SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Ginkgo Extract”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Ginkgo biloba L.: history, current status, and future prospects.

In this paper, we describe the status of the exploration and use of the Ginkgo biloba leaves in China. We emphasize the need for careful studies of the intra-specific genetic diversity of Ginkgo biloba since genetic variation within this species may result in significant differences between the chemical and pharmacological properties of the different sub-species. It is therefore imperative that we catalog the intraspecific diversity of Ginkgo biloba L., and we stress that it is important to conserve this diversity since different subspecies may have different pharmacochemical properties resulting in differential medical usages.

Cycadopsida↗

PubMed2005

Effects of Yukmijihwang-tang derivatives (YMJd), a memory enhancing herbal extract, on the gene-expression profile in the rat hippocampus.

The herbal extract Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ) has been widely used for centuries as an anti-aging herbal medicine in Asian countries. Among the various modified prescriptions of YMJ, YMJ derivatives (YMJd) were formulated to enhance memory retention. This study has three goals: 1) to quantitatively evaluate the memory-enhancing effect of YMJd using behavior tasks; 2) to use cDNA micro-array tools to identify candidate genes responsible for enhancing memory; and 3) to statistically evaluate the specific gene expression patterns using Real-time PCR. Memory retention abilities are addressed by the passive avoidance task with SD male rat. The retention time of the YMJd group was significantly delayed (ca. 100%), whereas with Ginkgo biloba and Soya lecithin treatment, this was only delayed 20% and 10%, respectively. The cDNA from the hippocampi of YMJd and rat control groups were applied to an Incyte rat GEM2 cDNA microarray. The microarray results showed that transthyretin and PEP-19 were abundantly expressed in the YMJd treated group. Importantly, PEP-19 is a neuron-specific protein that inhibits apoptotic processes. On the other hand, neuronal genes involved in neuronal death or neurodegeneration, such as pentraxin and spectrin, were abundantly expressed in the control group. The list of differentially expressed genes may provide further insight into the action and mechanism behind the memory-enhancing effect of herbal extracts of YMJd.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Herbal supplements: Facts and myths--talking to your patients about herbal supplements.

The use of herbal supplements in the United States is steadily growing and raises concerns about safety, efficacy, and how they affect safe patient care. The direct health risks associated with herbal supplements include hypertension, prolonged bleeding, and the potential for drug-herb interactions. These potential drug interactions are of particular concern for patients undergoing anesthesia. This article provides a review of literature on the 10 most popular herbal supplements and addresses the herbal supplements' reported use, possible adverse effect(s), patient teaching, possible drug interaction(s), and recommendations regarding discontinuation before surgery.

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed1999

Phytomedicine research in Germany.

In Germany since 1980, more than 300 clinical studies have been carried out with standardized phytopharmaceuticals, including Crataegus, Silybum, Ginkgo, Hypericum, Sabal, Urtica, Kava-Kava, Allium sativum, Valeriana, Aesculus, Echinacea, and Viscum drugs. These studies assessed the efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals for the treatment of moderate or moderately severe diseases and prevention. Several comparative clinical trials showed that these phytopharmaceuticals had full therapeutic equivalence with chemotherapeutics and had the simultaneous advantage of being devoid of any adverse effects. The mechanism of action of herbal drugs and their extract preparations, which differ in many respects from that of synthetic drugs or mono substances, can be characterized as a polyvalent action and interpreted as additive or, in some cases, potentiating. Currently, a rationale for the observed reversal effects and optimal effects with very low doses after a long-term application has not been developed, but is under investigation by systematic research at the molecular level.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2003

Internet marketing of herbal products.

