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PubMed2004

Increased ethanol drinking after repeated chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal experience in C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: The development of dependence may have significant motivational consequences regarding continued use and abuse of ethanol. We have developed a mouse model of ethanol dependence and repeated withdrawals that demonstrates sensitization of seizures and other symptoms of withdrawal. It is unclear whether such experience influences ethanol drinking behavior. The present series of experiments were designed to examine whether repeated cycles of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal has an impact on subsequent motivation to voluntarily self-administer ethanol. METHODS: With the use of a modified sucrose-fading procedure, adult male C57BL/6J mice were trained to drink 15% (v/v) ethanol in a limited access procedure (2 hr/day). The animals were not food or water deprived at any time during the experiments. Once stable baseline intake was established, mice were exposed to four cycles of 16 hr of ethanol vapor (or air) in inhalation chambers separated by 8-hr periods of withdrawal. At 32 hr after the last cycle of ethanol exposure, all mice were tested for ethanol intake under limited access conditions for 5 consecutive days. The animals then received a second series of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal followed by another 5-day test period for ethanol drinking. RESULTS: Stable daily baseline intake was established in mice that drank 15% ethanol combined with 5% sucrose (experiment 1), 15% ethanol alone (experiment 2), 5% sucrose alone (experiment 3), or 15% ethanol when presented as a choice with water (experiment 4). After repeated cycles of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal experience, consumption of ethanol solutions increased over baseline levels and in comparison with control (air-exposed) groups. However, sucrose consumption did not change in mice that were trained to drink 5% sucrose. The increase in ethanol consumption after chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal experience resulted in a significant increase in resultant blood ethanol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Once the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol were established, chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal experience resulted in a significant increase in voluntary ethanol drinking that yielded a >2-fold increase in resultant blood ethanol levels. This increase in ethanol intake occurred whether ethanol was presented in combination with sucrose, alone (unadulterated), or as a choice with tap water. Furthermore, this effect seems to be selective for ethanol in that animals that were trained to drink a sucrose solution did not exhibit a change in their intake after similar chronic ethanol exposure. As such, this model may be useful in studying the mechanisms and conditions in which chronic ethanol treatment influences motivation to resume drinking after a period of abstinence (relapse).

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A computer-controlled, long-term recording system for studying eating, drinking, and defecation behavior in miniature pigs.

The long-term observation of ingestive and excretory behaviors in freely ambulating and non socially isolated pigs is an important tool in the investigation of the physiological determinants of these behaviors. A computer-controlled laboratory setup for the recording of feeding, drinking, and defecation behavior in minipigs was developed, allowing for the observation of two pigs at a time for weeks. Four minipigs (29-52 kg) were conditioned to operate feeders with a precise food release per response and were then fed ad lib. The animals had up to 50% of their daily energy intake during the night. Meal size and time spent eating was highly correlated, meal size and the preprandial intermeal interval was moderately correlated, whereas meal size and the postprandial intermeal interval was not. Feeding facilitated defecation, supporting the assumption that the gastrocolonic response is present in the pig. The system has been shown to be highly reliable and valid, and thus provides an excellent tool for the investigation of the rhythmicity of ingestive and excretory behaviors in minipigs.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol screening practices of primary care physicians in eastern North Carolina.

In our study, 616 primary care physicians of eastern North Carolina were surveyed for screening practices for detection of alcoholism in their patient population. We defined primary care as Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Psychiatry. We defined eastern North Carolina as the 29 counties that Pitt County Memorial Hospital serves. In our survey we found that eastern North Carolina is medically underserved as well as having less resources for referral and consultation. In response to the questionnaire, we found that most physicians agreed on some numerical value for drinks per day, social drinks, and drinks per week while pregnant. Values for drinks per week and weekend binges generally reflected significant tolerance for heavy drinking behavior. We also found that physicians of the same specialty commonly agreed on answers but when compared to other specialties they differed. Physicians preferred personal and clinical screening methods to questionnaires such as CAGE. Most physicians did not prescribe Antabuse but did suggest to their patients to cut down on drinking. Physicians felt that their patients needed more education and support from the community as well as intervention at an early age. We conclude that physicians should receive more education concerning alcoholism and substance abuse.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2002

Effects of selective dopamine D1 or D2 receptor blockade within nucleus accumbens subregions on ingestive behavior and associated motor activity.

