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PubMed1986

[Clinical study of the bacterial contamination of 2 differently prepared enteral feeding solutions].

The incidence of bacterial contamination under ICU-conditions of two solutions designed for enteral feeding; the oligopeptide mixture Peptisorb and the nutrient defined diet Biosorb, were investigated. 54% of the specimens taken prior to use from the oligopeptide mixture, which is marketed as a powder and brought into solution before application, were found to be bacterially contaminated. At the end of the 6-12 h application period this percentage has risen to 79%. Prior to use the sterile packed prepared nutrient defined diet was found to be free of bacterial contamination in 97% of cases, while at the end of the period of application 21% of the samples taken contained bacteria. In most instances the solutions prepared on ICU were contaminated with gram positive spore forming bacteria and typical gram negative hospital flora. Based on the results of this investigation, only those enteral feeds which are marketed as sterile solutions should be used, in order to protect ICU patients from potential sources of contamination.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1988

Expected contamination of the orthopedic surgeon's conjunctiva.

Likely contamination of a surgeon's conjunctiva by patients' body fluids is surprisingly frequent. Blood and fat are the most common agents but cellular implantation may occur. Possible contamination was documented in 37 of 60 orthopedic procedures. Power tools, hammering and the use of rongeurs are the main culprits in producing a forced spray most likely to cause contamination. Reduction of the hip at the time of replacement arthroplasty is often associated with propulsion of blood. Not a single case of possible contamination resulted from the pumping action of a severed vessel. Since orthopedic surgeons work in a high-risk environment, safety glasses are recommended to prevent contraction of viral diseases such as hepatitis B and acquired immune deficiency syndrome by way of the conjunctiva. The glasses will also protect the surgeon from bacterial and cellular conjunctival contamination, in addition to preventing physical damage secondary to propelled bone and cement.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1985

Microbial contamination of domiciliary nebuliser therapy equipment.

Fifty-two outpatients requiring domiciliary nebulised bronchodilator therapy were studied to determine the frequency and degree of contamination of nebuliser solutions and equipment. In 32 of the 52 patients (61%) nebuliser solutions and/or aerosols were contaminated. The degree of contamination was greater than that of ambient air in 90% of the contaminated aerosols. Diluent solutions were more frequently contaminated than salbutamol solutions (51% vs. 9%) and the organisms isolated from the solutions frequently correlated with those in aerosols. Gram-negative bacilli, particularly Pseudomonas species, were the most frequently isolated organisms.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1985

Contribution of contaminant indium-114m/indium-114 to indium-111 oxine blood dosimetry.

Indium-114m and 114In appear as contaminants in commercial preparations of [111In]oxine at a level of about 0.05% at time of calibration (TOC). The contribution of these contaminants to the radiation absorbed dose from [111In]oxine leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte imaging procedures has been evaluated. When the absorbed dose from these contaminants is expressed as a percent of the 111In dose to the same organ from a given procedure, the contaminants contribute an additional 0.16 to 12% of the 111In dose, and in one case, that of the spleen from [111In]oxine labeled erythrocytes, they contribute an additional 33%. Commercial samples of aqueous-based [111In]oxine contain levels of 114mIn/114In sufficient to result in a mild to moderate increase in the absorbed radiation dose to the patient. Strict quality control procedures must be maintained by suppliers to prevent higher contamination levels. It is advisable to avoid using 111In products of this nature later than about 3 days after the time of calibration.

Blood Platelets↗

PubMed1967

Toxicity of different diets contaminated with various fungi to rice moth larvae (Corcyra cephalonica st).

Growth studies of rice moth larvae (Corcyra cephalonica st) have been carried out in groundnut meal and wheat bran contaminated with A. flavus, A. oryzae, P. purpurogenus and P. rubrum. It was observed that the diets contaminated with A. flavus only are toxic to these larvae. Wheat bran contaminated with A. flavus is more toxic than contaminated groundnut meal. The higher toxicity of wheat bran contaminated diet has been discussed. Aflatoxins produced in different substrata are shown to differ when analysed chromatographically. Growth studies of rice moth larvae have also been carried out with aflatoxin and the susceptibility of these larvae has been established.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1982

[Studies on bacteriologic contamination of potassium chloride solution 25% in multidose containers regularly used on hospital wards].

