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PubMed1985

Karyometry of pseudostratified, metaplastic and dysplastic nasal epithelium by morphometry and stereology. 2. Automated image analysis (IBAS) of the basal layer of nickel workers.

A mathematical model for the stereological analysis of parallel-oriented, spheroidal nuclei has been applied to the basal layers of respiratory, metaplastic and dysplastic nasal epithelia. Nuclear profiles seen on tissue sections were measured with an automatic image analyser (IBAS). Nuclear profile area distributions were used to assess possible polyploidies. The result are compared to the histopathological grading, consisting of pseudostratified (respiratory), cuboidal, mixed cuboidal/squamous, squamous, and dysplastic epithelia. The estimated nuclear axis lengths, volumes, surface areas and volume/surface ratios are, in the great majority of cases, significantly smaller in pseudostratified or cuboidal epithelium than in squamous metaplasia and dysplasia. Correspondingly, the numerical density of the nuclei is lower in the latter cases, in which is also noted a smaller nuclear eccentricity. No significant difference is found between the nuclei of squamous and dysplastic epithelia. There is a clear correlation between the mean profile areas and the stereologically estimated volumes of the nuclei. When classifying the mean profile areas into four classes, a progressive shift from the smaller towards the larger size classes is observed when passing from pseudostratified to dysplastic epithelia, through the different metaplastic stages. The nuclear profile area plots often show several peaks, even in some pseudostratified and cuboidal epithelia, probably reflecting polyploidy. There is a marked tendency towards larger profile areas in squamous metaplasia and dysplasia. One histopathologically typical dysplasia showed only small-sized nuclei and another had a notable contribution of those in its profile area plot, in contrast with all the other dysplasias and squamous metaplasias, which displayed practically no small nuclei. The possible implications of the existence of "small-sized-nuclei-dysplasias" are discussed. The literature dealing with nuclear volumes or DNA quantities in putative preneoplastic situations in reviewed. Our method adds some valuable objective criteria to those used in classical histopathological grading. It should be possible to apply this method to other epithelial tissues.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1986

Morphometry of the breast fibroadenoma.

This work is concerned with a morphometric analysis of 23 breast fibroadenomas subdivided into four histological subgroups from purely pericanalicular to purely endocanalicular forms. The volume fractions (Vv) of the lumina and the total volume: epithelial surface ratios (Sv) showed a significant (P less than 0.001) correlation (r = + 0.64). In addition, the Vv and Sv series did not correlate with any of the histological subgroups. The data reported in this work suggest that the ductal epithelium proliferates in fibroadenomas, and that the subtypes are not related to the epithelial growth.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructural morphometry of prolactin secreting adenomas treated with dopamine agonists.

19 macroprolactinomas and 1 microprolactinoma were analysed by light microscopical, immunohistological and ultrastructural as well as morphometrical methods. 8 adenomas were removed from patients who were treated preoperatively with bromocriptine and/or Lisurid for different periods. 18 of 20 adenomas were positive for PRL on the immunohistological level. One case was negative. This patient showed a good response to the pharmacological treatment. The ultrastructure of this case revealed many secretory granules. A morphometric analysis of the ultrastructure could be performed in 19 cases; 1 case had to be excluded because of large necrotic areas. The following qualitative significant alterations after the treatment could be established: Reduction of the volume density of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum; Reduction of the size of the granula diameter; Increase of the volume density of the more irregular and indented nuclei. Other alterations were as follows: Reduction of the nuclear size; Increase of the number of secretory granules and of the volume density of lysosomes. These changes were to be observed in most of those tumors which responded to the dopamine agonist treatment. The non-responding adenomas and one which was removed 6 days after having discontinued a successful preoperative medical therapy were similar to the untreated adenomas. The results display the influence of dopamine agonist on the hormone synthesis, release and degradation in PRL secreting adenoma cells.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

Freeze-fracture morphometry on normal and cancer breast tissues.

A stereological procedure to evaluate the number of particles per unit surface area (Np/micron2) and the particle density distribution in both protoplasmic (pf) and external face (ef) of the plasma membrane was applied on freeze-fracture preparations of human breast tissues with invasive carcinoma and with non-neoplastic lesions. A significant higher intramembrane particle density was recorded on the protoplasmic face of plasma membrane of epithelial cells from non-neoplastic breast tissues (2999 +/- 720 Np/micron2) compared to the particle density on the corresponding face of cancer cells (911 +/- 608 Np/micron2). Moreover, in the latter cells the external face had more than 50% of the surface area totally smooth while residual particles were often aggregated. The reduction of integral glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of malignant tissues fits apparently well with the increased activity of the methyltransferase-I, an enzyme methylating membrane phospholipids. These findings suggest a distribution of constituents and a lipid environment peculiar for the plasma membrane of breast cancer cells.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Hand-mirror (HM) cells in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.). An attempt at cellular classification by morphometric analytical parameters using the S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) system.