Two anatomically and neurochemically distinguishable regions of the nucleus accumbens (Acb), the core and the shell, have been shown to differentially regulate feeding behavior. Nevertheless, despite the well-known role of Acb dopamine in the modulation of motivated behaviors, there have been no studies directly comparing the effects of acute dopamine receptor blockade in the Acb core versus the Acb shell on feeding. In this study, D1- or D2-selective dopamine receptor antagonists were infused bilaterally into the Acb core or shell of hungry rats, whereupon feeding, drinking, and spontaneous motor activity were monitored. Both the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0, 1, and 2 microg/0.5 microl) and the D2 antagonist raclopride (0, 1, and 2 microg/0.5 microl) markedly suppressed ambulation and rearing when infused into either the Acb core or shell. Total food intake and latency to begin feeding were unaffected by either drug in either site. SCH 23390 in the Acb shell, and raclopride in the Acb core or shell, significantly decreased the total number of feeding bouts. In the Acb core, raclopride produced a small but statistically significant increase in overall feeding duration. Dopamine receptor blockade in either site tended to increase mean feeding bout duration. Measures of drinking behavior were generally unaffected. Hence, dopamine receptor blockade in either the Acb core or shell of hungry rats suppressed spontaneous motor activity and shifted the structure of feeding towards longer bout durations, but did not alter the total amount of food consumed. In the Acb shell, the effects of D1 receptor blockade tended to be of greater magnitude than the effects of D2 receptor blockade, although major differences between core and shell effects were not observed. These results are discussed with regard to current theories of dopaminergic control of feeding behavior, and with reference to the functional heterogeneity of Acb subregions.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Differences in character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes.

The present study was an initial investigation to determine whether differences existed in role-prescribed behaviors between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes. Specifically, the study investigated Black's contention that children of alcoholics adopt one or more of the roles of responsible child, placater, adjuster, and acting-out child. The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify responses to parental drinking behavior and the Children of Alcoholics Family Role Instrument (CAFRI) was developed to obtain a measure of subjects' perceptions of role behavior. The independent variable was group membership in either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic family and the dependent variables were the role scores on the CAFRI. Statistical comparisons of differences in individual roles between groups indicated that adolescents from alcoholic families rated themselves higher on the acting-out role with a prominent although nonsignificant tendency to exhibit behaviors characteristic of the placater and adjuster. A post-hoc analysis demonstrated no significant differences between roles on birth order or age. A significant effect for gender was evidenced on the placater role only, with females rating higher than males. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of a differential self-reported enactment of specific character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic families.

Acting Out↗

PubMed1988

Scopolamine reverses haloperidol-attenuated lever-pressing for water but not haloperidol-attenuated water intake in the rat.

The operant lever-pressing response has previously (Ljungberg, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27: 341-350, 1987) been found to be inhibited by lower doses of haloperidol than the corresponding consummatory act, i.e., water intake. In the present study it was found that the attenuation of the lever-pressing response caused by the neuroleptic, but not the attenuation of the water intake, could be counteracted by scopolamine. The results support the notion that blockade of operant responding by low doses of neuroleptics are probably related to the extra-pyramidal side-effects of neuroleptics seen in the clinic, as both phenomena can be counteracted by anticholinergics. These results therefore conflict with the anhedonia hypothesis put forward as an explanation of the attenuating effects of neuroleptics in operant settings. The findings also have a clear bearing on the role of dopamine in feeding and drinking behavior, as the results implies that different aspects of the control of water intake (i.e., the operant vs. the consummatory phase) are governed by different mechanisms in the CNS.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Certain background factors exhibit an association with an increased risk for pancreatic calcification among Japanese male alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 2003 through March 2004 to investigate the background factors related to pancreatic calcification (PC) in male Japanese alcoholics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helical computed tomography examination revealed PC in 44 of 263 alcoholics, and this group was further divisible into 3 subgroups: "scant" (n = 24), "moderate" (n = 6), and "extensive" PC subgroups (n = 14). The extensive subgroup was associated with larger daily ethanol consumption (P = 0.05) and high-alcohol beverages, such as whisky (P = 0.02). The moderate subgroup was associated with a longer duration of habitual drinking (P = 0.04), whereas the scant PC group was associated with never having smoked (P = 0.05) and with low-alcohol beverages, such as beer (P = 0.09). None of the 40 subjects with inactive mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2 allele) exhibited PC (P = 0.004). Heterozygous alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotype (ADH2*1/2*2) exhibited an association with the scant subgroup (P = 0.02). The TG12 repeats in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene tended to have a weak association with PC. CONCLUSION: Drinking behavior, smoking status, and genetic backgrounds are associated with PC and are likely to increase the risk for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Factors predisposing, enabling and reinforcing routine screening of patients for preventing fetal alcohol syndrome: a survey of New Jersey physicians.

A survey of New Jersey physicians showed that they do not routinely ask their pregnant patients about alcohol consumption for a wide variety of reasons including physician bias due to their own abuse, lack of training for the task, poor awareness of the problem and its effects, denial that FAS occurs in private practice, time limitations, disinterest, fear of offending the patient and belief that patients will not tell the truth about their alcohol use. Findings suggest that physicians need to deal with conflicting attitudes about their own drinking behavior as well as that of their patients. Organized physician support is needed to develop skills for detection and referral of alcohol abusing patients at risk of negative fetal outcomes.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

Imaginal, sensory, and cognitive experience in spontaneous recovery from alcoholism.