The use of multidose containers poses the problem of in-use microbial contamination. In a clinical investigation sterility tests of 25% potassium chloride solution (w/v) in multidose containers have been performed in-use on two surgical wards. The contents of 80 vials used for 1, 3, 7 or 10 days (with registered withdrawals) were sterility tested with the aid of blood agar plates. None of the 80 bottles were contaminated. It has been shown that lege artis withdrawals of 25% potassium chloride solution (w/v) from multidose containers involves a very low risk of contamination. However, the theory that contaminants have been killed must not be excluded. In final laboratory tests, multidose containers of 25% sterile potassium chloride solution (w/v) were artificially contaminated. Test microorganisms were E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staph. aureus ATCC 25923. Microbial control after 1 or 2 days storage showed absence or significant germ reduction with the experimental technique described.

Drug Contamination↗

PubMed1995

Contamination of mercurochrome and chlorhexidine-cetrimide in a teaching hospital.

A study on the contamination of antiseptics was done in a teaching hospital, during March and April 1989. Ninety-five samples of 9 antiseptics from 23 wards were cultured. Results showed that 2 of 12 and 3 of 5 samples of mercurochrome and chlorhexidine-cetrimide compound were contaminated. This led to a wider scale study on the two products. It was found that over one-half of the samples of mercurochrome and 6 of 54 samples of chlorhexidine-etrimide compound were contaminated. Mercurochrome was contaminated by gram-positive and chlorhexidine-cetrimide compound by gram-negative bacteria. Contamination of mercurochrome was found in samples taken from the pharmacy and wards, and of chlorhexidine-cetrimide compound from wards only. Mercurochrome was removed from the hospital formulary and the use of chlorhexidine-cetrimide compound was more restricted.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1994

[Studies on deoxynivalenol contamination in grain and its products in Anhui Province].

Contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, corn, barley, and wheat flour produced in Anhui Province were examined with thin-layer chromatography in 1983-1991. In total, 672 specimens were determined, and 63.2% of them were contaminated by DON, with an average contents of 908.7 micrograms/kg (a range of 0-13330 micrograms/kg). The contamination of DON in wheat and wheat flour was more severe than that in corn (P < 0.01). There was highly significant difference in the contamination of DON in wheat produced in different areas and years, with a P-value less than 0.01 by ANOVA, but no significant difference in corn (P > 0.1). It suggested the contamination of DON correlated with the incidence of scabby wheat in that area during these years.

Food Contamination↗

PubMed1996

Microbial contamination of contact lens cases among medical students.

PURPOSE: We performed a systematic examination of the rate and level of contamination of contact lens cases in a population of asymptomatic contact lens wearers using commercially prepared chemical disinfection solutions. METHODS: Solutions from the lens cases and from the conjunctiva of 21 asymptomatic contact lens wearers were examined. RESULTS: Contamination was found in five (24%) of the lens cases; four of the isolated microorganisms were recognized as potential ocular pathogens, namely Xanthomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas cepacia, Serratia liquefaciens, and Serratia plymuthica. Serratia organisms have not been previously isolated from lens care solutions preserved with guanide, and, in addition, this was the first time that Serratia plymuthica has been isolated from a lens care system. Acanthamoeba was not detected in any of the examined samples, and no potential pathogens were isolated from the conjunctiva. Among students having contaminated lens cases, all reported problems such as itching, redness, dryness, and coating of the lens. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of contaminated lens cases in this study was lower than in other studies. However, since the microorganisms identified in 80% of the contaminated lens cases were considered potential ocular pathogens, we feel contact lens wearers should be encouraged to frequently replace their lens cases.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relative effectiveness of selenite cystine broth, tetrathionate broth, and rappaport-vassiliadis medium for recovery of Salmonella spp. from raw flesh, highly contaminated foods, and poultry feed: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was performed in 18 laboratories to validate use of Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium in the standard culture method for recovery of Salmonella spp. from raw, highly contaminated foods and poultry feed. RV medium made from its individual ingredients and incubated at 42 degrees C was compared with selenite cystine (SC) broth incubated at 35 degrees C and tetrathionate (TT) broth incubated at 35 degrees and 43 degrees C for effectiveness in recovery of Salmonella spp. Four artificially contaminated foods (oysters, frog legs, mushrooms, and shrimp) and poultry feed and one naturally contaminated food (chicken) were analyzed. The artificially contaminated foods were inoculated with single serovars of Salmonella at target levels of 0.04 colony-forming units (CFU)/g for the low level and 0.4 CFU/g for the high level. For analysis of 1125 test portions, RV medium (42 degrees C) recovered Salmonella from 409 test portions; TT (43 degrees C), from 368 test portions; TT (35 degrees C), from 310 test portions; and SC (35 degrees C), from 334 test portions. Overall, RV medium was comparable with or better than other selective enrichments for recovery of Salmonella from the foods in this study, except mushrooms. From mushrooms, SC broth (35 degrees C) recovered more positive test portions than did RV medium (42 degrees C) and TT broth (43 degrees C). The method for detection of Salmonella in raw, highly contaminated foods and poultry feed using RV medium has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. AOAC Official Method 967.25, Salmonella in Foods, Preparation of Culture Media and Reagents, has been revised to include RV medium, and the applicability of AOAC Official Method 967.26, Salmonella in Foods, Detection, has been restricted to processed foods.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of in vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant in a live virus vaccine of poultry.

Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) as a contaminant in a live virus fowl pox (FP) vaccine of poultry. A FP vaccine known to be contaminated with REV was tested by in vitro and in vivo assays in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks, respectively. Using in vitro assays, IFA and PCR were more sensitive than ELISA in detection of REV in CEFs inoculated with REV-contaminated FP vaccine. However, when the vaccine was tested by in vivo assays using SPF chickens, the sensitivity of ELISA was comparable with that of IFA and PCR. Antibody to REV was not detected in SPF chickens within 4 wk postinoculation with REV-contaminated FP vaccine at hatch. Filtration of vaccine to eliminate vaccine virus from the inoculum before testing in CEFs resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of REV detection by PCR or IFA. The data suggest that the sensitivity of IFA, PCR, and ELISA depends on the concentration of REV in the vaccine and that in vivo assays of vaccines for contamination with REV should include a test for virus because a negative antibody test may be misleading.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its health impact on residents in a village in West Bengal, India.

An in-depth study was carried out in Rajapur, an arsenic-affected village in West Bengal, India, to determine the degree of groundwater contamination with arsenic and the impact of this contamination on residents. The flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) method was used to measure arsenic concentrations in water and biological samples. Dermatologists recorded the dermatological features of arsenicosis. Out of a total of 336 hand-pumped tube-wells in Rajapur, 91% (307/336) contained arsenic at concentrations > 10 microg/l, and 63% (213/336) contained arsenic at > 50 microg/l. The type of arsenic in groundwater, the variation in concentrations of arsenic as the depth of tube-wells changed, and the iron concentration in the wells were also measured. Altogether 825 of 3500 residents were examined for skin lesions; of these, 149 had lesions caused by exposure to arsenic. Of the 420 biological samples collected and analysed, 92.6% (389) contained arsenic at concentrations that were above normal. Thus many villagers might be subclinically affected. Although five arsenic-filtering devices had been installed in Rajapur, it appears that villagers are still exposed to raised concentrations of arsenic in their drinking-water. Detailed village-level studies of arsenic-affected areas in West Bengal are required in order to understand the magnitude of contamination and its effects on people. Villagers are ill-informed about the dangers of drinking arsenic-contaminated water. The contamination could be brought under control by increasing community awareness of the dangers and implementing proper watershed management techniques that involve local people.

Arsenic↗

PubMed1986

Use of an absorbable mesh to repair contaminated abdominal-wall defects.

When polypropylene mesh (Marlex) is used to repair contaminated abdominal-wall hernias, a high incidence of mesh-related chronic infection, drainage, erosion, and bleeding is noted. As an alternative to placing polypropylene mesh in a contaminated field, in the past 18 months we have used an absorbable polyglycolic acid mesh (Dexon) to repair contaminated abdominal-wall defects in eight patients--three with necrotizing abdominal-wall infections, one with an extensive electrical burn of the abdominal wall, three with infected polypropylene mesh from a previous repair, and one whose hernia was covered by a chronically infected scar. In seven of the eight cases, a single sheet of polyglycolic acid mesh was sewn to the fascial margins. In four cases, skin was closed over the mesh; wound packing and subsequent skin grafting were required in the other four. In follow-up studies that ranged from three to 18 months, six of the eight patients developed abdominal-wall hernias at the site of absorbable mesh placement. None of the patients required an abdominal binder. Postoperative hernia development is probable in patients whose defects are repaired with absorbable mesh. However, this complication is balanced against the more serious complications of fistula, bleeding, skin erosion, drainage, and chronic infection, which require removal of the more rigid nonabsorbable meshes in 50% to 90% of cases when the latter are placed under contaminated conditions. Placement of absorbable mesh for temporary abdominal-wall support until wound contamination resolves enhances the likelihood of subsequent successful placement of a permanent mesh.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1991

Effect of aerosolized fibrin solution on intraperitoneal contamination.