CONTEXT: Passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in 1994 restricted the Food and Drug Administration's control over dietary supplements, leading to enormous growth in their promotion. The Internet is often used by consumers as a source of information on such therapies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the information presented and indications claimed on the Internet for the 8 best-selling herbal products. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Internet using the 5 most commonly used search engines. For each, we entered the names of the 8 most widely used herbal supplements (ginkgo biloba, St John's wort, echinacea, ginseng, garlic, saw palmetto, kava kava, and valerian root). We analyzed the health content of all Web sites listed on the first page of the search results. STUDY SELECTION: We analyzed all accessible, English-language Web sites that pertained to oral herbal supplements. A total of 522 Web sites were identified; of these, 443 sites met inclusion criteria for the analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: The nature of the Web site (retail or nonretail), whether it was a sponsored link, and all references, indications, claims, and disclaimers were recorded. Two reviewers independently categorized medical claims as disease or nondisease according to Food and Drug Administration criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Among 443 Web sites, 338 (76%) were retail sites either selling product or directly linked to a vendor. A total of 273 (81%) of the 338 retail Web sites made 1 or more health claims; of these, 149 (55%) claimed to treat, prevent, diagnose, or cure specific diseases. More than half (153/292; 52%) of sites with a health claim omitted the standard federal disclaimer. Nonretail sites were more likely than retail sites to include literature references, although only 52 (12%) of the 443 Web sites provided referenced information without a link to a distributor or vendor. CONCLUSIONS: Consumers may be misled by vendors' claims that herbal products can treat, prevent, diagnose, or cure specific diseases, despite regulations prohibiting such statements. Physicians should be aware of this widespread and easily accessible information. More effective regulation is required to put this class of therapeutics on the same evidence-based footing as other medicinal products.

Advertising↗

PubMed2005

Complementary therapies for peripheral arterial disease: systematic review.

While peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects a considerable proportion of patients in the primary care setting, there is a high level of use of complementary treatment options. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of any type of complementary therapy for peripheral arterial disease. A systematic review was performed. Literature searches were conducted on Medline, Embase, Amed, and the Cochrane Library until December 2004. Hand-searches of medical journals and bibliographies were conducted. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. The screening of studies, selection, data extraction, the assessment of methodologic quality and validation were performed independently by the two reviewers. Data from randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which based their findings on the results of randomized controlled trials were included. Seven systematic reviews and meta-analyses and three additional randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The evidence relates to acupuncture, biofeedback, chelation therapy, CO(2)-applications and the dietary supplements Allium sativum (garlic), Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), omega-3 fatty acids, padma 28 and Vitamin E. Most studies included only patients with peripheral arterial disease in Fontaine stage II (intermittent claudication). The reviewed RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses which based their findings on the results of RCTs suggest that G. biloba is effective compared with placebo for patients with intermittent claudication. Evidence also suggests that padma 28 is effective for intermittent claudication, although more data are required to confirm these findings. For all other complementary treatment options there is no evidence beyond reasonable doubt to suggest effectiveness for patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Arteries↗

PubMed2002

Effects of herbal components on cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzyme catalytic activity.

We evaluated the effects of 25 purified components of commonly used herbal products on the catalytic activity of cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 isoforms in in vitro experiments. Increasing concentrations of the compounds were incubated with a panel of recombinant human CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) and their effects on the conversion of specific surrogate substrates measured fluorometrically in a 96-well plate format. For each test substance, the IC50 (the concentration required to inhibit metabolism of surrogate substrates by 50%) was estimated and compared with IC50's for the positive control inhibitory drugs furafylline, sulfaphenazole, tranylcypromine, quinidine, and ketoconazole. Constituents of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgolic acids I and II), kava (desmethoxyyangonin, dihydromethysticin, and methysticin), garlic (allicin), evening primrose oil (cis-linoleic acid), and St. John's wort (hyperforin and quercetin) significantly inhibited one or more of the cDNA human P450 isoforms at concentrations of less than 10 uM. Some of the test compounds (components of Ginkgo biloba, kava, and St. John's wort) were more potent inhibitors of the isoforms 1A2, 2C19, and 2C19 than the positive controls used in each assay (furafylline, sulfaphenazole, and tranylcypromine, respectively), which are known to produce clinically significant drug interactions. The enzyme most sensitive to the inhibitory of effects of these compounds was CYP2C19, while the isoform least effected was CYP2D6. These data suggest that herbal products containing evening primrose oil, Ginkgo biloba, kava, and St. John's Wort could potentially inhibit the metabolism of co-administered medications whose primary route of elimination is via cytochrome P450.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2000

Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most challenging brain disorders and has profound medical and social consequences. It affects approximately 15 million persons worldwide, and many more family members and care givers are touched by the disease. The initiating molecular event(s) is not known, and its pathophysiology is highly complex. However, free radical injury appears to be a fundamental process contributing to the neuronal death seen in the disorder, and this hypothesis is supported by many (although not all) studies using surrogate markers of oxidative damage. In vitro and animal studies suggest that various compounds with antioxidant ability can attenuate the oxidative stress induced by beta-amyloid. Recently, clinical trials have demonstrated potential benefits from treatment with the antioxidants, vitamin E, selegiline, extract of Gingko biloba, and idebenone. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings and explore the optimum timing and antioxidant combination of such treatments in this therapeutically frustrating disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2005

The efficacy of herbal medicine--an overview.

Herbal medicine has become a popular form of healthcare. Even though several differences exist between herbal and conventional pharmacological treatments, herbal medicine can be tested for efficacy using conventional trial methodology. Several specific herbal extracts have been demonstrated to be efficacious for specific conditions. Even though the public is often misled to believe that all natural treatments are inherently safe, herbal medicines do carry risks. Ultimately, we need to know which herbal remedies do more harm than good for which condition. Because of the current popularity of herbal medicine, research in this area should be intensified.

Garlic↗

PubMed2005

Trends in ethnopharmocology.

The use of plants, plant extracts or plant-derived pure chemicals to treat disease is a therapeutic modality, which has stood the test of time. Indeed today many pharmacological classes of drugs include a natural product prototype. Aspirin, atropine, ephedrine, digoxin, morphine, quinine, reserpine and tubocurarine are a few examples of drugs, which were originally discovered through the study of traditional cures and folk knowledge of indigenous people. There is a revival of interest in herbal products (botanicals) at a global level and the conventional medicine is now beginning to accept the use of botanicals once they are scientifically validated. Ispaghula, Garlic, Ginseng, Ginger, Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, and Saw palmetto are a few examples of botanicals which are gaining popularity amongst modern physicians and this trend is likely to continue partly due to high cost involved in the development of patentable chemical drugs. There is growing evidence to show that medicinal plants contain synergistic and/or side-effects neutralizing combinations. Ethnopharmacology has already played important role in the development of conventional medicine and is likely to play more significant role in the years to come. A team work amongst ethnobotanists, ethnopharmacologists, physicians and phytochemists is essential for the fruitful outcome on medicinal plants research. While the ethnopharmacologists have a greater role to play in the rationalization of combination of activities, the phytochemist's role will slightly shift towards standardization of botanicals.

Ethnopharmacology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary supplement users: demographics, product use, and medical system interaction.

BACKGROUND: Dietary supplements-defined as vitamins and minerals, herbal products, tissue extracts, proteins and amino acids, and other products-are purchased to improve health and prevent disease. Little has been published, however, about the characteristics of either the products or the people who use them. METHODS: Consecutive customers visiting two health food stores during a 15-day period were interviewed by telephone. They were asked about their use of dietary supplements, demographics, and their use of the established health care system. RESULTS: Of the 194 customers contacted, 136 (70.1 percent) completed the survey. Respondents took a total of 805 supplements, most often to prevent a health problem (84.3 percent). Herbal products were most commonly used. Garlic, ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba were the herbs most frequently used. Fifty products were found to have previously reported toxicities, including vitamin A, which 9 customers were taking in megadoses. Most customers were white (94.1 percent), female (75.7 percent), had at least 1 year of college education (70.6 percent), had health insurance (95.6 percent), and had a regular physician (85.3 percent). CONCLUSION: Most of the dietary supplements consumed appear to be safe, but 50 of 805 had previously reported toxicities including megadoses of vitamin A. Garlic, ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba were the most commonly ingested herbs, and the medical literature supports their effectiveness for some conditions in humans. Customers of two health food stores had average to above-average education and took dietary supplements to stay healthy. They used the conventional health care system but did not typically consult their physician about dietary supplements. The pattern of use suggests that physicians might not be adequately addressing preventive and wellness issues in discussions with their patients. Furthermore, physicians might need to learn about dietary supplements so they can communicate with patients about them.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers.