A morphometric study of the nuclear and cytoplasmic shape of a blastic population in a case of HM-A.L.L. was performed by comparing the two differently shaped populations with and without HM configuration. The results obtained using analytical size-independent parameters created by the S.A.M. work-station enable us to characterize the shape of both blastic cell populations quantitatively, and strongly suggest the existence of shape modulation from one cellular type toward the other. Thus a possible sequence from blastic cells (having regular, rather round nuclei) to HM cells (characterized by high distortion of both nucleus and cytoplasm) was proposed.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1989

Computer-assisted morphometry of synaptic plasticity during aging and dementia.

A computer assisted morphometric study has been carried out on synaptic membranes in the dentate gyrus supragranular layer and cerebellar glomerulus from adult, old and demented patients. Numerical (Nv) and surface (Sv) densities as well as average area (S) of the synaptic contact zones were calculated directly on electron microscopic negatives by means of an ASBA (Wild Leitz, AG) image analyzer properly programmed. The results showed a decrease of Nv in both the CNS areas investigated during aging and, to a higher extent, in senile dementia. S was found to be significantly increased in old and demented CNS as compared with adult values. In the old hippocampus Sv was decreased by 40% whereas no significant difference was present between old and adult cerebellum; in senile dementia this parameter underwent a significant decrease in both areas investigated. We interpret the present findings in terms of morphological remodelling capability of the synaptic junctional zones during aging and disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein, mitotic index and nuclear morphometry in primary malignant melanoma of the skin.

The immunohistochemical expression of the p53 tumor suppressor protein and the nuclear morphometric parameters were studied in 80 primary skin melanomas. The mitotic index was counted in 64 tumors. In 95% of the tumors p53 positive nuclei were detected, but in only 31% of the cases was the proportion of positive nuclei 3% or higher. The mitotic indices and the mean nuclear areas were not significantly different in melanomas with different p53 expression levels. The p53 positive nuclei had a larger mean nuclear area than the p53 negative nuclei. p53 expression did not increase with melanoma thickness. In Cox's stepwise proportional hazards model, the ratio of mean nuclear long and short axis and melanoma thickness had independent prognostic value, while the level of p53 expression, the mitotic index, and the mean nuclear area were not significantly associated with survival. We conclude that the nuclei expressing p53 protein are larger than p53 negative nuclei. The level of immunohistochemical expression of p53 is low in primary skin melanoma, and it is not valuable as a general prognostic marker for this tumor. p53 expression is not associated with melanoma thickness, indicating that high p53 expression is not a late phenomenon in the progression of this tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Morphometry of human ovaries in normal and growth-restricted fetuses.

According to the fetal origins hypothesis, normal growth and development of abdominal organs is disturbed by intra-uterine growth restriction, leading to diseases later in life. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of growth restriction on the ovaries of human fetuses and to investigate the dynamics of follicular growth in normal fetuses. We selected 21 normal female fetuses (controls) and seven severely intra-uterine growth-restricted female fetuses (IUGR cases) from all autopsy records over a 10-year period. Ovarian volume was calculated and from histological sections the volume-percentage of follicles in the ovarian cortex, the maximum diameters of individual follicles and the distribution of the follicle classes and oogonia were determined. The volume of the ovaries increased significantly from 0.10 to 0.36 cm3 in the second half of gestation. The mean volume-percentage of ovarian follicles and the mean follicle diameter significantly increased with 0.48% and 0.52 microm per week, respectively. Class B/C (intermediary) follicles (72%) were predominantly present. Class B (primordial) follicles decreased from over 20% to less than 10% and class C (primary) increased from 6 to 19%. Class A (oogonia) were frequently present before 30 gestational weeks, but were rare after that age. For all studied parameters we did not find differences between IUGR cases and controls. Intra-uterine growth restriction does not seem to disturb ovarian development in the human fetus. In the second half of gestation the follicle pool increases by the growth of individual follicles, the transition of follicle to larger classes, and probably by increasing follicle numbers. As most follicles at term were class B/C and C, follicles up to class C are probably part of the resting stock.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Morphometry of otoconia in the utricle and saccule of developing Japanese quail.

