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PubMed1995

Morphometry of the fibrous ring of the mitral valve.

In standard textbooks of anatomy it is generally accepted that the fibrous ring of the mitral valve lies in a single plane throughout its entire circumference. Some authors have stated otherwise, but there are no morphometric studies. 30 formalin-fixed hearts were sectioned to reveal the shape of the fibrous ring of the mitral valve and studied by morphometric, radiographic and histological methods. It was noted that the fibrous ring adopted a horizontal "S" shape around the two commissures and the average distance between the highest and lowest parts of the fibrous ring was found to be 7.1 mm (range 6.2-12.5 mm). Radiographic evaluation revealed that the fibrous ring lies approximately in two planes rather than in one. Histological study showed that the fibrous tissue of the mitral valve is continuous with the aortic fibrous ring, and that a slight but significant thickening marks the insertion of the mitral valve. The mitral valve thus lies in two planes, and it is hoped that this information will contribute to cardiac and valvuloplastic surgery.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed1995

Quantitative investigations into the histostructural nature of the human putamen. I. Staining, cell classification and morphometry.

Combined staining with aldehyde and cresyl violet allows a reliable morphological distinction to be made between seven different types of neurons in the human putamen. We examined the age distribution of nearly 42,000 neurons in 27 normal putamina, using a semiautomatic morphometric procedure on defined tissue blocks. For morphometric evaluation and stereological calculations a section thickness of 20 microns is recommended. We modified routine aldehyde fuchsin cresyl violet combination staining for nervous tissue, since Braak's original method (Braak 1978, 1980) was developed for thick sections. The results show that neuronal density varies with age for the different types of neurons.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Development of the proximal tubule of the fetal rat kidney: morphometry and ultrastructural findings.

The development of the kidney in fetal rats was investigated morphometrically and ultrastructurally. Both the length and volume of the proximal tubule increased with age. The total volume of functional glomeruli increased markedly from fetal day 20 onward. The ratio of total glomerular volume to total proximal tubular volume decreased with age and was less than 1 from fetal day 20 onward. The cells of the proximal tubule had numerous microvilli on their free surfaces and vacuoles in the apical region of the cytoplasm after fetal day 20. These findings indicate that the relative growth of the proximal tubule has exceeded that of the glomeruli by fetal day 20, and that increased filtration induces both the growth and the differentiation of the proximal tubule during development of the fetal rat kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Growth, morphology, morphometry and keratin patterns of bovine corneal epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

In this study, the effects of different culture systems on bovine corneal epithelial cells were analysed in order to better understand the influence of bovine keratocytes on epithelial cells. Growth, morphological, morphometrical analyses of cells and keratin patterns were evaluated. The aim was to improve the culture technique in order to obtain a good in vitro proliferation of these cells for their employment in clinical and toxicological situations. The bovine corneal epithelial cells were cultured under different conditions: on keratocyte or 3T3-J2 fibroblast feeder layers, with media conditioned either by the two feeder layers or with a basal medium. The epithelial cells cultured on a keratocyte feeder layer as compared to those grown under the other conditions, proved to have a higher growth rate as well as to be smaller in the cytoplasmic and nuclear area; moreover, after 21 days of culture they expressed 64-kDa keratin, designed as a marker for corneal epithelial cell differentiation. To sum up, the keratocyte feeder layer is the most effective for stimulating the growth and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells, resembling the in vivo situation. It might also be successfully employed for clinical and toxicological purposes.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1998

Effects of prostaglandin E2 on growth, morphology, morphometry and keratin pattern of bovine corneal epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

In this work the relationship between the proliferation of bovine corneal epithelial cells and PGE2 has been studied. Our data indicate that PGE2 plays an important role in the growth of corneal epithelial cells. Actually, epithelial cells cultured on a keratocyte feeder-layer and exposed to indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, have shown a decrease in growth rate at drug concentrations which otherwise did not induce a reduction in the viability of the keratocytes as well as in epithelial cells in separate cultures. This effect has been reversed by an exogenous PGE2 addition to the culture media. Moreover, significant increases have been found in the growth of epithelial cells cultured in the presence of keratocytes, with basal medium and with conditioning medium after adding exogenous PGE2 at concentrations equal to or lower than 10(-6) M. Significant decreases in the dimensions of the corneal epithelial cells have been found only when PGE2 has been added to basal and to conditioning medium, suggesting that the autacoid maintains cell dimension and morphology. The appearance of keratins with high molecular weight (54 and 57 kDa) coupled with the tendency to stratification of the cells cultivated with media supplemented with PGE2, indicates that the autacoid could favour cell differentiation. The action of PGE2 on the corneal epithelial cells does not seem to be influenced by the presence of the fibroblasts and their products, since PGE2 has induced increases in cell growth and morphological variations, independent of cultural conditions and therefore also only in the presence of basal medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pulmonary development in the fetal one-humped camel: morphometry.

