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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

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PubMed1992

Application of artificial intelligence to pharmacy and medicine.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science dealing with solving problems using symbolic programming. It has evolved into a problem solving science with applications in business, engineering, and health care. One application of AI is expert system development. An expert system consists of a knowledge base and inference engine, coupled with a user interface. A crucial aspect of expert system development is knowledge acquisition and implementing computable ways to solve problems. There have been several expert systems developed in medicine to assist physicians with medical diagnosis. Recently, several programs focusing on drug therapy have been described. They provide guidance on drug interactions, drug therapy monitoring, and drug formulary selection. There are many aspects of pharmacy that AI can have an impact on and the reader is challenged to consider these possibilities because they may some day become a reality in pharmacy.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

An analysis of managerial skills for the current and future health care environment.

A survey questioned 503 experienced practitioners about managerial tasks and responsibilities of senior professionals in four allied health fields: physiotherapy, speech-language pathology, occupational therapy, and medical radiation science. Participants worked in a range of settings, including the private and public sectors, small and large departments/units, and community and hospital-based work sites. Factor analysis identified eight managerial areas of functioning: department running, staff relations management, legislative knowledge, career path management, implementation and change, quality assurance, management of future planning, and prioritizing work. The professional field of the practitioner influenced the importances attached to these areas, while work setting and gender of practitioner had minimal impact. Level of involvement in managerial tasks had no bearing on the importance attached to competency areas. Open-ended comments added depth to the results of the factor analysis. The findings are discussed with respect to the changing requirements being placed upon health service personnel.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1990

A template for unitary pattern-based nursing practice.

Unitary pattern-based practice is one creative approach to nursing intervention based on the conceptual and theoretical perspective of the Science of Unitary Human Beings. Considerations for practice were derived from the major concepts and theoretical tenets of the framework. Continued clarification and operationalization of the conceptual features in practice is warranted. A template for nursing practice with specified constituents provides a mechanism for implementing practice strategies. Processes of pattern appraisal, deliberative mutual patterning, health patterning, and evaluation were elaborated for the consideration of clinical scholars. Debate and dialogue on these issues is anticipated to further explicate the practice potential of this conceptual system.

Cognition↗
PubMed1989

[Perspectives in the development of health care in Czechoslovakia].

The finding that the health status of the population is shaped in particular by social and cultural conditions is accepted not only by health workers but also by political and executive authorities of the State. For the further development health care of the people is of revolutionary importance. If society will find adequate political will to take the appropriate measures, we may expect radical changes in all spheres of national economy, social life, science and culture. The basic demand is that health workers must acquire new sociomedical thinking which supplements and at the same time replaces the out-dated biomedical pattern. Structural changes will pertain in particular to mechanisms and organizational measures which will ensure the implementation of the health policy beyond the framework of the health services. In the system of health services we may anticipate that the centre of gravity in health care will shift from the traditional hospital to out-patient facilities with emphasis on the newly conceived function of primary health care. Training of health workers will have to be modified to the effect that graduates will be better prepared to meet actual needs of health care focused on prevention, economy, effectiveness and quality. It will be necessary to create favourable conditions for the development of socio-ecological, epidemiological and operational research. The democratization of health care will call for greater interest and initiative on the part of the public as regards collective and individual health. Our partial health projects should be re-arranged into a single comprehensive nation-wide programme which will include all spheres of health care in the sense of the WHO programme in its modification for Europe.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1986

Library instruction for medical students.

The library instruction program for medical students at the University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences is described. This instruction program, which was developed in cooperation with the medical faculty, is included in the College of Medicine curriculum. Library instruction is presented sequentially at scheduled times during the four-year curriculum when students need specific information. The development, implementation, and evaluation of the program are discussed.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1995

Multiple meanings of pain and complexities of pain management.

Pain is a human experience with many different definitions and meanings. Under the influence of science these meanings multiplied and added complexity to the process of managing pain as a clinical problem. Over the last four decades nurses have made important contributions to pain knowledge and pain management through research and clinical innovation. Nurses are pivotal providers in the implementation of effective pain management programs and in fostering multidisciplinary efforts to improve the services currently available to cancer patients and their families.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

The impact of coordinated care: Eyre region, South Australia 1997-1999.

