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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The clinical utility of reproduction drawing tests with low IQ patients.

Bedside mental status testing in low IQ, poorly educated patients is often difficult. These patients, who comprise a significant proportion of the population served by major inner city public hospitals, have a limited ability to perform adequately on many higher cortical function tests. Because of this, it is often difficult to accurately differentiate between an organic brain syndrome and the effect of depressed intelligence in these patients. Copying line drawings and other constructional tasks are a very important element in a complete mental status examination, as they are frequently failed by patients with organic brain disease. The applicability of drawing tasks in the low IQ patient is an important issue; this study demonstrates that selected drawings can be effectively utilized to identify brain dysfunction in this low IQ population.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1979

On the development of the augmentation principle: a perceptual approach.

Previous research in the development of causal schemata has relied upon verbal descriptions of behavior to convey causally relevant information. In the present study, however, a perceptual analogue of Kelley's augmentation principle was created in animated films depicting the movements of 2 objects toward a goal--1 which overcame an obstacle (inhibitory cause present) and 1 which did not (inhibitory cause absent). Both forced-choice and scalar measures indicated that kindergarten, second, and fourth graders all perceived greater motivation (internal facilitative cause) in the inhibited than noninhibited object, but that age differences emerged in the ability to explain these responses. In a second experiment, the 2 target objects were inhibited by obstacles of different sizes. For this quantitative version of the principle, age differences emerged for all measures; fourth graders and most second graders responded in accord with augmentation-principle predictions. These results were compared with the earlier findings that kindergarten and fourth-grade children did not understand this principle. The contrasting methods of stimulus presentation were discussed and implications of this technique for attribution research were noted.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Large auditory and small visual effects in the recall of consonant letters.

Eighty-six adults serially recalled lists of visually presented consonant letters similar in auditory or visual features or dissimilar in both feature sets. There were significantly more errors at every auditory list position than at the corresponding visual and neutral list positions, which did not themselves differ. There was a positive correlation between the tendency toward phonetic coding and overall performance, with 75 subjects making more errors on the auditory list than either of the other lists. The eight subjects who made more errors on the visual list showed poor performance in the recall of all lists. Factors governing the perceivability of stimuli apparently do not continue to operate significantly in controlling their recallability, at least in the case of veridical visual input.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

The McCollough effect in children.

In experiment 1, children between the ages of 6 and 9 years binocularly viewed red vertical and green horizontal gratings for several minutes. This would, in adults, produce a reliable orientation-specific McCollough effect, and it was present in the children. In experiment 2, a second group of children viewed the adaptation patterns with only 1 eye, the other eye being occluded. The McCollough effect was present when the adapted eye viewed the test pattern, but, as in adults, no interocular transfer was found.

Child Development↗
PubMed1981

Length judgments in modified Mueller-Lyer figures.

In two experiments, subjects made line length matches and relative line length comparisons of a transverse line perpendicularly intersecting the midpoints of the center shafts of the Mueller-Lyer figures. The results indicated that the illusion of transverse line length occurs in a direction opposite to the illusion of shaft length; findings suggesting an asymmetry in the distortion of the space across the Mueller-Lyer figures were thus confirmed. The possible contribution of framing effects induced by the fins of the Mueller-Lyer figures in determining the illusion of transverse line length is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Development of cardiac and behavioral responses to a three-dimensional toy stimulation in one- to six-month-old infants.

Concomitance between development of perceptual-motor behavior and cardiac-somatic association was evaluated in 1-6-month-old infants. The behavior was elicited by presenting 3-dimensional objects to 50 infants divided into 5 age groups. Each infant was presented with a sequence of 5 commercial toys on 2 immediately succeeding occasions. Each toy stimulation lasted 30 sec and was divided in 2 phases: distal and proximal to the infant. Cardiac responses during the distal phase (first 15 sec) differed as a function of maturing capability of infants to touch and grasp the toys when they subsequently became proximal (last 15 sec). In younger infants (aged 1-3 months), heart-rate (HR) response was consistently decelerative and indexed orienting and attention to the object. In older infants, HR response shifted to acceleration while they fixated the distal toys, before they could actually reach them. This difference in cardiac reaction was attributed to differing stages of perceptual-motor maturation which permit different transactions with external events: somatic activity (acceleration) or information-getting activity (deceleration).

Arousal↗
PubMed1977

Nonverbal visual short-term memory as a function of age and dimensionality in learning-disabled children.

A serial recognition task was used to compare performance of 2 learning disability age groups with 2- and 3-dimensional representations of nonlabeled 8-point random shapes. Age-related increases in short-term memory (STM) performance for both dimensions were found. No significant differences were found between 2- or 3-dimensional stimuli. Contrary to reports of STM performance with normal children, learning-disabled children showed no primacy effect for the 2-dimensional treatment, and second choices were not consistently correct when the first choice was incorrect, These findings were interpreted according to Flavell's notions of mediational inefficiencies.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Coordination of vision and prehension in young infants.

Infants aged 3, 5, and 7 months were shown solid objects and comparable intangible images of objects both within and beyond possible arm's reach. The infant's emotional reactions and reaching behavior in the presence of the image stimuli were very similar to their responses to the solid objects. The results do not support the reports of previous studies using a similar tactual-visual conflict situation that young infants become emotionally distressed when presented with discordant visual and tactual information. It was concluded that the initation of reaching attempts by young infants is predominantly visually controlled and any tactual-kinesthetic feedback from prehension seems to produce very little modification of young infants' reaching behavior.

Age Factors↗