The structural development of the fetal camel lung is described and quantified morphometrically in this report. During fetal development the lung weight and volume increased polynomially with body length. The correlation coefficient between lung weight and body length is +0.991, and between lung volume and body length is +0.995. Volume density of the future bronchial tree showed a progressive increment with gestational age and is relatively higher in male than female fetuses, and the differences are statistically significant at 340-420 mm CRL. The proportion of lung tissue occupied by saccular airspaces increased enormously during the canalicular and alveolar stage, and the differences between both sexes are statistically significant at the former stage. The number of alveoli per unit area correlates closely with body length (r = +0.928) and the correlation coefficient between alveolar diameter and body length is +0.991. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient between the number of alveolar ducts per unit area and body length is -0.993, and is about +0.977 between the diameter of alveolar ducts and body length.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of the ex vivo specificity of human gelatinases A and B towards skin collagen and elastic fibers by computerized morphometry.

Cutaneous aging and chronic exposure to UV irradiation leads to alterations in the appearance and biochemical composition of the skin. Members of the MMP family have been involved in the destruction of the extracellular matrix. Among them, gelatinases A and B were found to display elastolytic activity, in vitro. In this study, we first determined the ex vivo elastolytic potential of both endopeptidases, using human skin tissue sections and computerized morphometric analyses, and compared it with those of neutrophil elastase. In such conditions, gelatinase B (50 nM) induced 50% elastolysis. The percentage of elastic fibers degraded by gelatinase A (10-100 nM) never exceeded 10%. Elastolysis by gelatinase B and leukocyte elastase was characterized by a decrease in fiber length and an increase in the average diameter of the fibers. In addition, gelatinase B exhibited fibrillin-degrading activities. On the contrary, gelatinase A (50 nM) elicited up to 50% hydrolysis of collagen fibers, preferentially degrading type III collagen fibers. Gelatinase B did not promote any collagen degrading activity. Our data suggested that in vivo gelatinases could disrupt most extracellular matrix structures of human skin. Gelatinase B and to a much lesser extent, gelatinase A would degrade components of the elastic fibers network while gelatinase A, but not gelatinase B, would alter mostly collagen fibers and also degrade constituents of the dermo-epidermal junction.

Collagen↗
PubMed1988

Tumormetric measurements and morphometry in cervical cancer.

In this article special emphasis has been placed on the problem of reproducibility of the description of tumour spread. Tumour size is an important factor for the prognosis of patients with cervical carcinoma. This article has described several methods for determining tumour extent. I have also presented a simple method applicable to routine measurements, and based on stereological principles, and have compared it to more sophisticated tumour-size models. The main intention of this work was to define objective and comparable parameters for the classification of tumour spread.

Female↗
PubMed2003

New indices in morphometry of nuclear structure in the NIH 3T3 cell line.

We analyzed the connection of changes in nucleus ploidy with changes in nucleolar apparatus of NIH 3T3 cells. The quantity of nucleoli does not depend on the quantity of nucleolar DNA, but instead depends on euploidy: the majority of euploid cells have 1-3 nucleoli. The quantity of DNA in the nucleolus is correlated with the quantity of nucleolar DNA, and does not depend on ploidy changes. The nucleolar area has a tendency to increase in line with an increase in their numbers in the nucleus. The relationship of the quantity of DNA in the nucleolus with that of the nucleus is stable. During the process of increase in the number of nucleoli in a nucleus, there is a corresponding decrease in the quantity of DNA in each nucleolus, and there is likewise no increase in the sum of nucleolar DNA. The ratio of sums of the nucleolar perimeters to nuclear perimeter is a significant factor, which increases linearly along with an increase in the number of nucleoli in a nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Elastase-induced changes in lung function: relationship to morphometry and effect of drugs.

Intratracheal administration of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) produced a dose related decline in lung function, as assessed by changes in dynamic lung compliance (C(dyn)) in New Zealand White rabbits. This occurred within 24 h of administration and persisted for 56 days (n=6). These lung function changes were accompanied by histological evidence of emphysema in the lungs and were not mimicked by intratracheal administration of the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. Neither the lung function nor the histological changes induced by elastase could be prevented or reversed by either the glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, or all trans retinoic acid (ATRA).Our data suggest that local administration of elastase to the lungs of rabbits may provide a convenient way to assess the effects of drugs on the changes induced by elastase in airways.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Cadaveric topography and morphometry of the vermiform appendix].

