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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

A multichannel FES system for the restoration of motor functions in high spinal cord injury patients: a respiration-controlled system for multijoint upper extremity.

A multichannel functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for the restoration of quadriplegic upper extremity function is described. The system is composed of a personal computer NEC PC-8801mkII, peripheral electronic circuits, CRT display and respiratory sensors for volitional control by the patient, and percutaneous electrodes. A C4 quadriplegic patient could drink canned tea by herself by using this FES system. Distinct features of the system are as follows: 1) Versatile volitional control was realized by controlling the memory allocation of the stored stimulation data by voluntary respiratory signals. 2) Sophisticated fine control of the fingers, wrists, and elbow was realized by creating the multichannel stimulation data from recorded myoelectric activities of normal subjects during movements of the upper limb.

Arm↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacology of reticulo-ruminal motor function.

experimental studies of the pharmacological control of the reticulo-rumen reveal two major central inhibitory pathways: (i) an adrenergic system which inhibits the magnitude of reticulo-ruminal movements and involves alpha 2-receptors and (ii) an inhibitory opioid system, which modulates the rate of the contractions. In addition, the coarseness of the stomach contents and the masticatory movements represent the major excitatory inputs to the gastric centres, hence the hypomotility and stasis observed in disease processes which lead to anorexia. Finally, the amplitude of reticular contractions will tend to vary inversely with the rate of contractions following the administration of stimulatory drugs acting centrally. As a practical statement, a direct action on the gastric centres is possible for drugs such as alpha blockers and/or morphine antagonists. Reflex excitatory effects may be induced by stimulation of muscarinic receptors of the reticulorumen wall as long as it remains below the threshold of a neuromuscular blockade. The highly complex mechanisms whereby reticuloruminal movements are regulated provide for (i) drug interactions, like those of histamine antagonists and opioid agonists, (ii) reflex inhibition of both amplitude and frequency of contractions arising from an enhanced abomaso-duodenal motility, like that induced by serotonin, and (iii) reflex stimulation of the rate of contractions elicited by the i.v. injection of catecholamines, an effect limited to the sheep. The multifactorial nature of reticuloruminal function suggests that treatment is unlikely to effect a cure but should materially re-establish a more normal motility. Further studies, required in diseased animals to provide for a curative use of drugs and a more thorough understanding of drug effects in normal ruminants, represent only a first step toward rational therapy. In addition, the extrapolation of drug effects from sheep to calves or cattle could be hazardous, especially for drugs whose mechanisms of action are currently unknown.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of oesophageal motor function using combined perfusion manometry and multi-channel intra-luminal impedance measurement in normal subjects.

Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) is being used increasingly to assess oesophageal bolus clearance. However, there is no good standardization of the impedance parameters that define 'effective bolus clearance'. The aim of this study was to define these important impedance parameters and to determine their normal values. Concurrent perfusion manometry and MII were performed in 42 healthy volunteers. Ten, 5-mL liquid (saline) boluses and then, 10x5-mL low impedance viscous boluses were tested in each subject in the right-lateral position. Normal values for bolus presence time (BPT) at each site and total bolus transit time (TBTT) were determined from either 'normal' peristaltic responses (amplitude>or=30 mmHg in distal oesophagus) or 'super-normal' peristaltic responses (amplitudes>or=50 mmHg at all sites). The relationship between BPT and TBTT within a response and per-individual performance was determined. A total of 840 swallows of liquids and viscous responses were analysed. BPT and TBTT of viscous swallows were longer than those for liquids. Non-peristaltic responses were significantly more likely not to clear a viscous than a liquid bolus. Within a response, the number of sites with prolonged BPT strongly predicted the incidence of prolonged TBTT. Using impedance criteria, normal oesophageal bolus clearance is defined when an individual completely clears at least 70% of liquid responses and at least 60% of viscous responses. This study provides normal values for impedance measurement of bolus clearance when combined with perfusion manometry. These values will allow standardization of impedance application in oesophageal function testing, in both research and clinical setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Impedance characteristics of esophageal motor function in achalasia.