Although alcoholism is often regarded as an intractable disorder that requires intensive treatment, studies of the natural history of alcoholism indicate that unaided, spontaneous recovery may be the most common pathway to remission from alcoholism. Negative environmental consequences of alcoholic drinking have been invoked to explain spontaneous recovery, but a more compelling reason for sudden changes in drinking behavior concerns shifts in the personal meanings surrounding alcohol use. Extensive interviews in a multimodal format were conducted with two groups of alcoholics: one group comprised of 7 subjects who spontaneously recovered without treatment and the other group comprised of 9 people who believed formal treatment was necessary to abstain from drinking. Spontaneously recovered alcoholics reported experiencing vivid sensations and images at the time they decided to quit drinking, and they reported subsequent transformations of their personal identities. Active alcoholics reported no comparable experiences in imaginal, sensory, and cognitive modalities. Implications of the results for current alcoholism treatments are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Mechanisms of alcohol tolerance.

Functional tolerance to ethanol can be prolonged by administration of the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP), which acts at specific CNS receptors. AVP receptors in brain (lateral septum) have been shown to be localized, in part, presynaptically, and the mechanism of action of AVP may thus involve modulation of neurotransmitter release. AVP has also been found to increase the levels of mRNA for the cellular proto-oncogene, c-fos, in the septum and hippocampus. This response to AVP, which may be direct or indirect, may underlie the long-term neuroadaptive effects of the peptide. Studies with vasopressin antagonists have indicated a role for endogenous AVP in modulation of ethanol tolerance, and measurement of hypothalamic vasopressin mRNA by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization indicates that chronic ethanol ingestion may alter AVP synthesis. Tolerance to the aversive effects of ethanol has been postulated to influence alcohol drinking behavior in some individuals. Elucidation of the mechanism by which AVP affects ethanol tolerance may eventually lead to pharmacological means to modulate tolerance and, consequently, alcohol intake patterns.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1991

Serotonin and dopamine systems regulating alcohol intake.

Neurochemical and neuropharmacological studies were undertaken to assess the involvement of CNS serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) pathways in regulating the alcohol intake of rats selectively bred for their high alcohol seeking behavior (P and HAD lines). Neurochemical data indicate that high alcohol seeking behavior (when compared with data from rats with low alcohol seeking characteristics) is associated with (a) lower contents of 5-HT in certain limbic regions, e.g., n. accumbens (Acb), frontal cortex, (b) a lower content of DA in the Acb, and (c) higher densities of 5-HT1A receptors in certain limbic regions, e.g., cerebral cortex. Neurochemical data also suggest that ethanol can activate the DA and 5-HT systems projecting to the Acb. Neuropharmacological studies demonstrated that local microinfusion of a 5-HT agonist into the Acb of the P line of rats enhanced ethanol drinking. Intracranial self-administration studies established that P rats will self-administer ethanol directly into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Overall the data suggest the involvement of certain VTA DA and dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT pathways in regulating high alcohol drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2003

The neurobiology and control of anxious states.

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute "stress" response to potentially-dangerous (external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when disproportional in intensity, chronic and/or irreversible, or not associated with any genuine risk, it may be symptomatic of a debilitating anxious state: for example, social phobia, panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder. In view of the importance of guaranteeing an appropriate emotional response to aversive events, it is not surprising that a diversity of mechanisms are involved in the induction and inhibition of anxious states. Apart from conventional neurotransmitters, such as monoamines, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, many other modulators have been implicated, including: adenosine, cannabinoids, numerous neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, cytokines and several cellular mediators. Accordingly, though benzodiazepines (which reinforce transmission at GABA(A) receptors), serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor agonists and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are currently the principle drugs employed in the management of anxiety disorders, there is considerable scope for the development of alternative therapies. In addition to cellular, anatomical and neurochemical strategies, behavioral models are indispensable for the characterization of anxious states and their modulation. Amongst diverse paradigms, conflict procedures--in which subjects experience opposing impulses of desire and fear--are of especial conceptual and therapeutic pertinence. For example, in the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT), the ability of drugs to release punishment-suppressed drinking behavior is evaluated. In reviewing the neurobiology of anxious states, the present article focuses in particular upon: the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research. In view of the recent proliferation of mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis, modulation and, potentially, treatment of anxiety disorders, this is an opportune moment to survey their functional and pathophysiological significance, and to assess their influence upon performance in the VCT and other models of potential anxiolytic properties.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Do college students drink more than their non-college-attending peers? Evidence from a population-based longitudinal female twin study.

