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PubMed1988

A note on the female norms of the HDHQ.

Two samples--of 200 women tested in their homes and of 85 women attending a general practice--completed the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The scores of the two samples on General Hostility and on the five subscales--AH, CO, PH, G and SC--were similar to one another but were significantly higher, indicating greater hostility, than those of the normative samples reported in the HDHQ Manual. These and previous findings cast doubt on the value of the Manual norms.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Mood states and minor illness.

Mood and health reports from 65 administrative and clerical staff were obtained daily over a period of several weeks. Three mood factors emerged from the aggregated data which appear to be most suitably labelled: happiness, tense depression and hostile depression. Subjects high on hostile depression suffered more from colds. Subjects scoring highly on tense depressed mood reported more insomnia, head and neck aches. The results, especially in regard to hostile depression, are discussed in a wider context, including possible overlap with core affective aspects of the well-known Type A coronary risk construct. Finally, psychoimmunological interpretations of the link between hostile depression and vulnerability to colds are considered.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Anger attacks in unipolar depression, Part 1: Clinical correlates and response to fluoxetine treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Anger attacks are sudden, intense spells of anger associated with a surge of autonomic arousal including such symptoms as tachycardia, sweating, flushing, and a feeling of being out of control. The purpose of this study was to determine whether depressed patients with and without anger attacks exhibit distinct psychological characteristics and whether these attacks respond to treatment with fluoxetine. METHOD: The Anger Attacks Questionnaire, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Symptom Questionnaire, and the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale were among the scales administered at the Depression Research Program of the Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital to 127 medication-free outpatients with major depression and to 85 of these patients after 8 weeks of open treatment with a fixed dose (20 mg/day) of fluoxetine. RESULTS: At baseline, 44% of the depressed outpatients reported having anger attacks; these patients had significantly higher scores on measures of anxiety, somatization, and state and trait hostility than did the subjects who did not exhibit such attacks. After treatment, there were significant reductions in these measures, and the anger attacks disappeared in the majority (71%) of the patients who had previously reported them. There was a trend toward greater overall clinical improvement for patients with anger attacks than for patients without them. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a subgroup of highly irritable and hostile depressed patients who report the presence of anger attacks and have a psychological profile distinct from that of depressed patients without anger attacks. Furthermore, fluoxetine treatment appears to be beneficial in reducing anger and hostility in these patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use.

To assess physiological and psychological states accompanying anabolic-androgenic steroid use, male weight lifters 1) were interviewed regarding their physical training and the patterns and effects of any drug use; 2) completed a written physical and medical history questionnaire, a Profile of Mood States questionnaire, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory; and 3) were physically examined, including a blood sample and urinalysis. Subjects were divided into current anabolic-androgenic steroid users (N = 12), previous users (N = 14), and nonusers (N = 24). Current and previous users reported the following changes associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: increases in enthusiasm, aggression, and irritability; changes in insomnia, muscle size, muscle strength and density; faster recovery from workouts and injuries; and changes in libido. We were unable to confirm these interview and physical and medical history questionnaire responses using standardized and well-accepted psychological inventories. There were no significant differences among groups for any Profile of Moods factor, total mood disturbance, total Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory score, or any subscale. For current users, there were no significant correlations between either total weekly drug dose or length of time on the current cycle of anabolic-androgenic steroids and any individual scale of the Profile of Mood States, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance, or composite Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory score. Furthermore, anabolic-androgenic steroid users did not differ in their responses on these inventories from nonusers or from general population norms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The psychopathology of incarcerated self-mutilators.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the symptomatology of severe psychopathology reported by male incarcerated self-multilators. METHOD: Comparisons were made with a nonmutilating incarcerated group and a nonincarcerated, nonmutilator group. RESULTS: A distinctive pattern of symptomatology emerged. Self-mutilators evidenced a wide range of elevated scores on general measures of psychological/psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression and hostility. Aspects of hostility that distinguished self-mutilators for other groups included the urge to act out hostile feelings, critical feelings towards others, paranoid feelings of hostility and guilt. Self-mutilators demonstrated substantial problems with substance abuse, particularly alcohol. CONCLUSION: A pattern of passive-aggressive, schizoid and avoidant personality styles distinguished self-mutilators from other groups.

Acting Out↗

PubMed2006

Reduced Self-Referential Source Memory Performance is Associated with Interpersonal Dysfunction in Borderline Personality Disorder.

