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PubMed1994

Effects of fluoride intake on the mineral content, acid solubility and resorption caused by experimental periodontitis of rat alveolar bone.

Adult rats were given either distilled water or drinking water containing 100 parts/10(6) of fluoride. The alveolar bone of rats given fluoride for 90 days showed an increased mineral content and decreased acid solubility compared to the bone of rats given distilled water. Experimental periodontitis was initiated in both groups after 110 days of treatment to cause alveolar bone resorption. Fourteen days later, the rats were killed and it was found that the alveolar bone resorption caused by experimental periodontitis was significantly smaller in the rats given fluoride in their drinking water than in those given distilled water. The findings suggest that fluoride intake might have a protective effect on rapidly progressing alveolar bone resorption.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗

PubMed1986

The behaviour of lung surfactant in electrolyte solutions.

Surface and electrokinetic properties of purified calf lung surfactant in various electrolyte solutions were determined. Surface properties were pH dependent in distilled water and the surfactant performed as a good lung surfactant only below pH 4. In more physiological media it was pH insensitive over the range 2-8.5. In distilled water at pH 6 its surface properties improved when NaCl was added up to 20 mM; above this concentration it had the surface properties required to stabilise alveoli. The surface properties of surfactant in distilled water were also restored by certain cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+) but not others (Na+, K+, La3+ and Fe3+) when added to an ionic strength of 5.6 mM. Cations that restored its surface activity also reduced the surface charge density on the surfactant particles. Aggregation of surfactant by various metal chlorides was studied by light scattering measurements and bore no relation to surface activity or the charge on the particles. Aggregation of surfactant particles by Ca2+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ was instantly reversed by addition of excess EGTA. The influence of electrolytes on the surface properties of lung surfactant is explained in terms of the electrostatic forces operating in the system.

Calcium Chloride↗

PubMed1975

The difference between the glucose concentrations in plasma and whole blood.

The glucose concentrations in whole blood (WB) and plasma (P), both prediluted with distilled water and saline, and in their protein-free filtrates, were determined with the Hoffman ferricyanide method. In whole blood prediluted with distilled water the glucose concentration appeared to be 13% higher than in whole blood prediluted with saline. In plasma, predilution with distilled water or saline did not result in different glucose values. Plasma glucose is significantly higher than whole blood glucose independent of the method of pretreatment. A direct relationship between the two values exists, which for protein-free filtrates is represented by Glu(P) equals 1.07 Glu(WB) + 0.11. The glucose concentrations in erythrocytes were calculated and also correlated to plasma glucose values. A good correlation was found when protein-free filtrates were used. Apparently, conversion factors from whole blood to plasma glucose may be used only in cases where samples are deproteinized.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1983

The carcinogenic effect of a series of petroleum-derived oils on the skin of mice.

Six groups of 30 Swiss mice were treated by application to the skin in the dorsolumbar region two times a week for 12 months of a "white oil" and five samples of petroleum oils derived from the same "crude" (Middle East), which were collected in the same refinery at different stages of "solvent treatment" and which form a homogeneous series with increasing concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The macroscopic and histopathologic examination of the animals (skin and organs) up to 18 months shows the following effects with respect to the 60-mouse control group: --a marked irritating effect for the "aromatic extract," the "distillate," and a "mixture" of intermediary concentration between "distillate" and "raffinate," --a definite tumorigenic effect on the skin (papillomas, kerato-acanthomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and fibrosarcomas) of the "aromatic extract" and the "distillate." The biological answer is in significant association with the PAH concentration of the samples, which is estimated by different analytical methods: viscosity index, percentage of aromatic carbon, "total PAH" according to a gravimetric method, and benzo[a]pyrene concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effect of electrostatic repulsion on the morphology and thermotropic transitions of anionic phospholipids.

Samples of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoylphosphatidylserine which exhibit highly cooperative phase transitions in suspension with 0.5 M NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, demonstrate a marked broadening of the phase transition when suspended in distilled water at pH 7. The cooperativity of the thermal transition of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid at pH 7.0, in contrast, was little affected by the presence or absence of 0.5 M NaCl. The most dramatic changes in phase transition properties were observed with phosphatidylglycerol. The morphology of phosphatidylglycerol was also altered by NaCl. At high salt concentrations, typical multilamellar structures were observed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. However, in distilled water the large multilamellar structures are disrupted, with opened shells and smaller particles of 20-30 nm diameter being observed, in addition to a few larger vesicles. Structures of differing morphology could be partially separated from aqueous 'solutions' of phosphatidylglycerol by ultracentrifugation. The supernate contained only small particles. The results are discussed in terms of the large effective head group volume resulting from strong electrostatic repulsion at low ionic strengths. This allows the anionic lipids, particularly phosphatidylglycerol, to form hydrophilic surfaces with high curvature so as to seal the bilayer edges of discs or shells. Thus, certain anionic lipids in distilled water destabilize bilayers by a mechanism which is opposite to that found with lipids which destabilize bilayers by forming the hexagonal phase.

