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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Robot-assisted needle placement in open-MRI: system architecture, integration and validation.

This work describes an integrated system for planning and performing percutaneous procedures-such as prostate biopsy-with robotic assistance under MRI-guidance. The physician interacts with a planning interface in order to specify the set of desired needle trajectories, based on anatomical structures and lesions observed in the patient's MR images. All image-space coordinates are automatically computed, and used to position a needle guide by means of an MRI-compatible robotic manipulator, thus avoiding the limitations of the traditional fixed needle template. Direct control of real-time imaging aids visualization of the needle as it is manually inserted through the guide. Results from in-scanner phantom experiments are provided.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2006

[Robotic surgery].

Installation first robotic system DaVinci in Prague in Czech Republic brought many questions. Surgery has rapidly changed during last 150 years. The progress in endoscopic surgery concerned namely the general surgery, thoratic and cardiovascular surgery. Present article gives and overview on the development of surgical techniques in the world from the laparoscopic to robotic surgery.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Radical prostatectomy: a comparison of open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic techniques.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical approaches to prostate cancer continue to evolve and patient demand for prostatectomy continues to increase. Technical modifications have expanded beyond open surgical approaches to include laparoscopy and more recently robotics. It is important that the enthusiasm that accompanies the introduction of new technology to surgery be accompanied by tangible benefits in terms of comparable oncological or functional outcomes and treatment morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed comparing individual experiences in large clinical centers and where available comparisons within the same institute between open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). RESULTS: Mortality was extremely low for each approach, with low post-operative pain-scores and analgesic requirements. Oncological outcomes as assessed by positive surgical margin rate were comparable between RRP (13%-21%), LRP (16%-26%) and RALP (6%-23%). Differences in the manner of data accrual and definition for continence and erectile dysfunction make comparison difficult between patient series, however in single institution series comparable continence rates and time to recovery of continence have been shown. CONCLUSIONS: Early data from LRP and RALP series are comparable to RRP in terms of margin-positivity and functional outcomes. Blood loss and transfusion rates appear to be lower for LRP and RALP compared to RRP, while financial costs remain higher than RRP. Long-term oncological results are keenly awaited. Ideally direct comparison between equally experienced surgeons in similar population groups will be required to demonstrate any inherent advantages or disadvantages of individual surgical approaches.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Medical robotics: the impact on perioperative nursing practice.

Robotic technology and the increased use of minimally invasive surgery approaches is altering the environment in which operating room personnel work and affecting how nurses must care for patients. An understanding of the history of robotics, current applications of the technology, and perioperative nursing responsibilities is needed to assure quality patient care in the wake of continued advances in technology.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2006

Robotic prostatectomy surgery.

Despite the minimally invasive nature of the robotic prostatectomy procedure, there are still many cultural, environmental, and social issues that must be addressed. The following case study emphasizes that patient education is key to successful outcomes following robotic prostatectomy.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2006

[Computer- and robot-assisted urological surgery].