The SA HealthPlus Coordinated Care Trial in the Eyre Region began in fortuitous circumstances. First, it coincided with the completion of the Eyre Regional Health Service (ERHS) needs assessment in 1996, which highlighted outstanding health service needs and community concerns in relation to health care across the region. Second, although conceived as a formal trial, using standard research techniques, scientific processes and formal control groups to test significant differences between intervention and control groups, the trial did not conform strictly to the rules of social science or pure science and became more an exercise in action research. More significantly still, the Eyre Region became involved in the process, not so much as a way of proving a concept (the SA Health Plus hypotheses around utilisation, funding and health outcomes), but as a way of creating opportunities for change in the regional health system. If nothing else, the region stood to benefit from the implementation of the trial and involvement in the trial process. The present paper outlines the impact of the Eyre Coordinated Care Trial, not in terms of hypotheses and data analysis, but in terms of the impact of the trial processes on systems change and the evolution of an outcome-based health system. Such a system has the potential to deliver improved health outcomes to communities within existing financial resources and make much more effective use of resources by integrating care delivery and encouraging collaboration between health providers. In addition, the success of the change process in Eyre also supports the notion that change is not necessarily predicated upon scientific processes and research outcomes alone, but also upon the human and social structures associated with such endeavours. This perspective also contributes to the debate about the nature and role of science in the advancement of knowledge.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1993

The ethics of choice in the struggle against industrial disease.

This article argues that broad recognition of the ethical basis for society's decisions about the reduction of the risks of workers, including notification, has been, is, and will be a more persuasive method of establishing programs implementing the rights to know and act in controlling the industrial vector in human disease than sheer power politics. If the argument is correct, then attention needs to be focused on the nature of the ethics of choice. The moral dialectic in the history of science and medicine is traced to the metaphysically assumed values of open and closed models of knowledge and action that determine how we weigh genetic and environmental factors in the process of choosing who shall live and who shall die of disease, with strong industrially generated vectors. The author suggests that we escape from the concepts of the closed systems of the past, whose grammar reflects values repugnant to the empowerment of those notified of risk, to open systems that enhance community-ecologic values of life and freedom.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

The matrix model for clinical psychology: a contextual approach.

The four level matrix model proposed by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue, PP. 1033-1054) is a bold attempt to provide a coherent philosophy and model to guide the training of clinical psychologists. Shortcomings of current training practices, such as a focus on individuals rather than community dynamics and on pathology rather than strengths, are addressed in the proposed model. Difficulties in the implementation of the model are discussed.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lunar transportation scenarios utilising the Space Elevator.

The Space Elevator (SE) concept has begun to receive an increasing amount of attention within the space community over the past couple of years and is no longer widely dismissed as pure science fiction. In light of the renewed interest in a, possibly sustained, human presence on the Moon and the fact that transportation and logistics form the bottleneck of many conceivable lunar missions, it is interesting to investigate what role the SE could eventually play in implementing an efficient Earth to Moon transportation system. The elevator allows vehicles to ascend from Earth and be injected into a trans-lunar trajectory without the use of chemical thrusters, thus eliminating gravity loss, aerodynamic loss and the need of high thrust multistage launch systems. Such a system therefore promises substantial savings of propellant and structural mass and could greatly increase the efficiency of Earth to Moon transportation. This paper analyzes different elevator-based trans-lunar transportation scenarios and characterizes them in terms of a number of benchmark figures. The transportation scenarios include direct elevator-launched trans-lunar trajectories, elevator launched trajectories via L1 and L2, as well as launch from an Earth-based elevator and subsequent rendezvous with lunar elevators placed either on the near or on the far side of the Moon. The benchmark figures by which the different transfer options are characterized and evaluated include release radius (RR), required delta v, transfer times as well as other factors such as accessibility of different lunar latitudes, frequency of launch opportunities and mission complexity. The performances of the different lunar transfer options are compared with each other as well as with the performance of conventional mission concepts, represented by Apollo.

Earth, Planet↗
PubMed2004

Puerperal sepsis and maternal mortality: what role can new technologies play?

OBJECTIVE: To identify new and underutilized technologies to reduce maternal mortality related to puerperal sepsis in developing countries. METHOD: Review of current medical literature. RESULT: The literature indicates that infection-control protocols and evidence-based procedures--including prophylactic antibiotics for cesarean section or preterm rupture of membranes, and updated antibiotic regimens--should be widely adopted. Devices such as hand rubs, needle-disposal systems, and rapid microbiological diagnostic tests can improve compliance and efficiency. Operational research on promising developments like vaginal cleansing with antiseptics, vitamin A supplementation, and prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk women is needed. CONCLUSION: Sepsis management continues to depend on good implementation of established technologies. Program-based approaches are required to improve uptake.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Main results and experience obtained on Mir space station and experiment program for Russian segment of ISS.

