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PubMed2003

Effects of chlorine and its cresylate byproducts on brain and lung performance.

Chlorine and potassium cresylate spilled from a train wreck forced evacuation of nearly 1000 people in and near the town of Alberton, Montana, in 1996. Because respiratory and other symptoms persisted in this population, neurobehavioral and pulmonary functions were evaluated in a cohort of exposed vs. unexposed individuals. Ninety-seven subjects were tested 7 wk after exposure. Three years later, 36 of the original subjects were retested, along with 21 new patients exposed in the same incident. These 57 were compared with 22 unexposed individuals. Twenty-six neurobehavioral functions were tested, and spirometry was performed on each subject. At 7 wk postexposure, patients showed significant differences in 5 neurobehavioral functions (i.e., balance, simple reaction time, abnormal visual quadrants, vocabulary, and information), compared with the unexposed individuals recruited in 1999. Patients' Profile of Mood States scores and frequencies of 35 symptoms were also elevated, compared with the unexposed group. At 3 yr postexposure, patients exhibited differences in 7 additional neurobehavioral functions (i.e., choice reaction time, balance with eyes open, color errors, visual fields, Culture Fair, and verbal recall). Respiratory symptoms were increased, but pulmonary functions did not change. Exposure to chlorine and potassium cresylate produced neurobehavioral impairments that have been observed to increase across 3 yr. Spills in heavily populated areas could injure thousands, overwhelming medical facilities.

Accidents↗
PubMed1991

Fibrous capsule surrounding silicone encircling band and Gore-Tex surgical membrane.

Since the anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band(ACTSEB) is not a simple procedure, an extended polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE)-silicone tube (anterior chamber tube shunt to a surgical membrane; ACTSSM) was attempted as a new glaucoma drainage implant. To see whether the newly-modified, two-fold e-PTFE-silicone tube implant could prevent early hypotony and to compare the tissue response to each implant, ACTSEB and ACTSSM procedures were done in normal colored rabbit eyes. It was found the ACTSSM kept the depth of the postoperative anterior chamber normal. And in general, foreign body responses were light microscopically similar. The fibrous capsule lining the e-PTFE was composed of thicker, less dense fibroblasts, as well as less collagen than that lining the silicone encircling band. These findings seemed to be related to the difference in the pressure-lowering capacity between ACTSEB and ACTSSM.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Waardenburg's syndrome: case reports in two Nigerians.

We saw two cases of Waardenburg's syndrome in Nigerian children. A 9-year-old girl had congenital deaf-mutism, high-arched palate, complete heterochromia iridis with pigment mottling in the posterior pole of the eye with the hypochromic iris, dyspigmented frontal scalp hair, a history of vitiligo, but with no dystopia canthorum. An 11-year-old boy had a harelip with cleft palate, heterochromia iridis, blonde fundus on the eye with blue iris, and dystopia canthorum.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Juvenile xanthogranuloma.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis which was first recognized by dermatologists. The ocular complications provide the primary concern and notably affect the iris, producing spontaneous hemorrhages in the anterior chamber. Secondary glaucoma and blindness are real threats unless the condition is recognized in the early stages and satisfactory treatment instituted. Other ocular manifestations include epibulbar lesions with corneal involvement and proptosis due to orbital lesions of JXG.

Eye Color↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combination cyclopentolate and phenylephrine for mydriasis in premature infants with heavily pigmented irides.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether safe and effective mydriasis can be achieved in premature infants with heavily pigmented irides using combination cyclopentolate 0.2% and phenylephrine 1% eyedrops. METHODS: A prospective, randomized double-blind study was performed to compare combination cyclopentolate 0.2% and phenylephrine 1% eye-drops with triple instillation of tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%. Twenty-eight consecutive babies with dark irides and birthweight <1600 g referred for screening for retinopathy of prematurity comprised the study population. Infants' eyes were randomly dilated twice with both regimens within a 2-week period. Blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil size were measured. RESULTS: Good mydriasis was achieved in both groups with no significant differences in pupil size or blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressures) over starting baseline values. Pulse rates decelerated below the baseline values in both groups, but these differences were not large. CONCLUSION: The single combination eyedrop of cyclopentolate 0.2% and phenylephrine 1% is as effective and safe a mydriatic for infants with dark irides as both tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%.