The development of otoconia in the utricular and saccular maculae from initial embryonic formation to adult stages was examined in Japanese quails. Both the morphology and size of the otoconia were quantified at different developmental stages. It was observed that the otoconia were initially formed on embryologic stage E5 in the saccule and E6 in the utricle. Otolith mass areas increased in a sigmoidal growth pattern, with saccular otolith areas being smaller than the utricular mass areas. Saccular otolith masses reached adult values at embryonic stage E12 and utricular areas reached adult values at post-hatch day 7. Mature individual otoconia were characterized by a barrel shape with two trihedral faceted ends. However, initial formation of otoconia at E5 (saccular) and E6 (utricular) maculae was characterized by a double fluted morphology that consisted of an hourglass shape with extended fins forming trihedral angles of 120 degrees. Double fluted otoconia rapidly filled, so that by embryonic day 8 mature otoconia dominated the maculae for the remainder of development through adulthood. Thus, a progression from double fluted to mature forms was noted. Mature utricular otoconia in adult quails averaged 11 microm in length and 5 microm in width, with length/width ratios of approximately 2.5:1, for all size ranges. Saccular otoconia were smaller, having about 70% the size of utricular otoconia in both length and width. During development, the average size and range of individual otoconia increased nearly linearly for both otolith organs. In the utricular macula, large otoconia were concentrated in the lateral regions of the epithelium. In contrast, otoconia of various sizes were distributed uniformly across the surface of the saccular macula.

Acoustic Maculae↗
PubMed1989

Magnetic resonance technology in human brain science: blueprint for a program based upon morphometry.

Magnetic resonance images provide a comprehensiveness of analysis of the human brain and levels of resolution never achieved by other modes of pathoanatomic analysis. We review a strategy and technology of MRI-based image analysis which extracts independent measures of brain volumes, shape and position. These parameters are readily correlated with behavioral as well as physiological measures derived from PET and the emerging technology of MRI-based in vivo spectroscopy. A coordinate program which draws upon these methods will have wide applications in human brain science and the study of dynamic properties of human brain disease.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

Genetic loci influencing natural variations in femoral bone morphometry in mice.

This study identifies genetic loci affecting femoral bone length and width measures in mature mice. Sixteen month old female F2 progeny of a C57BL/6J and DBA/2J intercross were examined for femur length and width of the femoral head, intertrochanteric region and three locations of the diaphysis using digitized images of femur radiographs obtained in the anterior-posterior and lateral projections. A genome wide linkage map was constructed using microsatellite markers at an average density of 20 cM, and quantitative trait locus analysis used to identify regions of the genome showing linkage with the traits measured. Femur length showed significant linkage with loci on proximal chromosome 3 (lod 6.1), and suggestive linkage with a locus on chromosome 14. A major locus on mid-chromosome 7 controlled width of the diaphysis (lod 6.8). Other loci were identified on chromosomes 2 and 4. Width at the intertrochanteric region had suggestive linkage with loci on chromosomes 6 and 19. No loci were found with linkage for width of the femoral head. Candidate genes related to bone development or metabolism are present at most of these loci. These findings show that genetic regulation of femoral bone morphology is complex, and are consistent with the distinct biologic processes that control longitudinal and lateral growth of the femur.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cryptic speciation suspected by morphometry within Lutzomyia runoides.

Clear-cut variation in the length of genital filaments amongst Bolivian specimens of Lutzomyia runoides (Fairchild & Hertig, 1953), of the species group aragaoi, allowed us to recognise two different, non-overlapping populations living in sympatry. The additional observation of their mutually exclusive colonisation of isolated trees strongly suggested the existence of cryptic speciation. Multivariate, size-in and size-free analyses bearing on characters other than genital filaments could separate the two putative cryptic species of L. runoides, and showed that they were different from L. inflata, previously regarded as conspecific.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters are associated with lifestyle exposures including smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Eighty-six healthy male volunteers (ages 18-35), recruited through newspaper advertisements, provided a semen, blood, and urine sample and completed a questionnaire concerning demographic and lifestyle exposures. Sperm nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture parameters were measured using computerized image analysis. Results indicated no associations between the sperm nuclear morphometric parameters and age, smoking, or alcohol consumption. There was weak evidence for an association with caffeine intake. In conclusion, the lifestyle factors smoking, caffeine intake, and alcohol consumption do not appear to significantly affect sperm nuclear size, shape, or chromatin texture in this study population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative effects of developmental thiamine deficiencies and ethanol exposure on the morphometry of the CA3 pyramidal cells.

