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PubMed2001

Awareness about pulse polio immunization among the general population in Delhi.

A study was conducted in three intensive pulse polio immunization (IPPI) centres in Delhi on 24th September, 2000 to assess the awareness about poliomyelitis and the IPPI programme. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit the information from 182 accompanying persons (41 males and 141 females) by qualified medical doctors. Majority (92.9%) of the respondents knew that the administered drops were polio vaccine. Major sources of information were television (32.9%), relatives or friends (24.2%), health staff (20.9%), poster or leaflets (15.9%). Only 18.1% knew the next IPPI day. Out of 43 claiming to know the number of subsequent IPPI days during 2000, only 22 could tell correctly. A large number of respondents (86.2%) knew that IPPI would help in preventing polio in children. Paralysis of limbs as a clinical feature of polio was known to 70.3%, 45.6% knew that polio cannot be cured and 21.9% perceived that polio could also lead to death. The nationwide intensive awareness campaign for polio eradication was found to be partially effective in disseminating the information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Hepatitis B vaccination in prisons.

The opportunities and problems for hepatitis B vaccination programmes in prison settings are discussed. In particular, the advantages of modelling are stressed and an active case-finding approach is advocated. Measures for maintaining good case-holding are also discussed, and a 0, 1, 2 months vaccination regimen with 20 microg doses of vaccine is advocated for prison settings. A higher reference level for inferring adequate immunization is also recommended, with booster injections for inmates who do not meet the higher reference after a primary course of vaccination.

Aftercare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vaccine storage cold chain at primary care centers in one area of Madrid: keeping the chain intact and degree of knowledge].

BACKGROUND: Vaccines are heat-labile medications, and to guarantee their immunogenicity and safeguarding effectiveness as part of immunization programs, it is absolutely essential that the "Cold Chain" go unbroken. Fundamental thereto is the personnel responsible for the vaccines, who must know the stability-related characteristics of each preparation so as to prevent handling errors. The purpose of this study was that of ascertaining how the cold chain is kept intact in primary care systems in one healthcare area of the Autonomous Community of Madrid, as well as determining the degree of information possessed by those responsible for vaccines as far as their heat-stability is concerned. METHODS: A cross-sectional study has been made at 46 primary care vaccination points. The data was gathered by means of a personal interview by one single researcher. RESULTS: The participation rate was 93.5% (43/46). In all cases, there was a maximum and minimum thermometer and monthly temperature record. An unsuitable temperature was found in three cases (6.97%). The percentage of professionals who were aware of the effect freezing has on vaccines varied greatly: 53.5%, 51.2%, 44.2% and 53.5% for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), hepatitis B (HBV), oral polio (OPV) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) respectively. And only 32% were familiar with the shake test. CONCLUSION: The professionals were found to be properly trained regarding the effect which high temperatures have on vaccines, but it is necessary for their training with regard to the instability of adsorbed preparations when frozen must be further strengthened.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Best practices research.

"Best practices research," described in this paper, refers to a systematic process used to identify, describe, combine, and disseminate effective and efficient clinical and/or management strategies developed and refined by practicing clinicians. It involves five steps: development of a conceptual model or series of steps, definition of "best" based on values and standards, identification and evaluation of potentially effective methods for each component or step, combination of most-effective methods, and testing of combined methods. The chronological development of this process is described with case examples, and the methodological steps are discussed.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed2003

FDA licensure of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant), and poliovirus vaccine combined, (PEDIARIX) for use in infants.

On December 13, 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed a combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed (DTaP), hepatitis B (HepB) (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), DTaP-HepB-IPV (PEDIARIX, SmithKline Beecham Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) for use in infants ages 2, 4, and 6 months. All components in the combined vaccine are recommended for routine use by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Combination vaccines decrease the number of vaccine injections.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗
PubMed2003

Rising incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in England and Wales indicates a need for a second catch-up vaccination campaign.

The incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the UK fell rapidly following the introduction of routine vaccination in 1992 and the implementation of a catch-up campaign in children under 4 years old in 1992-93. However, since 1999 the number of cases of Hib has been increasing, and in 2002 there were 134 cases in 0-4 year olds (266 in all ages). While still much less than the prevaccine burden of disease (over 800 cases a year in 0-4 year olds), this increase in incidence is worrying and has sparked a range of detailed investigations. In February 2003, the Department of Health announced a second catch-up campaign offering all children between 6 months and 4 years a further dose of Hib vaccine. The epidemiology of Hib disease in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002 is reviewed here to provide a context for this public health response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Accuracy of the slide agglutination method evaluated with PCR in typing Haemophilus influenzae isolates].

In 1998, the Colombian government initiated an immunization program for children under one year of age with a Haemophilus influenzae capsular type b conjugate vaccine. After two years, the surveillance program of the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Salud Microbiology Group reported a 40% decrease in meningitis cases caused by H. influenzae. This effect was attributed to the vaccination. The surveillance program uses the standardized slide agglutination technique to serotype H. influenzae. The current study validated the accuracy of the slide agglutination method by means of the PCR technique. From children under five years of age, 146 isolates were obtained. These were collected between 1999 and 2002, and were characterized by biochemical tests and serotyped by the INS as part of the surveillance program. PCR confirmed 93% of the H. influenzae serotype b and 92% of the other serotypes. When the slide agglutination technique is conducted under a strict quality control program, it remains a sensitive and specific tool for serotyping H. influenzae.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

A survey of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections--England and Wales.

A survey of invasive H. influenzae infections has been underway in 6 regions of England and Wales since September 1990. In the first year, there were 433 cases of which 362 (84%) were due to H. influenzae type b (Hib). The majority of Hib infections were in children aged less than 5 years (annual incidence in this age group is 26.4/100,000). Meningitis occurred in 56% of cases of Hib infection. The results confirm previous evidence of the need to incorporate Hib vaccination into the childhood immunization schedule. The ongoing survey data will provide useful information to assess the impact of an Hib immunization program.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of invasive childhood pneumococcal infections in Israel. The Israeli Pediatric Bacteremia and Meningitis Group.

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of childhood pneumococcal invasive infections in Israel as a background for immunization programs. DESIGN: A 2-year (October 1988 through September 1990) prospective, nationwide surveillance of all invasive pediatric pneumococcal infections. SETTING: All 25 medical centers hospitalizing children in Israel, including all laboratories performing blood cultures from pediatric patients. PATIENTS: Infants and children aged 0 to 12 years visiting the pediatric emergency department or hospitalized in pediatric departments were included if Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-nine invasive infections were diagnosed. Pneumonia, bacteremia without apparent focus, meningitis, and cellulitis were found in 39%, 37%, 17%, and 3%, respectively. The annual incidence was 42 per 100,000 for children younger than 5 years of age (104 per 100,000 for those < 12 months old). The two most common serotypes were 1 and 5, which are rare in Western Europe and North America. Eight groups comprised 82% of all invasive infections. Extrapolated to a population in which 100,000 live births occur yearly, the total annual hospitalizations for pneumococci infections was calculated to be 1928 days. The overall case-fatality rate was 2.2%, but it was 30% during the first month of life. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumococcal invasive infections are common in children in Israel and carry considerable morbidity.

Acute Disease↗