The association of college attendance with alcohol use and alcohol use disorders was examined in a population-based young adult female twin sample identified from a systematic search of birth records. College-attending women consumed a larger overall volume of alcohol than did their non-college-attending peers, but they were not more likely to be diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder. Significant associations between college attendance and alcohol involvement were probed using 3 different complementary research designs: multivariate cross-sectional analyses, longitudinal analyses of the precollege and college years, and cotwin-control analyses of twin pairs discordant for attending college. Although demographic and lifestyle characteristics accounted for most or all of the association between college attendance and alcohol involvement, there was 1 aspect of drinking behavior, occasionally consuming large quantities of alcohol, that remained significantly associated with college attendance even after controlling for these characteristics or for genetic and family background factors. These results are consistent with the conclusion that some aspect of the college experience may be an important environmental risk factor for this pattern of drinking among young adults.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A failed norms social marketing campaign.

OBJECTIVE: In this article we test the efficacy of an intensive norms social marketing campaign to reduce heavy drinking among college students living in a residence hall. METHOD: We employed a pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison group design. The study was conducted in two (experimental and comparison) comparable residence halls located in a large urban public university. We attempted a census at each hall, and pre- and postintervention data were collected in public areas of each residence hall. Relative sample sizes were approximately 60% in the experimental hall (both waves) and 38% in the comparison hall. RESULTS: The campaign successfully corrected students' misperceptions of drinking norms but had no effects, or counterintuitive effects, on drinking behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the popularity of this approach, universities would be prudent to proceed with care before adopting this approach wholesale.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1981

Alcoholism and reproduction.

A brief overview of the reproductive capacities of both men and women in alcoholism is presented. A historical evaluation indicates a resurgence of interest in this area. The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on both male fertility and potency is reported in conjunction with alcohol-mediated effects on the female subject. Emphasis is placed on pharmacokinetics, metabolism and drinking behavior of the alcoholic female. The adverse actions of some therapeutic drugs and chronic alcohol consumption is discussed in relationship to fetal alcohol syndrome and the accompanied mental and somatic abnormalities.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2006

Adolescent tobacco-related associative memory: A cross-sectional and contextual analysis.

Tobacco use is prevalent in adolescents, and understanding factors that contribute to its uptake and early development remains a critical public health priority. Implicit drug-related memory associations (DMAs) are predictive of drug use in older samples, but such models have little application to adolescent tobacco use. Moreover, extant research on memory associations yields little information on contextual factors that may be instrumental in the development of DMAs. The present study examined (a) the degree to which tobacco-related memory associations (TMAs) were associated with concurrent tobacco use and (b) the extent to which TMAs mediated the association of peer and self-use. A sample of 210 Australian high school students was recruited. Participants completed TMA tasks and behavioral checklists designed to obscure the tobacco-related focus of the study. Results showed that TMAs were associated with peer use, and TMAs predicted self-use. We found no evidence that TMAs mediated the association of peer and self-use. Future research might examine the emotive valence of implicit nodes and drinking behavior. The results have implications for testing the efficacy of consciousness-raising interventions for adolescents at risk of tobacco experimentation or regular use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Lithium chloride-induced taste aversion in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice.

Male C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice (Mus musculus) were tested in a one-bottle conditioned taste aversion paradigm with 15% sucrose as the conditioned stimulus and lithium chloride (LiCl) as the unconditioned stimulus. The results of a dose-response experiment yielded evidence that higher doses of LiCl than used in past studies were required to produce profound aversions in these mice, with a 6.0 mEq/kg dose appearing as optimal. When the mice were conditioned with the 6.0 mEq/kg dose in one-bottle tests, there was little evidence of a strain difference in the acquisition of a taste aversion. During extinction trials, however, DBA/2J mice exhibited stronger resistance to extinction than did C57BL/6J mice. Additional analyses of fluid consumption suggested that strain differences in drinking behavior were evident in the paradigm and that these must be considered in interpreting the strain differences observed in conditioned taste aversion.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[A study on the relationship between sources of health information concerning smoking and drinking, and health behavior].

To determine effective measures to popularize knowledge on the health effects of smoking and drinking and to change health behavior, an interview survey of 2000 persons aged 18 or older randomly chosen from national census forms throughout Japan was carried out. The coverage rates of the information concerning smoking and drinking were 97.3% and 92.5%, respectively. Television, newspapers and magazines were the major sources of health information concerning smoking and drinking. In addition, men who gave up or controlled smoking or drinking usually obtained health information from doctors, while those who had never controlled smoking usually obtained health information from their friends and families. Men who could not control drinking effectively usually obtained health information from the health examination consultant at the workplace. However, according to the answers from men who gave up or controlled drinking, the health information useful in changing health behavior was obtained from the health examination consultant at the workplace and from persons who had a disease history. Women who gave up or controlled drinking answered that the health information from their friends and families was helpful to change the health behavior.

Adolescent↗