Source memory is impaired in schizophrenia, and this deficit is related to symptoms of interpersonal antagonism such as suspiciousness and hostility. The present study evaluated source memory in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its relation to interpersonal antagonism. Forty-one noninpatient adults with BPD according to the DSM-IV and 26 healthy control subjects performed a verbal source memory test requiring completion of sentences with and without emotional content ("Hot" vs. "Cold" sentences). Subjects also completed self-report measures of suspiciousness and interpersonal antagonism (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). The BPD group showed no significant difference from the control group in self-referential source memory, recognition memory, response bias, and performance enhancement for items with emotion content. However, in the BPD group, poorer self-referential source memory was significantly related to Hostility measures including suspiciousness, but not with Depression scores. In contrast, generic item recognition memory was unrelated to Hostility. Heterogeneity in source memory function may be specifically related to some of the hallmark interpersonal disturbances of BPD, independent of the effects of general negative affect or general memory impairment.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Intoxicated and bad drivers: subgroups within the same population of high-risk men drivers.

Three groups of men drivers in the state of Washington were compared: those who had been arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI group, N = 172), those who had received multiple nonalcohol-related violations or who had been involved in traffic accidents (high-risk drivers, or HRD group, N = 193) and a representative random sample of the general driving population of men in the state (GDP group, N = 154). Subjects completed a questionnaire assessing demographic, drinking, driving attitude, personality and hostility measures. The HRD and DWI groups were generally more deviant than the GDP subjects. The latter individuals were demographically more stable, had lower levels of drinking behavior and were more emotionally stable, with lower levels of depression, sensation seeking, external perception of control, and both overt and covert hostility. The GDP group also had lower levels of driving-related hostility. The HRD and DWI groups did not suffer significantly from each other on any of the measures of personality function or hostility. These two groups did differ on aspects of drinking behavior, driving-related attitudes and demographic characteristics. The noted similarities between the DWI and HRD groups are consistent with the contention that these two groups may represent subtypes within a larger population of high-risk drivers.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed2006

Check list of symptoms SCL-90-R at persons with extremities amputations.

Multidimensional Inventory Check List of Symptoms (SCL-90-r) is based on self-evaluation and it has been used for determination of level of: somatisation, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobias, paranoia and psychosis at persons which are exposed to long term emotional and physical stress. Our goal was to determine relations of physical trauma and psychological changes at persons with lower extremities amputations and to determine factors which influence those changes. Thirty seven persons with lower extremities amputations were examined. The sample included 26 (70.2 %) veterans and 11 (29.7 %) civilians with diseases related amputations. They voluntarily filled Check List of Symptoms SCL-90-r. Symptoms Inventory includes 9 dimensions of primary symptoms: SCL1-somatisation, SCL2-obsessive-compulsive symptoms, SCL3-interpersonal sensitivity, SCL4-depression, SCL5-anxiety, SCL6-hostility, SCL7-phobias, SCL8-paranoia, SCL9-psychosis and SCL10-extra scale. Inventory includes 90 statements, each evaluated with five-level scale of disorder. Every answer is graded with 0-4 points. Thirty seven persons with lower extremities amputations and average chronological age 46.2 +/- 10.92 years were analyzed. Considering marital status 30 (81.1 %) of them were married, 4 (10.8 %) were not married and 3 (8.1 %) were widowers. Considering level of amputation 27 of them (73.0 %) had amputation below knee, 5 (13.5 %) of them amputation above knee and 5 of them (13.5 %) foot amputation. SCL-90-r in both groups determined high level of sensitivity, anxiety, hostility and paranoia. Veterans showed higher level of paranoia comparing to civilians (p<0.002), and younger veterans and married ones had higher level of paranoia comparing to other veterans (p<0.01). Persons with amputations below and above knee showed higher level of paranoia comparing those with foot amputation (p<0.001). Persons with lower extremities amputations have considerably more expressed sensitivity, anxiety, hostility and paranoia. These dimensions are related to age, marital status and level of amputation. These determinants are very helpful for planning and creation of psychological support and rehabilitation of persons with lower extremities amputations.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Battered wives: a controlled study of predisposition.

The possibility that women who are battered by their husband are predisposed to this treatment is examined in a controlled study of 30 such women and 30 control subjects. A number of father-related items distinguished between the two groups: in the battered group fathers had more mental illness, were more violent and tended to be more strict. Battered women more often witnessed violence by their husband to other prior to marriage. All participants were rated for hostility using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). Both groups emerged as significantly and globally more hostile than a group of normal subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Bullying nurses at work: theorizing a gendered experience.