Cyclopentolate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of mydriatic regimens used in screening for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants with dark irides.

PURPOSE: To determine the mydriatic regimen that provides optimal dilation of the pupil with minimal systemic side effects for screening of retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS: This cross-sectional, randomized, double-masked clinical trial compared cyclopentolate 1% + phenylephrine 2.5%, tropicamide 1% + phenylephrine 2.5%, and a prepared combination of cyclopentolate 0.2% with phenylephrine 1% for pupillary dilation in preterm infants with dark irides. Thirteen infants were randomized to each regimen. Outcomes measured were pupillary dilation, heart rate, blood pressure, abdominal girth, and intolerance to feeds. RESULTS: All three mydriatic regimens provided adequate pupillary dilation at 45 minutes, with dilation sustained at 60 minutes. There was a significant increase in mean blood pressure in the cyclopentolate 1% + phenylephrine 2.5% and the tropicamide 1% + phenylephrine 2.5% groups. Although there was no significant change of abdominal girth in any of the three groups, a total of eight patients developed intolerance to feeds; four (50%) of these infants were from the cyclopentolate 1% + phenylephrine 2.5% group. CONCLUSION: The prepared combination of cyclopentolate 0.2% + phenylephrine 1% appears to be the mydriatic of choice for preterm infants with dark irides as it provided adequate pupillary dilation with the least systemic side effects.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1997

A genetic study of a melanization response to Sephadex beads in Plasmodium-refractory and -susceptible strains of Anopheles gambiae.

A previously selected Plasmodium-refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae melanotically encapsulates many species of Plasmodium. Genetic studies of this strain have shown that this refractory phenotype is controlled by a limited number of genes, and the existence of two such genes, Pif-B and Pif-C, has been demonstrated. Further work to determine the molecular basis for this mode of refractoriness led to the discovery that the host-parasite interaction is mimicked by the mosquito's response to carboxymethyl (CM)-Sephadex beads injected into the thorax. These small beads are melanized within 24 hr in refractory mosquitoes but are rarely melanized in susceptible ones. Because of the considerable potential in using bead melanization as a model for Plasmodium refractoriness, we performed a genetic analysis of the differential response to beads. Reciprocal crosses of susceptible (4arr) and refractory (L35) mosquitoes and an analysis of F1 phenotypes were done. The F1 progeny had a phenotype similar to that of the parental refractory mosquitoes; therefore, dominant refractory allele(s) must be present in the refractory strain. Males from the reciprocal crosses had identical phenotypes, indicating that X-linked loci did not have a visible effect on the melanizing phenotype. To further study the mode of inheritance of the melanizing trait, a backcross of F1 females to 4arr males was done. The phenotypic distribution of the backcross progeny was bimodal, and the melanization phenotypes were similar to those of the susceptible and refractory parents. These data suggest that a small number of loci are responsible for the differential response to CM-Sephadex beads, and that one chromosomal region contributes strongly to the melanizing trait. Because the 4arr strain carries mutations in the pink eye (X) and red eye (III) genes, possible linkage of the melanizing phenotype to these two genes was tested. No linkage with either marker was detected. The pattern of inheritance of the melanizing phenotype is similar to that of the refractory phenotype of Pif-B; therefore, the genetic basis of the two responses may be the same.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[IOP spikes following contact transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes after contact transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (cyclodiode) and to identify related risk factors. METHOD: Retrospective study of 116 eyes (110 patients) with refractory glaucoma who underwent cyclodiode. IOP measurement was obtained immediately before and one hour after cyclodiode. We defined an IOP spike as an increase equal or superior to 5 mmHg after laser treatment. We evaluated several potential pre-, intra- and post-operative factors related to the IOP spike occurrence. RESULTS: Mean IOP decreased one hour after cyclodiode 6.96 mmHg (SD: 8.36) (p<0.001). Overall, we observed 10.8% of IOP spikes. Age, sex, mean energy delivered, pop occurrence and iris colour were not associated with the postoperative IOP spike occurrence. The percentage of IOP spikes was higher in neovascular glaucoma (p=0.074). The IOP spike rate was also higher after retreatment, but the difference compared to the eyes which underwent cyclodiode for the first time was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that IOP spike prevention could be considered in neovascular glaucoma scheduled for cyclodiode

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Seasonal variations of pigmented naevi. Intercorrelations of clinical and histological variables with special reference to seasonal variation.