Maternal alcoholism and thiamine deficiency are frequently considered to be the causal agents of the central nervous system (CNS) damage associated with mental retardation in the offspring. For further understanding of pathological mechanisms underlying CNS damage in both disorders, histological studies were undertaken in developing rats to compare the hippocampus CA3 pyramidal cells measurements and density between three patterns of thiamine deficiency and chronic alcohol exposure. Female rats were given thiamine-deficient diet during different periods of gestation and lactation to obtain pre-, peri-, and postnatal thiamine-deficient pups. Twelve percent ethanol/water drinking fluid was given to mothers throughout gestation and lactation to obtain ethanol-exposed pups. Thiamine was administered during developmental ethanol exposure to assess the extent of interference between ethanol and thiamine metabolism. Nondrug-treated dams were allowed ad lib access to food and water during gestation and lactation to yield control pups. Hippocampus histology was performed in 45-day-old rats, and the CA3 pyramidal cells measurements and density assessed and compared between all treatment groups. It appears that the mean nuclear size of pyramidal cells in the field CA3 was significantly reduced in all the treatments compared to the control. While the mean nuclear size decreased more severely in development ethanol exposure than in the three patterns of thiamine deficiency, no significant difference was noted when pre-, peri-, and postnatal thiamine-deficient rats were compared. However, thiamine administration during developmental ethanol exposure partially restored the mean nuclear size. In contrast, comparisons between ethanol-exposed pups and the three patterns of thiamine-deficient pups, exhibited similar intensity in the deficit of CA3 pyramidal cells. Cell loss generated by ethanol treatment was not suppressed by thiamine administration. Common and separate mechanisms underlying the effects of alcohol intoxication and thiamine deficiency on cell death and cell atrophy were suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Studies on quantitative morphology. XIV. Morphometry of connective tissue in normal and cirrhotic rat livers between accuracy and working expense.

The percentages of connective tissue in sections of normal and cirrhotic rat livers up to values of about 40% are measured by point counting with net point distances between 160 microns and 5,120 microns. For a test area of about 1 cm2 a suitable distance of 640 microns led to a sufficient number of data for an always acceptable accuracy, therefore the measuring time per organ was not more than 10 min for approximately 250-400 hits. In the case presented the coefficient of variation for 10 repeated measurements decreases from 26.9% for normal livers down to 3.5% for livers with about 40% connective tissue. An enlargement of the net point distance for this test area to 1,280 microns and about 100 or less hits results in higher coefficients of variation and inacceptable differences between the x min and the x max data during a series, which becomes more clear for lower percentages. A further enlargement of the net point distance is accompanied by a further inaccuracy, but an enlargement of the test area allows larger net point distances.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Computed tomography and morphometry of the carpal canal in the dog.

This study has been carried out to determine the normal size and shape of the carpal canal in the dog and to describe the salient anatomic structures with the aid of computed tomography. Computed tomographic examination of the carpal region was performed in the left and right forelimbs of 5 male and 5 female healthy German shepherd dogs, respectively. Areas, depths and widths of the carpal canal and identification of the anatomical structures were determined at two levels of the carpal region. The frozen forelimbs of two cadavers were sectioned with a saw to correlate the CT images with these sections. All scans were studied using both bony and soft tissue windows. The measurements of the right and left carpal canals did not differ significantly in male or female dogs, respectively although they were larger in the male than female dogs. In addition to this, the measurements of the carpal canal were larger in the distal than the proximal slice. The lateral tip of the deep digital flexor tendon was located more cranially in the distal part than in the proximal part of the carpal canal. Thus, the distance between the bones and the deep digital flexor tendon decreased and the distance between the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons increased. This localization is important in regard to neuropathy because the median nerve was located between the deep and superficial flexor tendons and this region was wider at the distal than the proximal part of the carpal canal. As a result of this study, it was found that the carpal canal of the dog much resembled that of humans and this similarity can easily generate a predisposition to focal neuropathy namely, carpal tunnel syndrome in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Morphometry of nasal bases and nostrils in Koreans.

To investigate morphological characteristics of Korean noses, nasal bases and nostrils were measured and classified in Korean adults. The height and the width of the nasal base, the height and the width of the columella, the length of the long and short nostril axes, and nasal alar angle were measured. The shapes of the nostrils were classified into 7 types by the angle between the right and left long axes of the nostrils. Each measurement was compared with other studies.

Adult↗