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PubMed2001

Kava as an anticraving agent: preliminary data.

Drug and alcohol abuse is one of the United States' most expensive and damaging health risk. The financial and social costs of addiction have led to a significant investment in prevention and treatment in an effort to reduce the incidence and prevalence of drug abuse. One important area of research is the chemistry of craving. It is assumed that if the neurological process of craving can be interrupted, then addiction can be successfully treated. The active ingredients found in kava, known as kavapyrones, have been found to bind to many sites in the brain that are associated with addiction and craving. In an effort to determine if kava can decrease the craving associated with substances of abuse, a craving survey and pilot study were completed where cravings of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, and heroin were examined. The preliminary findings suggest that kava may reduce the craving associated with addiction. In one investigation, the participants reported a reduction in their desire for their drug of choice. In another investigation, a standardized amount of kavapyrones led to an apparent difference in abstinence between the experimental and placebo groups for alcohol. The studies presented are considered preliminary and exploratory, and intended only as a precursor to future, more systematic and large-scale investigations. If the findings are confirmed, kava may be a useful component to the treatment of addictions, especially for Native Hawaiian and Pacific peoples.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Development of internet addiction measurement scales and Korean internet addiction index].

OBJECTIVES: To develop measurement scales of Internet addiction, and propose a Korean Internet Addiction Index (K-IAI) and classification criteria for Internet addiction from the threshold scores developed. METHODS: The identification of the concept of "Internet addiction" was based on the literature review. To select the scales, an exploratory factor analysis was applied. A construct validation was tested by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a structured equation model (SEM). In testing the validity of the classification criteria, ANOVA and non-recursive models with SEM were applied. RESULTS: Out of 1,080 questionnaires distributed, 1,037 were returned,; a response rate of 96%. The Cronbach-alpha of all items was over 0.75. Using an exploratory factor analysis in the condition of a 6 factor constrain as the study model proposed, 23 of the initial 28 items were identified. In testing the discriminant and convergent validity of the selected 23 scales using CFA with SEM, the Internet addiction model explained about 93% of all variances of the data collected, and all the latent variables significantly explained the designated scales. A K-IAI was proposed using the T-scores of the sum of all factor averages. In the classification of users, the basic concept was a two-standard deviation approach of the K-IAI as the criteria of MMPI. The addiction group had a score > or =70 in the K-IAI, the pre-addiction group between > or =50 and <70, and the average user group <50. The Internet use times of the classified groups were statistically different in the ANOVA and multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The K-IAI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Internet addiction. Moreover, the taxonomy of the groups was also verified using various methods.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1995

Psychosocial predictors of AIDS risk behavior and drug use behavior in homeless and drug addicted women of color.

The present study examined a causal model consisting of personal and social resources, threat appraisal processes, coping styles, and barriers to risk reduction as predictors of general AIDS risk and specific drug use behaviors among homeless African American (N = 714) and Latina (N = 691) women. The model, which was based on a stress and coping framework, supported many of the hypothesized relationships. Active coping was associated with fewer general AIDS risk behaviors for both groups and less specific drug use behavior among African American women. Specific drug use behavior was predicted by high threat appraisal and avoidant coping for both groups. Ethnic differences and implications for intervention are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

Gambling addictions, arousal, and an affective/decision-making explanation of behavioral reversions or relapses.

Cognitive-behavioral models of behavioral reversions or relapses in the addictions are inevitably incomplete because they miss affective and decision-making factors in the relapse process. They over-emphasize the importance of external "relapse-provoking" situations and under-value or ignore important intrapersonal determining processes. A theoretical model of an affective/decision-making factor in reversions or relapses, derived from studies in the role of arousal in gambling addictions, is developed and applied to addictions in general. Some of the implications of this model for the further classification and study of behavioral reversions are explored, and the options for testing it empirically are outlined.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco chippers report diminished autonomy over smoking.

We assessed tobacco chippers (n=35) for symptoms of diminished autonomy over tobacco use, which begins when symptoms present a barrier to smoking cessation. Although they reported each of the symptoms measured by the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist, chippers' level of autonomy was generally higher than that of regular smokers and their symptom intensity was low. The rank order of symptom prevalence in chippers and regular smokers was similar, and 40% of chippers had failed at least one cessation attempt. Only 23% of chippers reported full autonomy over their smoking. Although chippers may not warrant a dependence diagnosis, they may benefit from help with cessation. Autonomy over smoking may be a more useful basis than cigarette consumption rates for classifying smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Changes in progressive ratio responding for intravenous cocaine throughout the reproductive process in female rats.