This article presents main scientific and practical results obtained in course of scientific and applied research and experiments on Mir space station. Based on Mir experience, processes of research program formation for the Russian Segment of the ISS are briefly described. The major trends of activities planned in the frames of these programs as well as preliminary results of increment research programs implementation in the ISS' first missions are also presented.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From molecular biology to nanotechnology and nanomedicine.

Great progress in the development of molecular biology techniques has been seen since the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the implementation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This started a new era of research on the structure of nucleic acids molecules, the development of new analytical tools, and DNA-based analyses. The latter included not only diagnostic procedures but also, for example, DNA-based computational approaches. On the other hand, people have started to be more interested in mimicking real life, and modeling the structures and organisms that already exist in nature for the further evaluation and insight into their behavior and evolution. These factors, among others, have led to the description of artificial organelles or cells, and the construction of nanoscale devices. These nanomachines and nanoobjects might soon find a practical implementation, especially in the field of medical research and diagnostics. The paper presents some examples, illustrating the progress in multidisciplinary research in the nanoscale area. It is focused especially on immunogenetics-related aspects and the wide usage of DNA molecules in various fields of science. In addition, some proposals for nanoparticles and nanoscale tools and their applications in medicine are reviewed and discussed.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1995

Scientific bases of human-machine communication by voice.

The scientific bases for human-machine communication by voice are in the fields of psychology, linguistics, acoustics, signal processing, computer science, and integrated circuit technology. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the basic scientific and technological issues in human-machine communication by voice and to point out areas of future research opportunity. The discussion is organized around the following major issues in implementing human-machine voice communication systems: (i) hardware/software implementation of the system, (ii) speech synthesis for voice output, (iii) speech recognition and understanding for voice input, and (iv) usability factors related to how humans interact with machines.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a symmetrical and an integrated framework of norms for nutrition communication in sub-Saharan Africa.

Nutrition is crucial to national development; an undernourished or a malnourished population is at risk for infectious diseases that may reduce its working and productive capacities. Sub-Saharan Africa leads the world in the proportion of its population that is chronically malnourished. This article presents a symmetrical and an integrated framework of norms for nutrition communication. It uses three nutrition communication projects in Africa to illustrate the application of those norms. Based on that review, it concludes that a community-based framework should emphasize at the outset--and throughout program implementation and evaluation--the importance of folk media (e.g., Africa's "oramedia") as both formative and summative norms for planning, implementing, and evaluating nutrition communication programs in Africa.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of animals for use in the laboratory: issues and challenges for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Preparation of animals is important for optimization of animal welfare as well as to minimize interanimal variation, thereby strengthening the quality of data for in vivo studies. These issues are important in the work of institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), but they pose many challenges as well. This article provides IACUC members with a resource for use in determining whether and how preparation of animals for research affects the IACUC's responsibilities. The topics addressed are intended to serve as a starting point for consideration and discussion. Questions related to subject selection and acclimation of subjects to experimental housing and procedures are emphasized and should provide IACUC members with a framework for discussion of relevant questions. Guidelines are provided for promoting the acclimation of a number of species to experimental settings. Additional, potentially controversial points are also raised, including the effects on longitudinal data sets of changing subject preparation procedures. The roles of the IACUC in the research endeavor are multifaceted and continuously evolving. As empirical data are produced that affect additional aspects of animal care and use, it is important for these committees to be able to evaluate and, when appropriate, stimulate the implementation of improved procedures and strategies.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

Fair and just culture, team behavior, and leadership engagement: The tools to achieve high reliability.

BACKGROUND: Disparate health care provider attitudes about autonomy, teamwork, and administrative operations have added to the complexity of health care delivery and are a central factor in medicine's unacceptably high rate of errors. Other industries have improved their reliability by applying innovative concepts to interpersonal relationships and administrative hierarchical structures (Chandler 1962). In the last 10 years the science of patient safety has become more sophisticated, with practical concepts identified and tested to improve the safety and reliability of care. OBJECTIVE: Three initiatives stand out as worthy regarding interpersonal relationships and the application of provider concerns to shape operational change: The development and implementation of Fair and Just Culture principles, the broad use of Teamwork Training and Communication, and tools like WalkRounds that promote the alignment of leadership and frontline provider perspectives through effective use of adverse event data and provider comments. METHODS: Fair and Just Culture, Teamwork Training, and WalkRounds are described, and implementation examples provided. The argument is made that they must be systematically and consistently implemented in an integrated fashion. CONCLUSIONS: There are excellent examples of institutions applying Just Culture principles, Teamwork Training, and Leadership WalkRounds--but to date, they have not been comprehensively instituted in health care organizations in a cohesive and interdependent manner. To achieve reliability, organizations need to begin thinking about the relationship between these efforts and linking them conceptually.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