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PubMed2004

The Society for the Study of Addiction (SSA).

The Society for the Study of Addiction (SSA) is a learned society which is a company limited by guarantee with charitable status, an independent organization promoting the cause of research, public policy and treatment of addiction. Founded in London in 1884 with the aim of promoting a research-based understanding of inebriety, it is the oldest society of its kind. The pursuit and enhancement of evidence-based policy and treatment informed its work in the early days and has remained its organizing principle throughout its history. Led initially by medical political interests, the Society has grown to encompass a broader disciplinary base, reflecting the expansion of interest in addiction from biological, psychological and social science into nursing, social work, probation, other arms of criminal justice work and voluntary sector professionals. Today its membership is made up of researchers, practitioners and policy makers from all these disciplines, the majority of whom reside and work in the United Kingdom; its international membership makes up nearly one-third of the total membership and there are current endeavours to expand collaboration with other national societies in the field. Its activities are focused upon the Society journals, Addiction and Addiction Biology, other publishing activities, the annual symposium and a number of policy initiatives.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of addiction training in child and adolescent psychiatry residency programs.

OBJECTIVE: Childhood and adolescence represent a critical period for the potential initiation of substance use, and thus it is important that child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) residents learn to screen, assess, refer, and/or treat children and adolescents who have substance abuse diagnoses. METHOD: The authors conducted a survey by mail of directors from all accredited U.S. CAP residency programs in order to describe addiction training in their respective programs. RESULTS: Seventy percent of program directors responded and indicated diverse addiction training experiences for their residents. Findings indicate that the majority of CAP residents are treating patients with substance use disorders in both years of training and in multiple treatment settings. CONCLUSION: The survey provides preliminary data for system-level constraints that merit additional consideration in order to potentially advance addiction training in CAP residencies.

Adolescent Psychiatry↗
PubMed1999

Nurse-led art expression in addiction treatment.

Creative expression can be a potent force in recovery programs, and psychosocial nurses trained in group processes can use art expression as part of addiction recovery and relapse prevention. Enabling clients to understand recovery and recognize what life offers without addiction is one of the best defenses against relapse during difficult times.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1992

[Multiple drug addiction].

The "polydrug use" well known at the USA, has sprayed in France and Europe during the last ten years. Harms of polydrug use were pointed out by some specialized centers. The aim of this work is to emphasize the dangers of the abuse of some drug associations. Animal pharmacology, clinical observations and epidemiology are the main research method involved animal in the study of "polydrug use". These methods are often difficult to perform in elderly persons and in pregnant women. It is not easy to extrapolate from animals to man. The pharmacokinetics of drugs often differs from a species to another. Animal models are nevertheless useful for studies dealing with drug interactions, especially with enzyme metabolism. Clinical studies will be dependent on the ethical questions. Some examples are mentioned. Alcohol use develops in many drug addicts, particularly in those on methadone maintenance. The association of cocaine and other amphetamine-type stimulants with morphinics or cannabis is very dangerous. Other associations are quite frequent including various hypnotics or cough suppressants (even nomorphinic). "Polydrug use" generally increase mortality in drug addicts. The medical profession is not well informed on this subject. Further research must be led on the harmful effects of drug associations and on the reasons leading drug addicts to multiplicate drug associations in an almost epidemic way.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Studies on clinical characteristics of nicotine dependence using a two compartment model of drug dependence].

The purpose of the present study was to develop a new clinical evaluation form to compare the clinical characteristics of nicotine dependence with those associated with other drugs of abuse, using a two-compartment model consisting of "drug dependence" and "dependence syndrome". The evaluation form consisted of five scoring items: subjective effects, drug liking, withdrawal syndrome, acute psychic and acute physical disorders, and social disturbance. "Drug dependence" was defined by positive scores on the "drug liking" item. "Dependence syndrome" was defined by positive scores on drug-induced pathological symptoms (withdrawal syndrome, and acute psychic and physical disorders) and social disturbance. The subjects were dependent on nicotine (cigarette smoking) (n = 114), alcohol (n = 101), methamphetamine (n = 90), inhalants (n = 63), and benzodiazepines (n = 39). All subjects met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for drug dependence. Nicotine produced a mild or the least degree of drug liking and withdrawal syndrome, without any significant social disturbance, or acute disorders. The other four drugs produced more intensive degrees of withdrawal syndrome and acute psychic and physical symptoms, with more significant social disturbance than nicotine. The present study indicated that nicotine dependence differed from other forms of drug dependence in that nicotine was not associated with "dependence syndrome".