This paper is about bullying among nurses at work. It presents the psychoanalytically based theory that workplace bullies, impaired during infancy by primary caregivers who were less than loving, project their own hostile personalities onto others and then relate to others without empathy or understanding, in demeaning ways. When these hostile people are employed in a masculine workplace, they protest against the gendered imperatives imposed upon them, hysterically. Because of the masculinization of the workplace, hysterical bullying varies according to gender, with women bullying in a hostile connected way, and men bullying in a hostile separated way. Research data gathered in Canada in the 1990s is utilised in presenting the theories. Suggestions about anti-bullying practices that arise from this theoretical analysis conclude the work.

Female↗

PubMed2002

The association between racial identity and hypertension in African-American adults: elevated resting and ambulatory blood pressure as outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the association between Black racial identity attitudes and hypertension. It was hypothesized that racial identity attitudes characterized, in part, by an intense focus on African Americans as a group and a general rejection of White individuals and culture (termed transitional identity), would be associated with elevated blood pressure. It was also hypothesized that the experience of stress and hostility or cynical mistrust associated with transitional identity would account for this association. METHODS: Participants were 126 non-obese African-American men and women (mean age 53.8 years) with normal blood pressure or minimally treated hypertension, recruited from among individuals enrolled in a study of risk factors for atherosclerosis in southwestern Pennsylvania. Participants completed assessments of racial identity, hostility, perceived stress, and race-focused situational appraisal. Physiological measures included resting and daytime ambulatory systolic blood pressures (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP), as well as nocturnal declines in blood pressure. RESULTS: Transitional racial identity attitudes significantly predicted resting SBP (P<.03) and DBP (P<.002), as well as ambulatory SBP (P<.001) and DBP (P <.0004), when adjusting for demographic variables. Transitional identity remained a significant predictor of resting DBP (P<.01) and ambulatory SBP (P<.02) and DBP (P<.006), when hostility and perceived stress were also controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that transitional racial identity may be an important correlate of elevated blood pressure in African Americans and that this association cannot be fully accounted for by measures of perceived stress or hostility.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Personality and psychopathology in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome].

Twenty-one patients with primary Sjogrens' syndrome were investigated for hostility structure and psychiatric symptomatology. It was observed that they manifested high levels of hostility with an intropunitive direction in combination with highly scored delusional items of guilt and paranoid hostility. Acting-out hostility was in low levels. From the psychopathology point of view the majority of patients reported mainly depression and somatization, as well as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Unexpectedly paranoid symptoms were revealed in a substantial number of these patients. SS patients may present serious psychiatric symptoms and are in need of psychiatric help.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Fear and aggressiveness in the speech of female anxiety neurotics].

With Gottschalk's and Gleser's technique for quantitative verbal content analysis it has been shown that in general females suffering from anxiety neurosis (N = 30) frequently verbalize their anxiety, even though they are not in an acute state of anxiety. There is, however, no significant increase in the expression of diffuse anxiety or death anxiety (as might be expected from the psychopathological description). The verbal behaviour of the patients displays a variety of facets that support the psychodynamic hypothesis of the crucial role of the separation problem, i.e. it is shown that a) the separation anxiety is significantly higher than in a representative sample of normal subjects; b) this anxiety is one of the decisive factors in discriminating between anxiety neurosis and other psychiatric disorders, and c) a significant positive correlation between separation anxiety and inward directed hostility is observed only in anxiety neurosis patients. The highly significant increase in guilt anxiety, coupled with a tendency towards a lack of outward directed hostility, seems to suggest a close interrelationship between anxiety neurosis and depressive neurosis. Pointing in the same direction is the fact that the deficit in outward directed hostility or the excess of inward directed hostility are decisive factors for discriminating between anxiety neurosis and other psychiatric disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Adverse psychological and coronary risk profiles in young patients with coronary artery disease and benefits of formal cardiac rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Recent data indicate that young patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have a poor long-term prognosis. Although the benefits of formal cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs are well established, most of these data come from middle-aged and older patients. METHODS: We assessed baseline behavioral data, quality of life, and risk profiles in 635 consecutive patients with CAD before and after cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, and specifically assessed data in 104 young patients (mean +/- SD age, 48 +/- 6 years; range, 22-54 years) compared with 260 elderly patients (mean +/- SD age, 75 +/- 3 years; range, 70-85 years). RESULTS: Compared with older patients, young patients had higher body mass indexes (12.2%, P<.001), total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratio (14.6%, P<.01), and triglycerides level (27.2%, P<.01), and a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (-8.8%, P=.045). Young patients also had higher scores for anxiety and hostility (51.5% and 94.4%, respectively; P<.001 for both), a considerably higher prevalence of anxiety (27.9% vs 13.5%; P<.01) and hostility (12.5% vs 4.6%; P<.01) symptoms, and slightly more depression symptoms (23.1% vs 18.8%) compared with elderly patients. Following cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, young patients had improvements in body mass index (-1.7%, P<.01), percentage body fat (-4.4%, P<.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (10.2%, P<.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (-33.3%, P<.01), peak oxygen consumption (11.3%, P<.001), resting heart rate (-4.5%, P=.01), and resting systolic pressure (-2.3%, P=.049), and marked improvements in scores for depression (-58.5%), anxiety (-46.0%), hostility (-45.7%), somatization (-33.8%), and quality of life (15.8%) (P<.001 for all). Young patients also had greater than 50% to greater than 80% reductions in the prevalence of anxiety (P<.001), hostility (P<.01), and depression (P<.001). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the adverse psychological and CAD risk profiles that are present in young patients with CAD following major CAD events, and are consistent with substantial benefit of formal cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in younger adults.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Victimizing behaviour among juvenile and young offenders: how different are perpetrators?