The author reviews the computer and robotic tools available to urologists to help in diagnosis and technical procedures. The first part concerns the contribution of robotics and presents several systems at various stages of development (laboratory prototypes, systems under validation or marketed systems). The second part describes image fusion tools and navigation systems currently under development or evaluation. Several studies on computerized simulation of urological procedures are also presented.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating a new method for maintaining body temperature during OPCAB and robotic procedures.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the performance of a new temperature management system (Allon Thermowrap, MTRE, Israel) in maintaining normothermia during OPCAB (Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass) procedures and Zeus-robotic IMA (internal mammary artery) takedowns. MATERIAL/METHODS: One hundred patients were prospectively randomized to either a conventional temperature management method (thick blanket, warm intravenous fluids, operating room temperature 25 degrees C), or the new Allon Thermowrap system (pads with temperature-controlled water circulation placed on the patient's back, legs, and arms). The mean age, body surface area, total operating time, and OR air temperature were similar in both groups. RESULTS: The Allon Thermowrap system maintained a higher bladder and nasopharyngeal temperature (p<0.05). The SVR decreased (p<0.05) and the cardiac index increased (p<0.05) in patients with a body temperature>35.80 degrees C. Without reaching a significant level, the postoperative blood loss was lower in the Allon Thermowrap group. CONCLUSIONS: The Allon Thermowrap system significantly out-performed conventional techniques in achieving and maintaining normothermia during off-pump and robotic procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Echocardiographic measurements alone do not provide accurate non-invasive selection of annuloplasty band size for robotic mitral valve repair.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Successful mitral valve repair (MVP) is dependent on accurate annuloplasty band sizing. This is difficult and time-consuming when performed via port-access, or through a 4-cm minithoracotomy used in robotically assisted MVP. With the goal of moving toward a less-invasive approach and minimizing cross-clamp time, an attempt was made to determine annuloplasty band size using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) alone. METHODS: The intertrigonal distance (ITD) was determined by dividing the left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOT: measured on standard midesophageal aortic valve long-axis view) by 0.8. The ITD was compared to a nomogram developed to select the best Cosgrove-Edwards annuloplasty band size. RESULTS: Between July and October, 2004, 11 patients (mean age 52.6 +/- 17.9 years; four Barlow's valves with bileaflet prolapse, four posterior leaflet prolapses, one anterior leaflet prolapse, one rheumatic, one dilated annulus) undergoing robotically assisted MVP had the annuloplasty band chosen using TEE alone. Seven patients (63.6%) had no or mild mitral regurgitation (MR) on postoperative TEE. Three patients (27.2%) had some systolic anterior motion (SAM), with one (Barlow's valve) requiring a second repair (same operation). One patient (9.1%, rheumatic) had grade 2+ MR on postoperative TEE. CONCLUSION: In this small case series, a substantial proportion of patients had suboptimal immediate postoperative results. This suggests that selection of the annuloplasty band should not be based on a single echocardiographic variable as it depends on the etiology of the MR, and other dimensions of the mitral valve. Further studies are ongoing to develop a non-invasive method for the selection of annuloplasty band size.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of femoral anatomic axis in robot-assisted surgery of total knee replacement].

Determination of femoral anatomic axis plays an important role in robot-assisted surgery of total knee replacement. In traditional total knee replacement surgery, the axis is obtained by inserting a rod into femoral lumen. However, in the robot-assisted total knee replacement based on CT model. the femoral anatomic axis must be determined preoperatively. Because the lengths in femurs are quite different in different patients, besides noises, the upper segment and lower segment of the femur influence the design of the axis greatly. Traditionally, the femoral anatomic axis is obtained by using the least-squares method directly. However, this method is easily disturbed by noise. To avoid the noise disturbance of CT data, the least median of squares method is used to fit the femoral anatomic axis for its characteristic of robust regression. The least median squares method eliminates the disadvantage brought by the method of least squares. In finding the best-fit line, genetic algorithms are used in the paper. In our experiment, we use the proposed method to fit the femoral anatomic axis and obtain an excellent result.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

A standard clinical instrument interface for robotic applications.

Many clinical laboratory instruments are not designed for robotic compatibility, hence the need for standardization of data communications and analyzer interface hardware. We developed an interface with supporting software that simplifies communication between a microcomputer and clinical instruments. Our interface establishes a standardized bidirectional communications protocol, which is useful in many clinical laboratory robotic projects. Instruments targeted for interfacing require no prior on-board communications capabilities. Additionally, modifications to the clinical instrument are minimized. Once installed, the interface translates input commands to codes or actions recognizable by the analyzer. Features not normally available to the user, such as electrode real-time response and full instrument status, are also reported by the interface, thereby establishing a remote monitor and control mechanism for the interfaced instrument. We have written an operating system to control the interface microcomputer, which in turn commands and monitors the clinical analyzer. A host computer controls the information flow to the interface and provides (a) requests to the interface for instrument operation and status and (b) commands to the interface to initiate the desired instrument operation. This arrangement maintains complete instrument functionality as designed by the manufacturer while allowing remote monitoring and operation of the instrument.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1990

Chemical robot for enzymatic reactions and extraction processes of DNA in DNA sequence analysis.

A chemical robot capable of performing enzymatic reactions and extraction processes of DNA has been developed. The basic functions of this robot include handling of plastic tubes with caps, micropipetting, mixing, microcentrifuging and incubating. As a result, almost all of the pre-electrophoresis steps can be carried out. In addition, because these processes are automated, the working time of each process can be reduced. The reproducibility of the automated operation is equivalent to that of a skilled operator.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Wheelchair-mounted robot manipulators. Long term use by patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

This report relays practical clinical information about the modification and use of commercially available training robot manipulators. Such manipulators were used to increase independence in the activities of daily living of patients with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The control panels of five industrial robot manipulator training devices were modified for use by advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Six patients with only residual finger movement, three of whom were dependent on respiratory support, mastered the use of these devices. The four patients with long-term access employed their manipulators for facilitation of activities of daily living an average of 8 h a day for 3 +/- 1.8 yr. There was approximately 3 h of estimated attendant care time saved per patient per day.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Robotics and automated workstations for rapid response testing.