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Interactions of norepinephrine and galanin in the central amygdala and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulate the behavioral response to acute stress.

Many aspects of drug abuse and addiction share neurobiological substrates with the modulatory processes underlying the response and adaptation to acute stress. In particular, the ascending noradrenergic system has been implicated in facilitating the response to stress, and in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking behavior. Thus, to better understand the link between stress and addictive behaviors, it would be informative to understand better the modulatory function of the ascending noradrenergic system, and its interaction with other neurotransmitters with which it is closely associated or co-localized, such as the neuropeptide galanin. In this paper, we review a series of studies investigating the functional interactions of norepinephrine and galanin in modulating the behavioral response to acute stress in two components of the extended amygdala, the central nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. We showed that norepinephrine facilitates behavioral reactivity to stress on the elevated plus-maze and social interaction tests. However, when stress-induced activation of the noradrenergic system was enhanced by blocking inhibitory adrenergic autoreceptors, galanin release was recruited in the central amygdala, acting to attenuate the behavioral response to stress. By contrast, stress-induced galanin release in the lateral bed nucleus appeared to be independent of enhanced noradrenergic activation, and unlike the central amygdala, both galanin and norepinephrine facilitated behavioral stress reactivity in the bed nucleus. The different modes of interaction and differential region- and response-specificity of galanin and norepinephrine suggest that a complex neural circuit interconnecting these two regions is involved in the modulatory effects of norepinephrine and galanin on the behavioral response to stress. Such complexity may allow for flexibility and plasticity in stress adaptation, and may also contribute to behavioral changes induced by chronic drug administration. Thus, the interaction of galanin and norepinephrine may be a viable target for the future development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating behavioral disorders related to stress or drug abuse.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Interpreting the rational addiction model.

The rational addiction (RA) model of Becker and Murphy (Becker GS, Murphy KM. A theory of rational addiction. J Pol Econ 1988; 96(4): 675-700) has rapidly become one of the standard models in the literature on addictive behaviour. This paper reviews some theoretical issues surrounding its use, and indicates areas in which caution should be used in applying this model.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1999

The bits and bytes of computer/Internet addiction: a factor analytic approach.

A factor analytic approach was used to explore possible constructs underlying so-called computer/Internet addiction. A 94-item survey was developed, from which two major and two minor factors were derived. Factor 1 focused on problematic computer-related behaviors in heavy users of the Internet, whereas Factor 2 focused on the usefulness and general purpose nature of computers and the Internet. Factor 3 isolated a combination of use of the Internet for sexual gratification and shyness/introversion, and Factor 4 focused on an absence of problems related to Internet use that were coupled with a mild aversion or a disinterest in this technology. These data support the notion that some individuals have a mixture of obsessive-like characteristics related specifically to their computer/Internet use but that, not surprisingly, they also exhibit a preference for on-line, rather than in-person, interactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Addiction to the internet and online gaming.

As computer and Internet use become a staple of everyday life, the potential for overuse is introduced, which may lead to addiction. Research on Internet addiction has shown that users can become addicted to it. Addiction to the Internet shares some of the negative aspects of substance addiction and has been shown to lead to consequences such as failing school, family, and relationship problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Drug abuse-related mortality: a study of teenage addicts over a 20-year period.