Operant responding on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule for intravenous cocaine as well as sucrose reinforcement was examined in female rats throughout the reproductive process. Self-administration sessions began before mating, and continued throughout pregnancy and until lactational Day 8; following parturition, litters were present with dams during operant sessions. Physiological changes associated with the reproductive process dramatically altered PR responding for cocaine, while PR responding for sucrose was relatively stable throughout pregnancy and lactation. Female animals exhibited the highest number of responses/session for cocaine during estrus and the 1st trimester of pregnancy and the lowest responding near parturition, with levels only partially recovering during lactation. Dams self-administering cocaine exhibited notably different patterns of maternal behavior in the operant chambers than dams responding for sucrose. Thus, cocaine's reinforcing efficacy may be influenced by (a) the changing physiological profile associated with the reproductive process and (b) competition from the reinforcing properties of offspring during lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Is social attachment an addictive disorder?

There is a considerable literature on the neurobiology of reward, based largely on studies of addiction or substance abuse. This review considers the possibility that the neural circuits that mediate reward evolved for ethologically relevant cues, such as social attachment. Specifically, mesocorticolimbic dopamine appears important for maternal behavior in rats and pair bonding in monogamous voles. It is not yet clear that dopamine in this pathway mediates the hedonic properties of social bond formation or whether dopamine's role is more relevant to developing associative networks or assigning salience to social stimuli. The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) appear to be critical for linking social signals to the mesocorticolimbic circuit.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The medicalization of compulsive buying.

Compulsive buying has recently been the subject of numerous articles from both consumer research and psychiatric perspectives. Identified by some researchers as a compulsion and by others as an addiction, common solutions to the problem have included drug treatments, participation in self-help groups and cognitive behaviour therapy. The purpose of this article is to examine critically the labelling of compulsive buying in terms of medicalization from the perspective of both medical and non-medical social control of "deviant" consumers. We suggest that the attempt to categorize compulsive buying as an illness represents the ongoing trend to medicalize behavioural problems which may be better understood within the wider context of related phenomena such as the fiscal crisis of the 1980s and 1990s and the consumption-driven economy of North America.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of binge eating in obese patients.

Obese patients entering a weight control program were classified as binge eaters if they reported uncontrolled consumption of what others would regard as an unusually large amount of food at least once a week for the previous month. Binge eaters differed significantly from nonbingers across a broad range of eating and weight-related characteristics assessed using a self-report version of the Eating Disorder Examination. Attitudinal differences were marked. The results provided no support for the view that obese binge eaters have a pattern of general "addictiveness" to psychoactive substances or other activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of extended access to high versus low cocaine doses on self-administration, cocaine-induced reinstatement and brain mRNA levels in rats.

RATIONALE: The investigation of rodent cocaine self-administration (SA) under conditions that promote escalating patterns of intake may provide insight into the loss of control over drug use that is central to human addiction. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the effects of daily long-access (LgA) SA of high or low cocaine doses on drug intake, extinction, reinstatement, and brain mRNA levels. METHODS: Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine during multiple-dose sessions. Short-access (ShA) rats were tested daily for multi-dose SA then remained in the chambers for 7 h with no cocaine available. LgA rats had access to low (0.5 mg/kg per infusion; LgA-LD) or high (2.0 mg/kg per infusion; LgA-HD) cocaine doses for 7 h after multi-dose SA. After 14 days, responding was extinguished, cocaine-induced reinstatement was determined, and preproenkephalin (ppENK), preprodynorphin (ppDYN), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2)R) mRNA levels were measured in various brain regions using a quantitative solution hybridization RNase protection assay. RESULTS: Whereas SA was not altered in ShA rats and only increased during the "loading phase" in LgA-LD rats, a general escalation of intake was found in LgA-HD rats. LgA, particularly LgA-HD, rats were more susceptible to reinstatement than ShA rats. Caudate-putamen ppENK and nucleus accumbens D(2)R mRNA levels were elevated in LgA-HD rats. Overall, D(2)R mRNA levels were positively correlated with reinstatement. CONCLUSIONS: The escalation of cocaine SA under LgA conditions is dose-dependent and is associated with heightened susceptibility to drug-induced relapse. The characterization of neurobiological alterations that accompany escalated SA should facilitate the identification of mechanisms underlying the onset of human addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Infant rats with chronic neonatal isolation experience show decreased extracellular serotonin levels in ventral striatum at baseline and in response to cocaine.