This study examined the victimizing behaviours of incarcerated juvenile and young offenders. A total of 108 juveniles and young offenders completed questionnaires relating to victimizing behaviours and were administered the Custodial Adjustment Questionnaire (CAQ: Thornton, 1987 In Applying Psychology to Imprisonment: Theory and Practice, McGurk B.J., Thornton, D. and Williams, M. (Eds). London: HMSO, pp. 445-465) and Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ: Caine et al., 1967. Manual of the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. London: University of London press). It was found that 50.9% of all respondents reported victimizing others, with verbal assaults and threats being the most common form of such behaviours. Furthermore, staff-identified "victimizers" were significantly more likely to report victimizing behaviour than the rest of the sample. Those who had been in custody longer were more likely to report victimizing others, as were younger offenders (15-17-year olds as compared to 18-21-year olds). Victimizers were also more likely to report having previously experienced victimization themselves. On the psychometric measures, self-reported victimizers scored significantly higher on the deviance sub-scale of the CAQ, and on a number of the sub-scales of the HDHQ. These findings are discussed in terms of previous literature and their practical implications considered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and oral contraceptive use by type A adolescent--the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Type A behavior pattern (TABP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease and is characterized by hostile, aggressive, competitive behavior. TABP characteristics and CV risk factors have been found in children and adolescents. TABP has been correlated with adult alcohol consumption, but studies associating Type A and smoking are mixed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the smoking, alcohol use, and oral contraceptive use of Type A children and adolescents. The Hunter-Wolf Type A scale and a health habits questionnaire were evaluated for 2092 children, ages 8-17 years, within the context of a comprehensive biracial epidemiological CV screening in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Global Type A and factor components were evaluated: hostility, eagergy, desire for control, drive, and competitiveness. Correlation coefficients reflected the strongest associations between hostility and smoking and between hostility and drinking for white males. The age at menarche appeared to be correlated with the drive component.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Marital discord and childhood behavior problems.

Measures of overt marital hostility, general marital adjustment, and children's behavior problems were obtained from the parents of 64 children referred to a child psychological clinic. Correlations between children's scores on measures of general marital unhappiness and overt marital hostility were compared. Overt marital hostility correlated significantly with many behavior problems of boys. However, neither general marital unhappiness nor overt marital hostility related to problem behaviors in girls. Specific findings and possible reasons for the differential results with respect to boys and girls were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Maternal appraisal styles, family risk status and anger biases of children.

The present study investigated the relationship between maternal appraisal styles, family risk status, and anger biases in children. Participants included 90 mothers and their children between 3-6 years of age. Eighty families were followed up 1 year later. Maternal appraisal styles were assessed via a naturalistic story-reading method, and Time 1 and Time 2 emotion biases included teacher ratings of anger and aggression, peer ratings of anger, as well as classroom and playground observations of anger. While discussing ambiguous stories with their children, mothers with higher scores on the family risk index utilized more hostile appraisals and fewer prosocial appraisals in their explanations. A higher proportion of hostile-to-prosocial appraisals was also related to higher-risk family status. Prosocial appraisals by mothers were inversely correlated with children's anger biases at school. When the appraisal balance in mothers' talk favored hostile appraisals, children tended to show higher levels of anger biases evidenced at school. Finally, a hostile balance of maternal appraisals was found to predict change in children's anger biases in the school with different effects in high- and low-risk families.

Aggression↗