In a randomized placebo controlled single-blind cross-over study of n = 10 apparently healthy subjects the influence of Ginkgo biloba (Kaveri) on blood fluidity and cutaneous microcirculation was studied. Microcirculation was measured before and every 30 min for 4 h after administration of Ginkgo biloba; fluidity of blood was determined before and after 1, 2 and 4 h. Significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate were found neither during Ginkgo phase nor placebo phase. Haematocrit, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte rigidity, thrombocyte and leukocyte count as well as thrombocyte aggregation and the number of circulating thrombocyte aggregates were also not influenced by the Ginkgo nor the placebo solution. In contrast a remarkable influence on the erythrocyte aggregation was observed: comparing two samples a significant decrease by 15.6% (p less than 0.001) with regard to the initial value was observed after 2 h. The blood flow in the nail fold capillaries also increased significantly by about 57% (p less than 0.004) 1 h after administration.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of BN 52021, a specific antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF-acether), on calcium movements and phosphatidic acid production induced by PAF-acether in human platelets.

32P-labelled human platelets loaded with quin 2 and pretreated with aspirin were stimulated with 1-100 nM platelet activating factor (PAF-acether or 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in a medium containing the ADP-scavenging system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase. Under these conditions, PAF-acether evoked a characteristic fluorescence change allowing to quantify elevations in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ from internal stores (Ca2+ mobilization) or from external medium (Ca2+ influx), as well as an increased production of phosphatidic acid, reflecting phospholipase C activation. These effects, which can be attributed to PAF-acether only and not to released products such as ADP or thromboxane A2, were strongly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by BN 52021, a specific antagonist of PAF-acether isolated from Ginkgo biloba. As the drug remained inactive against the same effects elicited by thrombin, it is concluded that BN 52021 does not interfere directly with the mechanism of transmembrane signalling involving inositol-phospholipids or (and) some putative receptor-operated channels, but rather acts on the binding of PAF-acether to its presumed membrane receptor.

Aminoquinolines↗

PubMed1997

Characterization of nuclear tRNA(Tyr) introns: their evolution from red algae to higher plants.

We have previously isolated numerous intron-containing nuclear tRNA(Tyr) genes derived from either monocotyledonous (Triticum) or dicotyledonous (Arabidopsis, Nicotiana) plants by screening the corresponding genomic phage libraries with a synthetic tRNA(Tyr)-specific oligonucleotide. Here we have characterized additional tRNA(Tyr) genes from phylogenetically divergent plant species representing red algae (Champia), brown algae (Cystophyllum), green algae (Ulva), stonewort (Chara), liverwort (Marchantia), moss (Polytrichum), fern (Rumohra) and gymnosperms (Ginkgo) using amplification of the coding sequences from the corresponding genomic DNAs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All novel tRNA(Tyr) genes contain intervening sequences of variable sequence and length ranging in size from 11 to 21 bp. However, two features are conserved in all plant pre-tRNA(Tyr) introns: they possess a uridine and less frequently an adenosine at the 5' boundary and can adopt similar intron secondary structures in which an extended anticodon helix of 4-5 bp is formed by base-pairing between nucleotides of the intron and the anticodon loop. In order to elucidate the potential role of the highly conserved uridine at the first intron position, we have replaced it by all other nucleosides in an Arabidopsis pre-tRNA(Tyr) and have studied in wheat germ extract its effect on splicing and on conversion of U to psi in the GpsiA anticodon. Furthermore, we discuss the putative acquisition of tRNA(Tyr) introns at an early step of evolution after the separation of Archaea and Eucarya.

Anticodon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Herbal therapy: what every facial plastic surgeon must know.