BACKGROUND: There is growing concern about increase in illicit drug use and associated fatalities in young people. METHOD: This longitudinal analysis of successive cohorts of addicts in England and Wales aged 15-19 years followed up over a 20-year period covering 1974 to 1993 (1) investigated trends in all-causes mortality; (2) examined teenage-specific mortality, i.e. deaths during ages 15-19 years; (3) determined excess teenage-specific mortality; and (4) identified the main underlying causes of teenage-specific death in this population. The main outcome measures were overall mortality rates, teenage-specific mortality and standardised mortality ratios calculated for four 5-year (period) successive cohorts. RESULTS: Overall mortality rate in the study population (N = 9491) was 4.7/1000 person-years. The median age at death was 23 years (semi interquartile range = 3), with the majority (91.3%) of deaths occurring between ages 15 and 29 years. Excess teenage-specific mortality in the population was 10.7 in males and 21.2 in females (general population = 1), and increase in excess mortality in both sexes was evident in the last 5-year period of study. The majority of deaths (64.3%) resulted from accidental poisoning. Methadone and heroine/morphine accounted for about two-thirds of accidental poisoning deaths, while suicide accounted for 11.4% of teenage-specific deaths. CONCLUSIONS: It is strongly recommended that treatment services should be more responsive to the need for careful prescribing, dispensing and administration of substitute medication to teenage addicts in their care. The development of needs-led, case-sensitive treatment services for young addicts is indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cannabinoid modulation of the reinforcing and motivational properties of heroin and heroin-associated cues in rats.

RATIONALE: Recently, we provided evidence for a cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking in rats. There is also increasing evidence for functional cross-talk between cannabinoid and opioid systems in several physiological processes. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate whether the cannabinoid system plays a role in mediating the reinforcing and motivational effects of heroin and heroin-paired stimuli. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer heroin (50 microg/kg per infusion) on fixed (FR5) or progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement in the presence of a discriminative and discrete heroin-associated cue. The selective cannabinoid CB1 antagonist SR141716A was given 30 min before the session to determine its effect on responding for heroin. Separate groups of rats were subjected to extinction training during which heroin-associated cues were absent and no heroin was delivered. During subsequent reinstatement tests, the effects of the cannabinoid agonist HU210 and the antagonist SR141716A on reinstatement of heroin seeking were evaluated. RESULTS: The cannabinoid antagonist dose-dependently reduced responding for heroin on the FR5 schedule and to a greater extent on the progressive ratio schedule. HU210 (20 microg/kg) reinstated heroin seeking behaviour following a 2-week extinction period, whereas SR141716A dose-dependently attenuated heroin seeking that was provoked by a priming injection of heroin (0.25 mg/kg) and heroin seeking that was triggered by re-exposure to heroin paired stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the reinforcing and motivational effects of heroin and heroin-paired stimuli are mediated, at least in part, by activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Therefore, the present study provides a rationale for the use of cannabinoid antagonists in the treatment of opiate addiction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Haloperidol treatment reverses behavioural and anatomical changes in cocaine-dependent mice.

Abnormal dopamine (DA) transmission occurs in many pathological conditions, including drug addiction. Previously, we showed DA D2 receptor (D2R) activation results in pruning of the axonal arbour of DA neurones that innervate the dorsal striatum. Thus, we hypothesised that long-term D2R stimulation through drugs of addiction should cause arbour pruning of neurones that innervate the ventral striatum and thus reduce DA release and contribute to craving. If so, D2R blockade should return these arbours to normal size and may overcome craving. We show that long-term treatment with a D2R antagonist (haloperidol) reverses behavioural and anatomical effects of cocaine dependence in mice, including relapse. This change in arbour size reflects new synapse formation and our data suggest this must occur in the presence of increased DA activity to reverse cocaine-seeking behaviour. These findings hold significant implications for the understanding and treatment of cocaine addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Improving research transfer in the addictions field: a perspective from Canada.

This paper discusses how to enhance the research-to-practice exchange in the addictions field, while maintaining a balance with the demands and complexities of program delivery and policy development. It outlines the evolution of the concept of evidence-based practice, discusses the practical limitations and ways to improve transferring research to practice, and provides examples of research transfer activities in Canada. Practical limitations to research transfer include individual, organizational, and community factors. A strategic approach to research transfer includes addressing these limitations by combining dissemination activities with interventions such as individual instruction and incentives; building relationships among researchers, practitioners, and populations served; and obtaining commitments at a systemic level from funding bodies and research organizations to support research transfer. The potential is noted for the concept of workforce development to facilitate research transfer at organizational levels. The conclusion shown in this paper is that the tools and concept of evidence-based practice can lead the way to strengthening addictions programs and policies, and the development of a conceptual model for addiction research transfer in Canada would be a useful next step.

Behavior, Addictive↗