Anions↗

PubMed1983

Desorption following immunoaffinity chromatography; generalization of a gentle procedure for desorbing antigen.

Possibilities for generalizing the use of 2 gentle procedures for desorption of antigens in immunoaffinity chromatography were investigated. The procedures involve the use of distilled water as desorbing agent and an interruption period during the desorption procedure. Six proteins of different nature and function (albumins, globulins, enzymes, glycoproteins) and of different origins (seeds, pollen, eggs) were tested with use of the corresponding immune sera. The IgG fractions of the immune sera were immobilized on either activated CNBr-Sepharose or Ultrogel. The procedure was used successfully for all the proteins except one which was denatured on short exposure to distilled water. With the 5 other proteins maximum yield of antigen was obtained by combining the use of distilled water with an interruption period during desorption. Ease of desorption depends on the antigen-antibody system. With antibarley beta-amylase antibodies immobilized either on CNBr-Sepharose or Ultrogel, desorption proved to be easier from Ultrogel.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Cast metal resin-bonded dental restorations: effect on the resin-to-metal bond of storage conditions before cementation.

Cast metal resin-bonded restorations are often stored in the laboratory or dental practice/office before they are fitted in the mouth. This study investigated the effect of the storage conditions of such restorations on the tensile bond strength of a resin cement. Sixty cylinders were cast in nickel-chromium alloy (Wiron 88). Their bonding surfaces were sandblasted, cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water, and air dried. Groups of 10 cylinders were stored for 10 days in an office environment as follows: in an open container, in a sealed polyethylene bag, in a plastic pot, in distilled water, or in acetone. A control group was used immediately for bonding. Each cylinder was bonded with a thin film of resin (Panavia Ex) to a freshly prepared disk of the same alloy. After 24 hours in water at 37 degrees C, the assembly was loaded under tension to failure. The results indicated that storage in an open container should be avoided and that restorations can best be protected by storage in distilled water.

Adhesives↗

PubMed1988

Resistance to peritonitis following disruption of peritoneal mast cells.

A single ip injection of distilled water osmotically disrupts almost the entire population of peritoneal mast cells in rats. The metachromatic granules released from disrupted mast cells are phagocytosed by peritoneal macrophages increasing their chemotactic and spreading activities. On this basis a study was carried out to determine whether an ip injection of distilled water, by releasing an abundance of these granules for peritoneal macrophage stimulation, protects rats subsequently exposed to peritonitis. We found that a single ip injection of distilled water lowers the mortality in rats exposed to bacterial peritonitis 2-3 weeks later from 80 to 33%.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Comparisons between three different extenders for canine intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed spermatozoa.

Ejaculates from 7 dogs were obtained on the same day and were pooled. This pooled semen was separated into 3 equal fractions and processed simultaneously, the only difference being in the extender used for freezing. The extenders were laiciphos (containing laiciphos, egg yolk, distilled water and glycerol- Group 1); Tes/Tris (containing Tes/Tris, egg yolk, distilled water and glycerol- Group 2); and biociphos (containing biociphos with glycerol in it, egg yolk and distilled water- Group 3). Spermatozoa were conditioned in 0.5ml French straws and presented normal characteristics before freezing and after thawing. The sperm concentration of the pooled was 683 x 10(6) sperm/ml; sperm motility was above 95%, the percentage of live spermatozoa was above 95% and was of good quality and mobility. Characteristics of the spermatozoa after thawing were the same for spermatozoa frozen with laiciphos and Tes/Tris. Mean sperm concentration was 201.5 +/- 4.95 x 10(6) sperm/ml, sperm motility was 65%, the percentage of live spermatozoa was 80% and the quality of motility.was good. Spermtozoa frozen with biociphos had the following post-thaw characteristics: sperm concentration was 201 x 10(6) sperm/ml, sperm motility was 50%, the percentage of live spermatozoa was 78% and the quality of mobility was medium. Abnormalities were less than 15% for all spermatozoa after thawing. Intrauterine artificial inseminations were performed by laparoscopic intrauterine insemination twice at Days 3 and 5 after the estimated LH peak in 15 normally cyclic Beagle bitches (5 per group) presenting normal hormonal profiles. There were no differences between groups. The females were inseminated with 1.0 ml of spermoatozoa (concentration of 200 x 10(6) sperm/ml) diluted with 1.0 ml of extender. A 60% pregnancy rate was obtained in bitches inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa extended with laiciphos or Tes/Tris and 100% in bitches inseminated with spermatozoa extended with biociphos. Females inseminated with laiciphos, Tes/Tris and biociphos had a mean litter size of 5 +/- 2.6, 3 +/- 1 and 3.4 +/- 1.3 pups, respectively. This study demonstrated that post-thaw assessment of sperm characteristics is not the best technique for evaluating sperm fertility after freezing or for assessing different semen extenders.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Enhancement of horseradish peroxidase histochemistry and/or uptake with radiocontrast media.

