 18:0-20:4n6 (18:0-20:3n9) species in both IGPLs and DAGs, and to a lesser extent from the choline GPLs (CGPLs), as indicated by the high proportion in CGPLs of the oligoenoic species, which were largely absent from IGPLs. Alkenylacylglycerols were not detected in DAGs, although they made up some 60% of the total ethanolamine GPLs (EGPLs). No significant changes in the molecular species composition of the cellular GPLs, including IGPLs, were detected after exposure to LiCl.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Synthesis of the labeled D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 using [11C]carbon dioxide.

A new synthesis is described for the production of the positron emitting radiopharmaceutical R-(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-N-[11C]methyl-1-phenyl-1H- 3-benzazepine (SCH 23390, 2a). This novel method involves reductive carboxylation, in which [11C]CO2 is reacted with the trimethylsilyl derivative of the desmethyl compound (SCH 24518, 1a) followed by treatment with lithium aluminum hydride, to afford no carrier added 11C-labeled SCH 23390. The procedure gave chemically and radiochemically pure 11C-labeled SCH 23390 in 53-72% radiochemical yield with an unoptimized specific activity of 40 Ci/mmol within 45-50 min from the end of bombardment.

Benzazepines↗
PubMed1995

Trace element distribution in rat brain following lead and lithium supplementation--a study using an EDXRF spectrometer.

Distribution of K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Rb in whole brain samples following combined Pb and Li administration to female Porton rats has been investigated by using the Energy Dispersive x-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Brain K, Cu and Rb levels are diminished, whereas Fe and Br levels are enhanced significantly following short-term (1 month) and long-term (4 months) combined treatment with Li (1.1 g/kg diet) and two doses of Pb (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). The Zn levels are lowered following combined treatment with Li and both the doses of Pb given for short-term only.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

An activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection.

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) or PVN local injections of oxytocin induce yawning and penile erection, for which a positive feedback mechanism for the PVN oxytocinergic activation is suggested, but this had not been directly substantiated in vivo. We have assessed the behavioral effects and activity of oxytocinergic neurons with double-staining for c-Fos and oxytocin in the PVN after ICV administration of oxytocin in adult male rats. ICV oxytocin injections (50 and 200 ng) dose-dependently induced yawning and penile erection and significantly increased the percentage of c-Fos positive oxytocin neurons in the medial, dorsal and lateral parvocellular subdivision of the PVN. However, increases in the magnocellular portion were not significant. We also found that lithium chloride (LiCl, 0.5 and l.0 mEq), a compound known to activate oxytocinergic neurons, also significantly increased the percentage of c-Fos positive oxytocin neurons in all PVN portions. However, LiCl did not induce yawning and penile erection, but counteracted the oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection. These results suggest that if the activation of oxytocinergic neurons in the PVN is important for mediating oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection, a selective activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the PVN is likely to be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A convenient method for methylation of glycoprotein glycans in small amounts by using lithium methylsulfinyl carbanion.

Treatment of dimethyl sulfoxide with butyllithium leads to rapid formation of lithium methylsulfinyl carbanion. The reaction products tend to be significantly freer from impurities when lithium methylsulfinyl carbanion is used rather than sodium or potassium methylsulfinyl carbanion. This reagent gives less background in g.l.c. and thus may be used to methylate micro-quantities of glycoprotein glycans (down to 10 micrograms) without the necessity of identifying methyl ethers by mass spectrometry.

Animals↗