Detailed data on patterns of esophageal bolus transport in patients with achalasia are still lacking. To study these we applied the novel technique of multichannel intraluminal impedance measurements. Ten patients with achalasia were studied using a 16 channel system. Liquid and semisolid boluses of 10 mL were applied with the patients in a supine position. Patterns of bolus transport were determined and analyzed as compared to results obtained from 20 healthy subjects. The healthy subjects featured a unique typical primary peristalsis pattern independent of bolus viscosity. In contrast, achalasia patients demonstrated different impedance characteristics, including: (i) significantly lower baseline esophageal impedance during the resting state as compared with healthy volunteers (999 omega +/- 108 versus 2749 omega +/- 113); (ii) failed bolus transport through the esophagus in all cases; (iii) impedance evidence of luminal content regurgitation in 35% of the swallows (iv) impedance evidence of pathological air movement within the proximal esophagus during deglutition in 38% of the swallows, so called air trapping. Thus, impedance characteristics of achalasia have been defined and can be attributed to known symptoms of achalasia. They can be used as basic findings for further classification of pathological bolus transports in other esophageal motility disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive motor function after electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve.

Chronic stimulation of the vagus nerve does not seem to produce significant differences between high frequency and low frequency stimulation groups. Individuals within each group show significant changes between preoperative assessment and after 6-month stimulation. Some subjects showed significant improvement and some showed significant slowing of responses. Subjects who showed improvement are still considerably slower than normals, but all patients have a very long history of complex partial seizures and exposure to multiple medications. Larger homogeneous sample sizes are needed to delineate more clearly the correlation between cognitive performance, medication effects, and stimulation effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Neurological and motor functioning of 10--12-year-old children who showed mild transient neurological symptoms in the first five days of life.

This study concerns itself with the neurological functioning of 11-year-old children who neonatally presented a variety of shortlived or transient symptoms. These symptoms, while shortlived, are similar in nature to symptoms which other authors have shown to be correlated with later increased rate of neurological deviance. By using the data from a birth cohort of 9,006 consecutive deliveries, we attempted to discover whether such symptoms, when only transiently present in the newborn, are correlated with later neurological functioning. Results indicate that the subjects with transient neonatal symptoms presented more neurological deviance at age 10--12 than did matched controls.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1990

Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease.

Neural transplantation can restore striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in animal models of Parkinson's disease. It has now been shown that mesencephalic dopamine neurons, obtained from human fetuses of 8 to 9 weeks gestational age, can survive in the human brain and produce marked and sustained symptomatic relief in a patient severely affected with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The grafts, which were implanted unilaterally into the putamen by stereotactic surgery, restored dopamine synthesis and storage in the grafted area, as assessed by positron emission tomography with 6-L-[18F]fluorodopa. This neurochemical change was accompanied by a therapeutically significant reduction in the patient's severe rigidity and bradykinesia and a marked diminuation of the fluctuations in the patient's condition during optimum medication (the "on-off" phenomenon). The clinical improvement was most marked on the side contralateral to the transplant.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is a major mediator of the stress response in the brain-gut axis. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is presumed to be a disorder of the brain-gut link associated with an exaggerated response to stress. We hypothesised that peripheral administration of alpha-helical CRH (alphahCRH), a non-selective CRH receptor antagonist, would improve gastrointestinal motility, visceral perception, and negative mood in response to gut stimulation in IBS patients. METHODS: Ten normal healthy subjects and 10 IBS patients, diagnosed according to the Rome II criteria, were studied. The tone of the descending colon and intraluminal pressure of the sigmoid colon were measured at baseline, during rectal electrical stimulation (ES), and at recovery after administration of saline. Visceral perception after colonic distension or rectal ES was evaluated as threshold values on an ordinate scale. The same measurements were repeated after administration of alphahCRH (10 micro g/kg). RESULTS: ES induced significantly higher motility indices of the colon in IBS patients compared with controls. This response was significantly suppressed in IBS patients but not in controls after administration of alphahCRH. Administration of alphahCRH induced a significant increase in the barostat bag volume of controls but not in that of IBS patients. alphahCRH significantly reduced the ordinate scale of abdominal pain and anxiety evoked by ES in IBS patients. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum cortisol levels were generally not suppressed by alphahCRH. CONCLUSION: Peripheral administration of alphahCRH improves gastrointestinal motility, visceral perception, and negative mood in response to gut stimulation, without affecting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in IBS patients.

Abdominal Pain↗