Herbal medicine (phytomedicine) uses remedies possessing significant pharmacological activity and, consequently, potential adverse effects and drug interactions. The explosion in sales of herbal therapies has brought many products to the marketplace that do not conform to the standards of safety and efficacy that physicians and patients expect. Unfortunately, few surgeons question patients regarding their use of herbal medicines, and 70% of patients do not reveal their use of herbal medicines to their physicians and pharmacists. All surgeons should question patients about the use of the following common herbal remedies, which may increase the risk of bleeding during surgical procedures: feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and Asian ginseng. Physicians should exercise caution in prescribing retinoids or advising skin resurfacing in patients using St John's wort, which poses a risk of photosensitivity reaction. Several herbal medicines, such as aloe vera gel, contain pharmacologically active ingredients that may aid in wound healing. Practitioners who wish to recommend herbal medicines to patients should counsel them that products labeled as supplements have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration and that no guarantee of product quality can be made.

Blood Loss, Surgical↗

PubMed2004

Implications of herbal alternative medicine for electroconvulsive therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the implications of herbal alternative medicine use during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients with mental disorders report frequent use of herbal alternative medicines. Our current understanding of the biology of such remedies suggests that they may have implications for ECT practice. METHODS: We conducted electronic literature searches using Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal Club, PsychINFO, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from their inception to April 2003. The search items were five selected herbal alternative medicines (Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, St. John's wort, valerian, kava-kava) in combination with the terms "drug interaction," "adverse effects," "side effects," "adverse drug reactions," "safety," and "toxicity." All data were included regardless of whether they were case reports, case series, clinical trials, or reviews. RESULTS: Our literature review revealed several potential effects of herbal alternative medicines upon ECT outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The growing use of herbal alternative medicine by patients with psychiatric illness may have implications for ECT practice. Our current knowledge is sparse and incomplete, however, indicating the need for more research.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed2000

Efficacy and harm of pharmacological prevention of acute mountain sickness: quantitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify efficacy and harm of pharmacological prevention of acute mountain sickness. DATA SOURCES: Systematic search (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, internet, bibliographies, authors) in any language, up to October 1999. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised placebo controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: Dichotomous data on efficacy and harm from 33 trials (523 subjects received 13 different interventions, 519 a placebo). DATA SYNTHESIS: At above 4000 m the mean incidence of acute mountain sickness with placebo was 67% (range 25% to 100%); incidence depended on the rate of ascent, but not on the altitude or the mode of ascent. Across all ascent rates, dexamethasone 8-16 mg prevented acute mountain sickness (relative risk 2.50 (95% confidence interval 1.71 to 3.66); number needed to treat (NNT) 2.8 (2.0 to 4.6)), without evidence of dose responsiveness. Acetazolamide 750 mg was also efficacious (2.18 (1.52 to 3.15); NNT 2.9 (2.0 to 5.2)), but 500 mg was not. In two trials, adverse reaction (including depression) occurred after dexamethasone was stopped abruptly (4.45 (1.08 to 18); NNT 3.7 (2.5 to 6.9)). With acetazolamide, paraesthesia (4.02 (1.71 to 9.43); NNT 3.0 (2.0 to 6.0)) and polyuria (4.24 (1.92 to 9.37); NNT 3.6 (2.5 to 6.2)) were reported. Data were sparse on nifedipine, frusemide (furosemide), dihydroxyaluminium-sodium, spironolactone, phenytoin, codeine, phenformin, antidiuretic hormone, and ginkgo biloba. CONCLUSIONS: At above 4000 m, with a high ascent rate, fewer than three subjects need to be treated with prophylactic dexamethasone 8-16 mg or acetazolamide 750 mg for one subject not to experience acute mountain sickness who would have done so had they all received a placebo. Acetazolamide 500 mg does not work.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMed2006

Possible drug-metabolism interactions of medicinal herbs with antiretroviral agents.

Herbal medicines are widely used by HIV patients. Several herbal medicines have been shown to interact with antiretroviral drugs, which might lead to drug failure. We have aimed to provide an overview of the modulating effects of Western and African herbal medicines on antiretroviral drug-metabolizing and transporting enzymes, focusing on potential herb-antiretroviral drug interactions. Echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, milk thistle, and St. John's wort have the potential to cause significant interactions. In vitro and in vivo animal studies also indicated other herbs with a potential for interactions; however, most evidence is based on in vitro studies. Further pharmacokinetic studies to unveil potential Western and especially African herb-antiretroviral drug interactions are urgently required, and the clinical significance of these interactions should be assessed.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