Our study justified by the frequency of acute appendicitis and the possibility of anatomic variations of the caecoappendicular area attempt to index the topographic variations of the vermiform appendix (v.a.). On 80 fresh native cadavers (62 men and 18 women) without surgical antecedent whose mean age was 36 years (range between 16 and 78 years) we note the morphotype and the height. More over we study the intraperitoneal projection of the Mac Burney point, topography and shape of the cecum and the situation, shape and dimensions of the v.a. We note also the level of implantation of this latter on the cecum, appearance of the mesoappendix and the distance separating the base of the appendix to the ileo-caecal junction. Mac Burney's point permitted to localize appendix in 66%; the cecum has more often than not the form of a bulb (98.7%) and sited in right fossa iliaca. We noted 7 types of topographic disposition; front varieties were more frequent (68.7%) notably the pelvic direction (51.2%) with a medial (72.5%) or a posteromedial (27.5%) establishment on the cecum. The v.a. was more often in the form of worm with a long mesoappendix; his mean length was 106.4 mm (between 65 and 160 mm) and the mean diameter 6.77 mm (range between 4 and 10 mm). The distance which separated the base of the appendix to the ileo-cecal junction varied between 15 to 40 mm with a mean distance of 24.2 mm. Thus in this study, dimensions of the v.a. were very variables. Located in right fossa iliaca he adopted a front topography with pelvic direction and medial establishment on bulbar cecum. In spite of scarcity of ectopic situation of the appendix for which laparoscopic approach is salutary, a similar topographic study during surgical treatment of acute appendicitis will be interesting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Morphometry and allometry of the postnatal marsupial lung development: an ultrastructural study.

An utrastructural morphometric study of the postnatally remodelling lungs of the quokka wallaby (Setonix brachyurus) was undertaken. Allometric scaling of the volumes of the parenchymal components against body mass was performed. Most parameters showed a positive correlation with body mass in all the developmental stages, except the volume of type II pneumocytes during the alveolar stage. The interstitial tissue and type II cell volumes increased slightly faster than body mass in the saccular stage, their growth rates declining in the alveolar stage. Conversely, type I pneumocyte volumes increased markedly in both the saccular and alveolar stages. Both capillary and endothelial volumes as well as the capillary and airspace surface areas showed highest rates of increase during the alveolar stage, at which time the rate was notably higher than that of the body mass. The pulmonary diffusion capacity increased gradually, the rate being highest in the alveolar stage and the adult values attained were comparable to those of eutherians.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Tooth morphometry in lingual orthodontics.

Lingual orthodontics is used clinically. This study investigated the lingual crown angulation and inclination of optimal occlusion in Taiwanese people. The sample included 45 sets of dental study casts from 28 males and 17 females with optimal occlusion selected from approximately 5,000 young adults. Mesial tipping occurred in all teeth except the upper second molars, the lower central incisors, and the lower lateral incisors. The greatest mesial tipping was observed in the lower second molars. The greatest distal tipping was observed in the lower lateral incisors. Labial (buccal) inclination was observed in all teeth except the lower first molars and the lower second molars. Maximum labial inclination occurred in the upper central incisors. Maximum lingual inclination was observed in the lower first molars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Calcified cartilage morphometry and its relation to subchondral bone remodeling in equine arthrosis.

The calcified layer of articular cartilage is known to be affected by age and mechanical factors that may play a role in the development of arthrosis. Because these factors are also related to subchondral remodeling and sclerosis, a morphometric study was carried out in fluorochrome-labeled animals to determine whether the level of subchondral remodeling affected the thickness of the calcified cartilage layer and its irregularity and vascularity at the interface with subchondral bone. These parameters were also studied at a site of increased mechanical stress. The area and thickness of the calcified cartilage layer was determined in basic fuchsin-stained ground sections (120 microm). The irregularity of the chondro-osseous interface was expressed as the ratio of its length to that of the relatively straight tidemark (Int/Tid) and the number of abutting vessels with and without fluochrome labels were counted (N.Ves/Tid,%L.Ves/Tid). These were compared with single-labeled surface (sLS/BS, %) in subchondral bone, which was used as an index of remodeling. In a group of 12 horses, in which one carpus had an osteochondral fragment surgically created 10 weeks earlier, there was activation of subchondral remodeling in the third carpal bone opposite the fragment. An increase in %L.Ves/Tid (p < 0.01) at the interface was correlated with the increase in %sLS/BS in subchondral bone (r=0.431, p=0.035). The number of abutting vessels and the interface irregularity were not significantly changed on the fragmented side. In the metacarpal condyles from the fetlock joints of the same horses there were no differences associated with the surgically created fragment in the carpus and no correlation of %L.Ves/Tid with subchondral %sLS/BS. At a site where mechanical overload and traumatic osteochondrosis is known to occur on the palmar surface, the calcified cartilage was thinner, and the interface irregularity tended to be greater. These findings indicate that activated subchondral remodeling extends to involve the calcified layer, but the thickness and irregularity of the calcified cartilage are not consistently related to current subchondral remodeling. At sites of mechanical overload the calcified cartilage was thinner and the interface tended to be more irregular, suggesting previous increased remodeling.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Voxel-based morphometry elucidates structural neuroanatomy of high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome.