Previously, we demonstrated that the early life stress of neonatal isolation enhances extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in ventral striatum in response to psychostimulants in infant rats. Yet, neonatal isolation does not alter baseline DA levels. DA levels are affected by serotonin (5-HT) and striatal levels of this transmitter are also enhanced by cocaine. Other early life stresses are reported to alter various 5-HT neural systems. Thus, the purpose of this study is to test whether neonatal isolation alters ventral striatal 5-HT levels at baseline or in response to cocaine. Litters were subjected to neonatal isolation (1-h individual isolation/day on postnatal days 2-9) or to non-handled conditions and pups assigned to one of three cocaine doses (0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) groups. On postnatal day 10, probes were implanted in the ventral striatum. Dialysate samples obtained over a 60-min baseline period and for 120 min post cocaine injections were assessed for levels of 5-HT and its metabolite, 5-HIAA. ISO decreased ventral striatal 5-HT levels at baseline and after cocaine administration but did not alter 5-HIAA levels. These data add to the literature on the immediate effects of early life stress on 5-HT systems by showing alterations in the ventral striatal system. Because serotonergic effects in this neural area are associated with reward and with emotion and affect regulation, the results of this study suggest that early life stress may be a risk factor for addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular genetics of addiction vulnerability.

Classical genetic studies document strong complex genetic contributions to abuse of multiple addictive substances, to mnemonic processes that are likely to include those involved in substance dependence, and to the volumes of brain gray matter in regions that are likely to contribute to mnemonic/cognitive and to addictive processes. The working idea that these three heritable phenotypes are likely to share some of the same complex genetic underpinnings is presented. This review contains association-based molecular genetic studies of addiction that largely derive from my laboratory and their fit with linkage data from other laboratories. These combined results now identify many of the loci and genes that contain allelic variants that are likely to provide the heritable components of human addiction vulnerability. These data are also likely to have broad implications for neurotherapeutics. Drugs with potential abuse liabilities are widely used for indications that include pain, anxiety, sleep, seizure, and attentional disorders. There is increasing nonmedical use of these prescribed substances. Increasing information about addiction vulnerability gene variants should help to improve management of risks of dependence in individuals who receive such therapeutics. In addition, since mnemonic components that correlate well with individual differences in brain regional volumes are likely to play major roles in addiction processes, many addiction vulnerability genes are also good candidates to contribute to individual differences in mnemonic processes. Recently elucidation of addiction-associated haplotypes for the "cell adhesion" NrCAM gene illustrate several of these points.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Addiction as a function of action system properties.

Generalising from some previous analyses of addiction and introducing the concept of an action system which governs all actions which are focused on what Brown (1988) calls "hedonic management," we argue that addictions of every kind involve an action system that displays high salience, low variety, and low vicariance. Addictions also involve what Apter (1982) calls the "paratelic state." A study was carried out comparing 31 drug addicts with 29 control subjects in terms of action system variables. To measure these variables, we constructed a new instrument, the Activity-System Drawing Test, and also used the Telic Dominance Scale to measure frequency of paratelic states. Dysphoria was measured by means of the BATE (anxiety), IDA-13 (depression), SEI (self-esteem), and TAS-20 (alexithymia) instruments. Strong significant differences were found between groups for both action system variables and dysphoria. This supports the idea that addictions emerge from systemic properties of the action system.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Adolescent constructions of nicotine addiction.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to extend our understanding of how adolescents view nicotine addiction. This secondary analysis included 80 open-ended interviews with adolescents with a variety of smoking histories. The transcribed interviews were systematically analyzed to identify salient explanations of nicotine addiction. These explanations presuppose causal pathways of nicotine exposure leading to addiction and include repeated use, the brain and body "getting used to" nicotine, personal weakness, and family influences. A further explanation is that some youths pretend to be addicted to project a "cool" image. These explanations illustrate that some youths see themselves as passive players in the formation of nicotine addiction. The findings can be used in the development of programs to raise youth awareness about nicotine addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Status of the management of addicted patients--results of an expert survey as the basis for health policy decisions].

457 (39%) of 1172 experts filled in a questionnaire on the need of public health care for addicted persons in a defined region. About 80% of the experts reported a need of care above average for alcoholics, only 63% for illicit drug consumers. Prevention and public relations work is according to 70% of the experts a matter of prime importance. More than 70% of the experts see a special need of care for addicted persons who have been unemployed for a long time or already at a young age. An additional need for care also exists for long-term care methods and on-location work by social workers. About 68% of the experts emphasize the need for additional care for addicted persons with psychiatric disorders. The differences between the investigated regions are discussed.

Alcoholism↗