During 1984, junctional and compound naevi were registered significantly more often during the summer half-year (May-October) than the total number of naevi, which showed no seasonal variation. A series of 342 of these junctional and compound naevi have been the subject of a blind histological classification. Clinical information was obtained by a questionnaire mailed to the patients. The intercorrelations of 19 histological and 10 clinical variables were studied by chi 2-test. The seasonal variation of these variables was further studied by chi 2-test and by Hewitt's test. Patient's hair colour, eye colour and sex as well as mitoses and localization showed a significant correlation to season of the year. The trends of these findings, compared with the information about tumour duration, indicate a short-term latency effect of UV light on naevi which are excised during the summer half-year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Protective spectacles for retinitis pigmentosa patients.

On the hypothesis that ophthalmic filters with appropriate light transmission characteristics may be beneficial in retarding the progress of retinal degeneration in early retinitis pigmentosa, the characteristics of several plastic and glass filters have been evaluated. A dark brown plastic goggle has been found which meets the theoretical criteria previously postulated for such protection. Its characteristics and those of other filters are compared with a lens which was specially designed for RP protection and was previously reported on by Adrian and Schmidt.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Implications of isoform multiplicity of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the pathogenesis of auditory-pigmentary syndromes.

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the human homolog of a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein (Mitf), encoded by the mouse microphthalmia locus. Mutations in the MITF gene have been identified in some patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2), which is a dominantly inherited disorder, characterized by varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentary disturbances. Furthermore, mice with mutations at the Mitf locus are associated with various phenotypes, such as white coat color, small eyes, a deficiency in mast cells, and osteopetrosis. Thus, MITF/Mitf may play an important role in differentiation of melanocytes and some other cell types. Recently we have identified two MITF isoforms with extended amino-termini, MITF-A and MITF-H. Both isoforms possess unique amino-termini that are different from the amino-terminus of the originally identified melanocyte-specific MITF (MITF-M). MITF-M mRNA is exclusively expressed in melanocytes and pigmented melanoma cells, whereas MITF-A and MITF-H mRNA are widely expressed in many cell types, including retinal pigment epithelium. Transient transfection assays suggested that these isoforms possess differential transactivation capacity. It is therefore conceivable that the previously identified mutations may alter the functions of not only MITF-M but also MITF-A and MITF-H. Possible implications of the MITF isoform multiplicity in the pathogenesis of auditory-pigmentary disorders are discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1976

Peripheral argon laser iridectomy in narrow-angle glaucoma.

Gas argon laser peripheral iridectomy was attempted as an alternative to surgical peripheral iridectomy in the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma and the prophylactic treatment of fellow eyes. Success was achieved in eyes with a blue iris if sufficient energy was given to achieve a permanent red reflex. Reasons for failure in eyes with a heavily pigmented iris are discussed. The procedure must be greatly improved before surgical peripheral iridectomy is superseded as the treatment of choice.

Argon↗
PubMed1998

Latanoprost: new preparation. Antiglaucoma eye drops that can change the colour of the iris.

(1) Latanoprost, a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue, is an antiglaucoma drug. (2) The clinical file is fairly thorough. (3) Dose-finding studies show that the optimal daily dose is a single drop of 0.005% solution, preferably in the evening. Two drops a day are less effective than one drop a day. (4) The local hypotensive action of latanoprost persists in the long term (current follow-up one year). (5) Four double-blind trials have compared 0.005% latanoprost eye drops and 0.5% timolol eye drops. In three trials the effect of latanoprost on intraocular pressure was statistically stronger than that of timolol. However, the difference in mean intraocular pressure was less than 2 mm Hg between the two treatments, and the clinical relevance of such a difference is not known. (6) Latanoprost has not been compared with the other available antiglaucoma eye drops. (7) Various trials have shown that intraocular pressure is statistically lower when latanoprost is combined with another antiglaucoma eye drop preparation (timolol, pilocarpine or dipivefrine) than during monotherapy. The additive action of latanoprost eye drops when combined with oral acetazolamide has been established more soundly in a comparative double-blind trial. (8) In approximately 30% of cases (especially patients with non homogeneous eye colour), latanoprost eye drops can cause permanent darkening of the iris. Patients must be warned of this risk before beginning treatment.

Acetazolamide↗