Efforts to examine the structural neuroanatomy of autism by using traditional methods of imaging analysis have led to variable findings, often based on methodological differences in image acquisition and analysis. A voxel-based computational method of whole-brain anatomy allows examination of small patterns of tissue differences between groups. High-resolution structural magnetic resonance images were acquired for nine males with high-functioning autism (HFA; mean age 14y [SD3y 4mo]), 11 with Asperger syndrome (ASP; mean age 13y 6mo [SD2y 5mo]), and 13 comparison (COM) participants (mean age 13y 7mo [SD 3y 1mo]). Using statistical parametric mapping, we examined contrasts of gray matter differences between the groups. Males with HFA and ASP had a pattern of decreased gray matter density in the ventromedial regions of the temporal cortex in comparison with males from an age-matched comparison group. Examining contrasts revealed that the COM group had increased gray matter density compared with the ASP or combined HFA and ASP group in the right inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and rostral fusiform gyrus. The ASP group had less gray matter density in the body of the cingulate gyrus in comparison with either the COM or HFA group. The findings of decreased gray matter density in ventromedial aspects of the temporal cortex in individuals with HFA and ASP lends support to theories suggesting an involvement of these areas in the pathophysiology of autism, particularly in the integration of visual stimuli and affective information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878) (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea): morphology and morphometry of larvae from euphausiids and fish, and a review of the life-history and ecology.

Larval Anisakis 7.7 to 23.6 mm long from euphausiids, and larvae 18.0 to 21.9 mm long from a teleost fish were morphologically and morphometrically alike and fitted the description by Beverley-Burton, Nyman & Pippy (1977) of A. simplex L3. Three small larvae, 4.2 to 5.9 mm long, from euphasiids resembled L3 in anterior but not in posterior morphology; their tails lacked a mucron but, in two of them, cuticular separation at the posterior extremity revealed clearly the mucron characteristic of L3 within. These small larvae are identified as L2 of A. simplex in the process of moulting to L3. Japanese reports of typical L3 from 6.9 to 32.7 mm long in euphausiids, the occurrence in teleosts of typical L3 from only 8.8 to over 30 mm long, and the present observations strongly suggest that the moult from L2 to L3 occurs in euphausiids and begins when the larvae are about 4-6 mm long. Although it appears, therefore, that only one moult occurs in the egg of A. simplex (i.e. ensheathed L2 hatches), two moults there have been reported for various terrestrial and certain aquatic ascaridoids (i.e. ensheathed L3 hatches). The morphology and homology of the lips and associated sense organs of A simplex L3 are discussed relative to that of a 'typical' adult ascaridoid. A main conclusion is that euphausiids in the North-East Atlantic and northern North Sea, and perhaps universally, are major intermediate hosts of A simplex. The status as hosts of squid and teleosts harbouring L3 is discussed. An extensive literature is reviewed in relation to the present observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of Fasciola hepatica redial generations by morphometry and chaetotaxy under experimental conditions.

Morphometric and chaetotactic studies were carried out on the body and cephalic regions of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) in order to precisely identify the different redial generations of this trematode in Lymnaea truncatula under experimental infection. At day 49 post-exposure at 20 degreesC, the length of the redia was significantly higher in the first group of the first generation (R1a) compared with successive generations, R1b, R2a and R2b/R3a. The width of the body was similar in the R1a, R1b, and R2a rediae, but was significantly lower in the R2b/R3a groups. The intrapharyngeal cavity of R1a rediae was significantly wider compared with the R1b, R2a, and R2b/R3a groups, whereas the pharyngeal wall was significantly thicker in the R2b/R3a rediae compared with the R1b and R2a groups. Four other measurements, namely the maximum length and width of the pharynx, diameter of the mouth, and width of intestine, also showed significant variations in relation to pharyngeal morphology and age of infection. Discriminant analysis based on these measurements demonstrated that 98% of the rediae were readily categorized into the four groups identified. The number of perioral sensillae ranged from 126 to 160 but a significant difference was only noted between the mean values of the first generation and those of the group R2b/R3a. From these parameters, the maximum width of the pharyngeal lumen was found to be the best characteristic in the identification of the redial generations.

Animals↗