Rapid-response testing can help the critical care physician provide more medically relevant decisions when treating critically ill patients. Many technologies have appeared on the market to help deliver rapid analytical tests, including transportation systems, hand-held analyzers, or clinical instruments that have simple user interfaces. Each of these methods can be used to provide the necessary medical information but often at the expense of turnaround time, quality of service, or cost. A robotically automated laboratory system was created that provides rapid turnaround time and low cost, and each result is monitored and reviewed by a laboratory professional. To provide the best quality laboratory services at the lowest cost, we created a remotely controlled robotic clinical laboratory that provides whole-blood analysis of blood gases (pCO2,pO2), pH, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride), glucose, and hemoglobin near the patient beside yet maintains the distinct advantage of central laboratory control. The automated remote laboratory provides extremely rapid turnaround time, eliminates the costly steps involved with specimen processing, reduces the risk from contaminated specimens, reduces staff training, ensures that every result is reviewed by a professional, and improves patient care.

Automation↗
PubMed1994

Geometric problems in molecular biology and robotics.

Some of the geometric problems of interest to molecular biologists have macroscopic analogues in the field of robotics. Two examples of such analogies are those between protein docking and model-based perception, and between ring closure and inverse kinematics. Molecular dynamics simulation, too, has much in common with the study of robot dynamics. In this paper we give a brief survey of recent work on these and related problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Automation of large-scale HLA oligotyping using a robotic workstation.

The ability to amplify specific genomic segments by the PCR has made the analysis of DNA polymorphism with oligonucleotidic probes a practical approach to HLA class II typing. However, to make this method more accurate and applicable to large-scale typing, technical and logistic limitations must be overcome and the risk of human errors must be reduced. To address this problem, we developed an automated procedure, using the Biomek 1000. The system consists of a workstation with a robotic arm and an instrument tablet, an electronic interface unit and an IBM PC. It was modified by the addition of a dot-blot apparatus. Automatic preparation of 96 samples for simultaneous DNA amplification is possible, together with PCR product dilution, distribution and dot-blotting. The robot prevents sample contamination, eliminates human errors and reduces operating costs by decreasing the working time by 50%. Thus, the system is suitable for routine analysis, and it also improves typing accuracy. Furthermore, this system can be adapted for a variety of new DNA-typing strategies that require an initial DNA amplification step.

Alleles↗
PubMed1993

Automated production of high density cosmid and YAC colony filters using a robotic workstation.

We report here on a system for automated preparation of high-density colony filters of arrayed libraries using the high density replicating system (HDR) for the Beckman Biomek 1000 robotic workstation. This system, consisting of a 96-pin tool, a sterilization station and controlling software, transfers samples from microplates onto target membranes in arrays up to 36 times the density of a 96-well microplate. The transfer operation can be completely automated with the addition of the Biomek Side Loader System, which consists of a robotic arm capable of transferring plates and filters between the Biomek working tablet and a storage area. Using the complete system, we are able to plate 32 replica filters (8 x 12 cm), each containing the clones from 16 different microplates (i.e., 1536 clones per filter), in a 16-h overnight run without any operator intervention. We describe conditions used for transfer of bacterial yeast colonies and fixation of DNA to the membranes, and we illustrate hybridization results obtained with cosmid and YAC filters.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1995

An automated hematology laboratory with computer-controlled robotics.

A highly automated hematology laboratory environment is described that has conveyance systems to move bar-coded specimens from one station ("workcell") to another, robotic handling devices to load and unload hematology analyzers, and a hematology workstation. Computer systems monitor the process and equipment, track the specimen, manage inventory, and interpret patient results. When a specimen arrives at the laboratory, the bar-code determines which workcell the specimen should go to for testing. Each specimen is handled individually and in real-time. Hematology specimens are routed to a workcell of Coulter STKS analyzers where complete blood counts with five-part leukocyte differentials are performed under full robotic control. The entire process is managed by a real-time Windows-based process control system that interacts with a networked laboratory information system. The hematology workstation is being evaluated for interpretive results reporting and to determine follow-up testing.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