The effects of dissolving horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or HRP conjugated to wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in radiocontrast media (MD76) on the intraaxonal transport and enzymatic activity of these tracers were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo studies showed that more reaction product was visible in the L4 dorsal horn following soaking of the sciatic or peroneal nerve, or following cutaneous injection of WGA-HRP, when WGA-HRP was dissolved in MD76, as compared to dissolving WGA-HRP in distilled water. Additionally, there appeared to be an enhancement of anterograde transport and a reduction of retrograde transport of WGA-HRP when this tracer was dissolved in MD76, as compared to dissolving it in distilled water. The in vitro studies indicated that radiocontrast media increased the enzymatic activity of both WGA-HRP and HRP as compared to their enzymatic activity in distilled water when assayed spectrophotometrically. Data are presented that indicate some binding (about 4%) of HRP with MD76. This binding of HRP with organically bound iodine may account for the enhancement of anterograde transport and/or increased enzymatic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of the mutagenicities of fossil fuels.

Chemical fractions from 4 shale oils including one produced in an above-ground retort (Paraho), 2 produced below ground by in situ method (Occidental and Geokinetics), and 1 produced by a simulated modified in situ process (Livermore), were tested for mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the Ames assay system. Their mutagenic activities were compared with 2 other complex materials: a high-boiling coal distillate (The Solvent Refined Coal Process I (SRC II) heavy distillate), and a crude petroleum (Prudhoe Bay). Each material was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20 partition chromatography and by acid-base solvent extraction to provide chemical fractions for bioassay. Mutagenic activity was detected in the coal liquid (and their fractions), but not in the natural crude oil nor in any of its fractions. The basic and tar fractions derived by solvent extraction, and the LH-20 methanol fractions contained most of the mutagenic activity recovered from the unfractionated material. The heavy distillate was approx. 10 times more active in the Ames assay than the most mutagenically active shale oil. The most mutagenically active of the shale oils was about 10 times more active than the least active shale oil.

Fossil Fuels↗

PubMed1987

Fluoranthene, a volatile mutagenic compound, present in creosote and coal tar.

Creosote, a coal-tar distillation product, contains mutagens which are volatile at 37 degrees C. After distillation of creosote we found that these volatile mutagens were present in the distillation fraction with the highest boiling range (greater than 360 degrees C). The "volatile mutagenic activity" was connected with the presence of fluoranthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Commercially available fluoranthene was positive in the so-called "taped-plate assay" (the test system used for the detection of volatile mutagens) towards the strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9 mix. The tested creosote and coal tar contained fluoranthene in concentrations of 5.2 and 2.2%, respectively.

Coal Tar↗

PubMed1996

Heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in alginate-mushroom puree mixture.

Thermal resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores has been established inoculating spores in alginate-mushroom puree mixture (ungelled) and in alginate-mushroom puree mixture set in calcium chloride (gelled). Data are compared with those obtained suspending the spores in distilled water, mushroom extract and in calcium chloride. Results indicated that, in general, D values obtained in gelled mixture were higher than D values obtained in distilled water, mushroom extract or in ungelled mixture, while the D value in the ungelled mixture was similar to that obtained in distilled water. D121 value in gelled mixture was close to that obtained in 2% (w/v) calcium chloride.

Alginates↗

PubMed1984

Ames mutagenicity tests of overheated brewed coffee.

Five kinds of coffee samples were prepared from a commercial drip-grind coffee in order to examine the mutagenicity of brewed coffee using the Ames test. The samples prepared were a thick coffee syrup, coffee solid residues, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts of solid residues, a dichloromethane extract of a distillate from normally heated brewed coffee and dichloromethane extracts of distillates from overheated (150-300 degrees C) brewed coffee. The samples were tested for mutagenicity towards Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 both with and without metabolic activation (S-9 mix). Only the extracts of the distillates obtained from coffee heated to 150 degrees or 300 degrees C exhibited mutagenicity towards strain TA98 with S-9 mix.