The potential deleterious effects of aerosolized fibrin on contaminated procedures were investigated in a rat model of peritonitis. One hundred forty rats were divided into two groups. In the control group, gelatin capsules containing feces (10(7) bacteria per milliliter) and barium sulfate at various dilutions were placed into the abdomen; in the second experimental group, a solution of cryoprecipitate, thrombin, and calcium was sprayed diffusely into the peritoneal cavity after similar fecal contamination. Fecal inocula with low bacterial concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 0.15 mL) caused few deaths from peritonitis or abscess formation in either group. Heavy peritoneal contamination (0.25, 0.3, and 0.5 mL) caused early deaths from peritonitis in both groups, with 80% of the deaths due to sepsis in the first 48 hours. However, in the moderately contaminated rats (0.2 mL of fecal inoculate), fibrin aerosol reduced the 10-day mortality from 80% to 10%. In all survivors in the fibrin-treated group, intraperitoneal abscesses developed. With intraperitoneal bacterial concentrations of 2 x 10(6) organisms, early acute mortality from fibrinopurulent peritonitis is decreased at the expense of late, localized, nonlethal abscess formation. Aerosolized fibrin solution must be used with caution in contaminated surgery.

Abscess↗

PubMed1996

Blood contamination of amniotic fluid after amniocentesis in relation to placental location.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate blood contamination of the amniotic fluid collected in 20 patients undergoing a second amniocentesis performed 2 weeks after a first procedure that had failed due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of the cell cultures. Red blood cell and haemoglobin concentrations in the amniotic fluid were significantly higher in patients who had undergone a transplacental procedure compared with patients in whom the placenta was not traversed with the needle. For both groups, blood contamination of the amniotic fluid was significantly higher compared with a control group of 20 patients undergoing amniocentesis for the first time. Significant blood contamination of the amniotic fluid after amniocentesis occurs in every instance if evaluated at a "second-look' procedure; the blood contamination is higher when an anterior placenta is traversed with the needle. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be further evaluated.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection of bacterial biomarker proteins isolated from contaminated water, lettuce and cotton cloth.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of bacterial proteins were obtained from water, lettuce and cloth samples contaminated with Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Spectra were obtained using proteins directly isolated from water (or water used for rinsing samples) without culturing the bacteria. For S. flexneri and E. coli, two marker ions for specific proteins associated with a virulence-related property (acid resistance) were easily detected. For A. hydrophila, ions from two specifically selected marker proteins, as well as ions from the larger group of proteins isolated from pure cultures, all matched spectra from a contaminated water sample, providing strong evidence that A. hydrophila was the bacterial contaminant. Rinse water from contaminated lettuce and cloth samples showed the same marker ions as the contaminated water samples.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗

PubMed1988

The effect of inadvertent tumor contamination of wounds during the surgical resection of musculoskeletal neoplasms.

The effect of inadvertent tumor violation with visually evident wound contamination during the surgical resection of musculoskeletal neoplasms is unknown. In an attempt to assess the significance of wound contamination by tumor tissue, the incidence of local recurrence in 28 cases of known wound contamination was determined. The influence of immediate lavage, re-excision, subsequent surgical margin, and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy upon local recurrence was assessed. Achieving a wide surgical margin by immediate re-excision after contamination gave a significantly lower incidence of recurrence than those with lesser final margins (P less than 0.01). The use of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or irradiation resulted in a lower recurrence rate, but the difference between those with and without adjuvant treatment had statistically less significance than the surgical margin on the incidence of local recurrence (P less than 0.2). The risk of local recurrence after contamination was not influenced by the histologic grade of the tumor.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Use of DNase to eliminate contamination in ancient DNA analysis.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, it is possible to analyze DNA from limited source template. This method has proved especially valuable in studies of ancient DNA and in forensic investigations. However, PCR reactions containing minimal or damaged source template are prone to contamination by DNA from a number of other sources. While standard protocols to prevent and/or detect contamination do exist, methods of eliminating contamination are needed to ensure the validity of results obtained. We present a method to eliminate sources of contamination in reagents and labware through the use of a DNase prior to PCR amplification without damaging even the minimal amounts of template present in ancient DNA samples. This method, suggested previously for forensics applications, appears to be effective in eliminating contamination without interfering with the amplification of ancient template.

Deoxyribonucleases↗