Coffee↗

PubMed1987

Ontogenic screening of aldosterone in the South American toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel).

The content of aldosterone in the South American toad Bufo arenarum embryos developed in Holtfreter's 10% solutions and in distilled water was measured. The screening was carried out on embryos from the following periods of their development: 15 min after fertilization; gray crescent-32 cells; mid cleavage-late gastrula; neural plate-neural tube; tail bud-heart beat; gill circulation-tail fin circulation and operculum fold-complete operculum. The aldosterone content of embryos incubated both in Holtfreter and in distilled water decreased gradually up to gill circulation-tail fin circulation stages. The steroid content of both groups of embryos rose sharply at the end of their development (operculum fold-complete operculum); the observed increase was significantly higher in distilled water animals.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

The use of topical guanethidine in the relief of dentine hypersensitivity: a controlled study.

After a pilot study had indicated that the topical application of guanethidine might be of value in the treatment of tooth dentine hypersensitivity, a double-blind study was undertaken to investigate whether guanethidine was more effective than a distilled water control in alleviating dentinal pain. In 39 adult subjects, who had complained of dentine hypersensitivity, a 1 sec blast of air from a dental 3-in-1 syringe was directed onto sensitive root dentine at an angle of 90 degrees from a distance of 1 cm. The severity of the resulting pain was indicated by the subject on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS). One droplet of either 1% guanethidine monosulphate (Ismelin, Ciba-Geigy) or distilled water, allocated at random, was applied to the dentine for 1 min. The tooth was re-tested with the standardised air blast and a second VAS was marked by the subject. In total, 19 patients received guanethidine and 20 received water. VAS scores before treatment in the 2 groups treated with either guanethidine or water (means: 6.5 +/- 2.2 and 6.0 +/- 2.5, respectively) were not significantly different (Mann-Whitney, P = 0.48) whereas the VAS scores in the 2 groups after treatment with guanethidine or water (means: 2.7 +/- 2.4 and 4.8 +/- 2.9, respectively) were significantly different (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.02). It was concluded that guanethidine reduced dentinal hypersensitivity more effectively than distilled water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1995

Ascorbic acid concentration in the lateral hypothalamus is related to plasma osmolality.

Microdialysis was used to measure extracellular ascorbic and uric acid concentrations in the lateral hypothalamus of water-restricted rats as they drank distilled water or 1.5% NaCl. Other water-restricted rats, not implanted with microdialysis probes, were decapitated 2 h after beginning to drink these fluids. Rats were inverted and their blood was collected for measurements of plasma osmolality and percent hematocrit. Results showed that drinking distilled water produced a significant increase in the ascorbic acid concentration but not in the uric acid concentration. Drinking 1.5% NaCl produced a significant decrease in the uric acid concentration but not in the ascorbic acid concentration. Drinking distilled water decreased mean osmolality from 306.0 to 291.5 mOsm/kg, whereas drinking 1.5% NaCl maintained mean osmolality at water-restricted levels. These results indicate that the extracellular fluid concentration of ascorbic acid in the lateral hypothalamus rises in response to a fall in plasma osmolality.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Photodegradation of new amino acid derivatives suitable for chelating agents in pulp bleaching applications.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate photodegradabilities of the following new low-nitrogen chelating agents: N-bis[(carboxymethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 1), N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]glycine (compound 2) and N-bis[(1,2-dicarboxyethoxy)ethyl]aspartic acid (compound 3). At first photodegradation of these chelating agents as uncomplexed Na-compound 1-3 and Cu(II) complexes were tested, both in lake and distilled water, by exposing them to near-UV region radiation at the range of 315-400 nm. Uncomplexed Na-compounds 2 and 3 were selected to sunlight exposure experiments carried out in lake and distilled water. Compound 3 was also tested in sunlight as Cu and Ca complexes in both solutions. Photodegradation of Na(6)-compound 3 in distilled water was studied by exposing it to radiation at the wavelength of 253.7 nm. Photodegradation products were analysed by means of GC-MS (gas chromatography with mass selective detector). The results demonstrated that compound 1 was quite photostable even as Cu complex while compounds 2 and 3 were found to be photodegradable. Over 90% reduction of compound 3 was achieved during one week and 80% reduction of compound 2 in two weeks' time when they were added as Na salt to lake water and exposed to sunlight. Compound 3 as Cu complex degraded totally in the sunlight in less than one week. In the case of compound 3, the degradation rate decreased depending on the counter cation in the order Cu > Na > or = Ca. The study demonstrated that photodegradation of Na(6)-compound 3 does not result in total mineralization of the compound. A photodegradation pathway for Na(6)-compound 3 is proposed.

Amino Acids↗